Next Article in Journal
Oxygenated Analogues of Santacruzamate A
Previous Article in Journal
Tetramethyl 1,1′-(2-[{4,5-bis(Methoxycarbonyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl}methyl]-2-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonamido]propane-1,3-diyl)bis(1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylate)
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Short Note

N-(2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide

Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 24 Tzar Assen str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2021, 2021(1), M1187; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1187
Submission received: 20 January 2021 / Revised: 29 January 2021 / Accepted: 30 January 2021 / Published: 31 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Structure Determination)

Abstract

:
The title compound was obtained in high yield in the reaction between tryptamine and naproxen. The newly synthesized naproxen derivative was fully analyzed and characterized via 1H, 13C-NMR, UV, IR, and mass spectral data.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Naproxen 1 (Figure 1) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain, menstrual cramps, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and fever initially introduced in 1976. The mechanism of action of naproxen involves blocking arachidonate binding to competitively inhibit both cyclooxygenase (COX) isoenzymes, COX-1, and COX-2, resulting in analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. COX-1 and COX-2 are catalysts of arachidonic acid conversion to prostaglandin G, the first step of synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes that are involved in rapid physiological responses [1].
A combination of three drugs, including naproxen, has been successfully used to treat patients hospitalized for influenza A (H3N2) infection [2] and reduces the mortality of the patients. Ongoing trials suggest that naproxen could combine broad-spectrum antiviral activity with its well-known anti-inflammatory action that could help to reduce severe respiratory mortality associated with COVID-19 [3]. Tryptamine is a biogenic amine, naturally occurring in plants, animals, and microorganisms [4], and is a metabolite of tryptophan [5]. Its structure is a shared feature of neuromodulators and psychedelic derivatives such as melatonin, serotonin, bufotenine, psilocybin, psilocin, et al. [6,7]. Tryptamine derivatives play a fundamental role in the human body. 5-Hydroxytryptamine or serotonin is one of the most important signaling hormones [8] in the body. Tryptamine natural derivatives are involved in the regulation and modulation of multiple processes within the central nervous system, such as sleep, cognition, memory, temperature regulation, and behavior [9]. Due to the diverse pharmacological properties of tryptamine 3 and the proven anti-inflammatory properties of naproxen, it is of great interest to synthesize a hybrid molecule that combines tryptamine and naproxen together in order to combine their properties. Rose and co-authors report the synthesis of serotonin derivatives containing NSAIDs in their structures [10]. Figure 2 presents the structural formula of the serotonin derivative of naproxen 2.
Due to the importance of the amides in the pharmaceutical synthesis [11,12], a coupling between naproxen 1 and tryptamine 3 via amide bond formation was achieved in order to obtain N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide 4. Compound 4 and its S-enantiomer are registered at the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) under the numbers 1017153-76-2 and 1212098-73-1, respectively. A 6-methyl derivative is also registered (CAS: 1288027-94-0) but has not been as fully characterized as the others. These compounds are commercially available to buy from some suppliers (Aurora Fine Chemicals LLC, 7929 Silverton Avenue, Suite 609, San Diego, CA, 42126, USA; Enamine, SIA Chemspace, Ilukstes iela 38-5, Riga, LV-1082, Latvia), but the synthesis and characterization are not reported.

2. Results

We report the synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide 4, as shown in Scheme 1.
An easy synthetic procedure for amide synthesis is the DCC-mediated (N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) coupling between carboxylic acids and amines. DCC is commonly used for the preparation of esters, amides or anhydrides. DCC reacts with the carboxyl group of naproxen to produce an activated acylating agent that reacts with the amino group of amines to form an amide bond. The naproxen used in the reaction is a racemic mixture of R- and S- enantiomers so the obtained product is a racemate.
The resultant compound was characterized by its melting point, 1H and 13C-NMR, UV, IR, and HRMS spectra.

