Delicate Role of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Blood Vessel Inflammatory Diseases: Current Insight and Future Significance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of General Biological Activities of PD-L1 and PD-1 Molecules
3. Relevance of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis on Vascular Endothelium and Barrier Functions
4. Regulation of Blood Vessel Inflammation by PD-L1/PD-1 Axis
4.1. PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Experimental Atherosclerosis
4.2. PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Human Atherosclerosis
5. Delicate Restoration of Protective Immunity to Curtail Infections by Targeting PD-1 Pathway in Underlying Blood Vessel Inflammation
5.1. PD-1/PD-L1 Axis during Acute Infections in Blood Vessel Inflammation
5.2. PD-1/PD-L1 Axis during Chronic Infections in Blood Vessel Inflammation
5.2.1. Role of PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Cytomegalovirus-Associated Atherosclerosis
5.2.2. Role of PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Chlamydia-Associated Atherosclerosis
5.2.3. Role of PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in Helicobacter-Associated Atherosclerosis
6. Implication of PD-1/PD-L1 Axis in the Altered Metabolism during Blood Vessel Inflammation
7. Therapeutic Relevance of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Blood Vessel Inflammation
7.1. Current Understanding
7.2. Future Perspectives
8. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Blood Vessel Diseases and References | Disease-Specific PD-1, PD-L1/PD-L2 Expression, Sample Origin (Cells/Tissues) and Sample Type (DNA/Transcript/Protein) | Inferences | Species Reported | Population Studied |
---|---|---|---|---|
GCA [29,30] | 1. ↑ PD-1 (t) and ↓ PD-L1 (t) on temporal arteries; ↑ PD-1 (p) and ↓ PD-L1 (p) on vascular T cells and DCs, respectively | 1. Inhibiting PD-1 pathway (i) increases vascular inflammation; (ii) aggravates maladaptive remodeling of arterial wall | human and mice (NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG)) | Caucasian /Hispanian/ African-American |
2. ↓ PD-1 (p) on blood CD4+T cells and no differences PD-L1/PD-L2 (p) on blood monocytes; ↑ PD-1 (p) and PD-L1 (p) on temporal arteries | 2. Minimizing immune activation and preventing further damage the vessel wall | Human | Dutch | |
KD [31] | ↑ T allele frequency of PD-1 gene SNP (rs41386349) | PD-1 genetic predisposition in contribution to KD | Human | Korean |
BD [32,33,34] | 1. ↓ PD-L1 (p) on APCs and cutaneous lesions and ↓ PD-L1 (t) in PBMCs | 1. Disrupted PD-L1 contribute to the development of BD | Human | Korean |
2. DNA from blood samples lack gene polymorphisms in PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 (SNP’s: PD-1 rs2227981 and rs10204525, PD-L1 rs1970000 and PD-L2 rs7854303) | 2. Negligible role of PD-1 and its ligands in BD | Human | Chinese Han | |
GPA (fWG) [35,36,37] | 1. ↑ PD-1 (p) on T cells; No PD-1 (p) on lesional T cells of renal biopsies with necrotizing & crescentic glomerulonephritis | 1. ↑ PD-1+ T cells were positively correlated with activation state including CD28null memory Th cells as well as T effector memory cells, IFN-γ+ T cells, induction of PD-1 by chronic CMV infection; PD-1+CD4+ CD25+ T cells were negatively correlated with the relapse rate | Human | German |
2. DNA isolated from blood lack PD-1.3G/A polymorphism (+ 7146G/A) and PD-1.5C/T polymorphism (+ 7785C/T) and also SNP’s in intron 4 and exon-5 in PDCD1 gene | 2. Co-occurance of PD-1.5 T allele with CTLA4 + 49 AA homozygosity was reduced among the patients. Apart, no obvious role of PD-1 in GPA and ANCA-associated GPA | Human | Swedish, Dutch and Caucasians | |
CSV [36] | DNA isolated from blood lack PD-1.3G/A polymorphism (+ 7146G/A) and PD-1.5C/T polymorphism (+ 7785C/T) in PDCD1 gene | No obvious role of PD-1 in CSV and ANCA-associated CSV | Human | Dutch and Caucasians |
Endothelial Cell Origin and References | Basal Expression of PD-L1/PD-1 | Inflamed Expression of PD-L1/PD-1 | Species Studied |
---|---|---|---|
Corneal EC [84] | Constitutive PD-L1 expression | Enhanced expression by IFN-γ | Human |
Corneal EC [85] | No PD-L1 expression | Enhanced PD-L1 expression after electrocautery | Mouse |
Lung and heart EC, microvascular EC line MS-1 [86] | Constitutive expression of PD-L1 | Not investigated | Mouse |
Infantile haemangiomas and venous malformalies ECs [87] | No PD-L1 expression High PD-1 expression | Not investigated | Human |
Skin tissue EC [87] | No PD-L1 and PD-1 expression | Not investigated | Human |
Microvascular pancreatic ECs [70] | Constitutive expression | Enhanced PD-L1 expression by IFN-α, -β and -γ | Mouse |
Lung, heart, pancreas and stomach ECs [70] | Constitutive expression | Not investigated | Mouse |
Brain tissue EC [70] | Not investigated | Enhanced PD-L1 expression by IL-12 | Mouse |
Liver sinuid EC [88] | Basal PD-L1 expression | Enhanced PD-L1 expression in sepsis model of induced peritonitis | Mouse |
Lung EC [89] | Basal PD-L1 expression | Enhanced PD-L1 expression in hemorrhagic shock model | Mouse |
Lymphatic EC [90] | Basal expression of PD-L1 | Not investigated | Mouse |
HUVEC [73] | No basal PD-L1 expression | Enhanced by IFN-γ and TNF-α | Human |
Heart EC [73] | No basal PD-L1 expression | Enhanced by IFN-γ and TNF-α | Mouse |
Heart EC [91] | No basal PD-L1 expression | Enhanced after in vivo activation by CD8+ T cells | Mouse |
HUVEC [92] | Low basal PD-L1 expression | Enhanced by IFN-y and -α, TNF-α, CD4+ T cells | Human |
Brain EC [93] | No basal expression | Enhanced by TNF-α and IFN-γ | Human |
HUVEC [94] | No basal expression | Enhanced by IFN-γ but not by TNF-α | Human |
HUVEC [95] | No basal expression | Enhanced by coculture with CD4+CD25+foxp3+ regulatory T cells | Human |
Heart and Brain EC [96] | Basal PD-L1 expression in heart EC | Enhanced PD-L1 expression on brain ECs in vivo by autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Mouse |
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Veluswamy, P.; Wacker, M.; Scherner, M.; Wippermann, J. Delicate Role of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Blood Vessel Inflammatory Diseases: Current Insight and Future Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8159. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21218159
Veluswamy P, Wacker M, Scherner M, Wippermann J. Delicate Role of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Blood Vessel Inflammatory Diseases: Current Insight and Future Significance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8159. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21218159
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeluswamy, Priya, Max Wacker, Maximilian Scherner, and Jens Wippermann. 2020. "Delicate Role of PD-L1/PD-1 Axis in Blood Vessel Inflammatory Diseases: Current Insight and Future Significance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21: 8159. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21218159