Insights on Molecular Characteristics of Hydrochars by 13C-NMR and Off-Line TMAH-GC/MS and Assessment of Their Potential Use as Plant Growth Promoters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Hydrochar Characterization
2.2. Bioassay
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Hydrothermal Carbonization Process
3.2. Hydrochars Nutrients Content
3.3. Off-Line TMAH-Thermochemolysis Coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
GC/MS Parameters
3.4. Solid-state 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
3.5. Germination Assay
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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13C-NMR Region (ppm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAMPLE | 0–43 Alkyl C | 43–60 OCH3/NCH | 60–90 O-alkyl-C | 90–110 O-C-O Anomeric | 110–145 Aromatic C-C/C-H | 145–160 Aromatic C-O | 160–190 COO/N-C=O |
Ph | 37.7 | 9.1 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 29.4 | 8.3 | 5.3 |
R-Ph | 32.1 | 10.3 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 32.4 | 9.3 | 4.2 |
Su | 42.9 | 7.3 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 28.3 | 7.3 | 5.2 |
R-Su | 27.1 | 5.4 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 45.5 | 4.1 | 2.7 |
Structural Index | |||||||
SAMPLE | HB/HI | A/AO | ARM | LR | |||
Ph | 3.1 | 3.7 | 0.8 | 1.1 | |||
R-Ph | 2.8 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | |||
Su | 3.7 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |||
R-Su | 3.3 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
Sample | Ph | Su | R-Ph | R-Su |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Reaction) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
Biomass | Bagasse | Bagasse | Bagasse | Bagasse |
Liquid | Vinasse | Vinasse | Process Water from reaction 1 | Process Water from reaction 2 |
Biomass/Liquid ratio | 1:20 | 1:20 | 1:20 | 1:20 |
Temperature | 230 °C | 230 °C | 230 °C | 230 °C |
Reaction time | 13 h | 13 h | 13 h | 13 h |
Additive | Phosphoric acid (4% v/v) | Sulfuric acid (4% v/v) | Phosphoric acid (4% v/v) | Sulfuric acid (4% v/v) |
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Fregolente, L.G.; dos Santos, J.V.; Vinci, G.; Piccolo, A.; Moreira, A.B.; Ferreira, O.P.; Bisinoti, M.C.; Spaccini, R. Insights on Molecular Characteristics of Hydrochars by 13C-NMR and Off-Line TMAH-GC/MS and Assessment of Their Potential Use as Plant Growth Promoters. Molecules 2021, 26, 1026. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26041026
Fregolente LG, dos Santos JV, Vinci G, Piccolo A, Moreira AB, Ferreira OP, Bisinoti MC, Spaccini R. Insights on Molecular Characteristics of Hydrochars by 13C-NMR and Off-Line TMAH-GC/MS and Assessment of Their Potential Use as Plant Growth Promoters. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):1026. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26041026
Chicago/Turabian StyleFregolente, Laís G., João Vitor dos Santos, Giovanni Vinci, Alessandro Piccolo, Altair B. Moreira, Odair P. Ferreira, Márcia C. Bisinoti, and Riccardo Spaccini. 2021. "Insights on Molecular Characteristics of Hydrochars by 13C-NMR and Off-Line TMAH-GC/MS and Assessment of Their Potential Use as Plant Growth Promoters" Molecules 26, no. 4: 1026. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26041026