Therapeutic Potential of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic Vascular Disorders—Interaction between the Heme Oxygenase and H2S-Producing Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hemolysis- and Hemorrhage-Driven Damage Mechanisms
2.1. Hb-Induced Toxicity
2.1.1. Hb Triggers LDL Oxidation
2.1.2. Hbs as Pro-Inflammatory Stimuli
2.1.3. Hemolysis-Induced Cell Death
2.1.4. The Role of Globin-Derived PEPTIDES in Hb Toxicity
2.1.5. FerrylHb As an Inhibitor of Osteoclast Activity
2.2. Heme-Induced Toxicity
2.2.1. Heme-Induced LIPID Modifications
2.2.2. Heme-Induced Protein Modifications
2.2.3. Heme-Induced ER Stress
2.2.4. Heme As a Pro-Inflammatory Stimulus
3. Carbon Monoxide
3.1. CO in Hemorrhage-Triggered Cell Death
3.2. CO in Hemorrhage-Induced Inflammation
3.3. CO-Induced Cellular Metabolic Changes
4. Hydrogen Sulfide
4.1. H2S as an Inhibitor of Atherosclerosis and Hb Oxidation
4.2. H2S in Hemorrhage-Induced Cell Injury
4.3. H2S, Inflammation, and TLR4 Signaling in Hemorrhagic/Hemolytic Pathologies
5. The Interplay between the H2S and HO-1/CO System
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gáll, T.; Pethő, D.; Nagy, A.; Balla, G.; Balla, J. Therapeutic Potential of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic Vascular Disorders—Interaction between the Heme Oxygenase and H2S-Producing Systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 47. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22010047
Gáll T, Pethő D, Nagy A, Balla G, Balla J. Therapeutic Potential of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic Vascular Disorders—Interaction between the Heme Oxygenase and H2S-Producing Systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(1):47. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22010047
Chicago/Turabian StyleGáll, Tamás, Dávid Pethő, Annamária Nagy, György Balla, and József Balla. 2021. "Therapeutic Potential of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic Vascular Disorders—Interaction between the Heme Oxygenase and H2S-Producing Systems" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1: 47. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22010047