Bioconversion of Callus-Produced Precursors to Silymarin Derivatives in Silybum marianum Leaves for the Production of Bioactive Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bioconversion of Callus-Produced Compounds to Silymarin Derivatives
2.1.1. Leaf Discs for Bioconversion
2.1.2. Leaf Age Greatly Affects Silymarin Bioconversion
2.1.3. Leaf Extract for Bioconversion
2.2. Enzymes Activities
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. S. marianum Callus Production
4.2. Callus Eextract Preparation
4.3. Metabolite Profiling in S. marianum Leaves
4.4. Leaf Extracts Prepared in Phosphate or Citric Acid Buffer for Bioconversion
4.5. Chromatographic Analysis
4.6. Samples Preparation for Mass Spectrometric Analysis
4.7. Preparation of Enzymes Extract
4.8. Enzymes Assays
4.9. Protein Determination
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ESI-MS | Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry |
HPLC | High performance liquid chromatography |
DCQ | di-caffeoylquinic acid |
SA | Silybin A |
SB | Silybin B |
ISB-A&B | Isosilybin A&B |
SD | Silydianin |
SC | Silychristin |
TXF | Taxifolin |
CHS | Chalcone synthase |
PAL | Phenylalanine ammonia lyase |
HCT | Shikimate o-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase |
CCR | Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase |
CAD | Cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase |
COMT | Caffeoyl-CoA-methyltransferase |
F3′H | Flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase |
F3H | Flavanone-3-hydroxylase |
CGA | Chlorogenic acid |
CBB | Coomassie Brilliant blue |
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Content (mg·g DW−1) | SC | SD | SBA | SBB | ISB-AB | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf discs | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.03 | 8.2 | |
Leaf extract | 1.09 ± 0.5 | 1.13 ± 0.5 | 0.82 ± 0.09 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.4 | 4.6 |
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Gad, D.; El-Shora, H.; Fraternale, D.; Maricchiolo, E.; Pompa, A.; Dietz, K.-J. Bioconversion of Callus-Produced Precursors to Silymarin Derivatives in Silybum marianum Leaves for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2149. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22042149
Gad D, El-Shora H, Fraternale D, Maricchiolo E, Pompa A, Dietz K-J. Bioconversion of Callus-Produced Precursors to Silymarin Derivatives in Silybum marianum Leaves for the Production of Bioactive Compounds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(4):2149. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22042149
Chicago/Turabian StyleGad, Dina, Hamed El-Shora, Daniele Fraternale, Elisa Maricchiolo, Andrea Pompa, and Karl-Josef Dietz. 2021. "Bioconversion of Callus-Produced Precursors to Silymarin Derivatives in Silybum marianum Leaves for the Production of Bioactive Compounds" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4: 2149. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22042149