3. Materials and Methods

All reagents and chemicals were purchased from commercial sources (Sigma-Aldrich S.A. and Riedel-de Haën, Sofia, Bulgaria) and used as received. Melting points were determined on a Boetius hot stage apparatus and are uncorrected. The NMR spectral data were recorded on a Bruker Avance II+600 spectrometer (BAS-IOCCP—Sofia, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra for compound 4 were taken in DMSO-d6 at 600 MHz and at 150.9 MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts are given in relative ppm and were referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS) (δ = 0.00 ppm) as an internal standard; the coupling constants are indicated in Hz. The NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature (ca. 295 K). Mass analyses were carried out on a Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer equipped with a heated electrospray ionization (HESI-II) probe (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). IR spectra were measured on VERTEX 70 FT-IR spectrometer (Bruker Optics, Ettlingen, Germany). TLC was carried out on precoated 0.2 mm Fluka silica gel 60 plates (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), using diethyl ether/n-hexane = 1/1 as a chromatographic system.

Synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide 4

N,N’-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (1 mmol, 0.206 g) was added to a solution of naproxen (1 mmol, 0.230 g) in CH2Cl2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 min. After the addition of tryptamine (1 mmol, 0.160 g), the reaction mixture was stirred for 50 min, during which time white crystalline dicyclohexylurea precipitated. The urea was separated by filtration over a sintered glass filter. The filtrate was washed with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl:H2O = 1:4 (v/v)), a saturated solution of Na2CO3, and brine. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The compound was purified by filtration through a short column chromatography (silica gel 60, 70–230 mesh, Merck; diethyl ether).
N-(2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide (4): white solid (m.p. 114–115 °C), yield 99% (0.369g), 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.53 (s, 1H), 7.76–7.71 (m, 3H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J = 8.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34–7.32 (m, 1H), 7.26 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.07–7.05 (m, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.95 (ddd, J = 7.9, 7.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.73 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.40–3.35 (m, 2H), 2.84–2.81 (m, 2H), 1.44 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 173.77 (C=O), 157.63 ((Ar)COCH3), 138.13 (C, Ar), 136.92 (C, Ar), 133.67 (C, Ar), 129.50 (C, Ar), 129.05 (C, Ar), 127.86 (C, Ar), 126.99 (C, Ar), 126.95 (C, Ar), 125.77 (C, Ar), 122.97 (CH), 121.29 (C, Ar), 118.79 (C, Ar), 118.67 (C, Ar), 118.64 (C, Ar), 112.52 (C, Ar), 111.77 (C, Ar), 106.70 (C, Ar), 55.74 (OCH3), 48.16 (CH3), 45.85 (CH2), 24.85 (CH2), 19.05 (CH3). UV λmax, MeOH: 236 (ε = 69000), 281 (ε = 6987) nm. HRMS Electrospray ionization (ESI) m/z calcd for C24H25N2O2+ = 373.1911, found 373.1910 (mass error Δm = −0.27 ppm). IR(KBr) νmax, cm−1: 3399 ν(N-H), 3326 ν(N-H), 3258 ν(N-H), 3056 ν(Csp2-H), 2930 νas(Csp3-H, >CH2), 2851 νs(Csp3-H, > CH2), 2666, 1664 ν(C=O), 1628 ν(C=C), 1605, 1573 ν(C=C, Ph), δ(N-H), 1539 δ(N-H) + ν(C-N), 1505 ν(C=C, Ph), 1487 δs(>CH2) and ν(C=C, Ph), 1456 ν(C=C, Ph), δas(CH3), δ(N-CH2), 1450, 1436, 1419, 1391, 1374 δs(CH3), 1347, 1340 δs(-CH<), 1311 ν(C-N), 1299, 1268 ν(Ph-NH), 1244, 1230 ν(HN-C=O), 1214, 1195, 1173, 1159 ν(C-N), 1119, 1092, 1069, 1045, 1030, 926, 893, 855 γ(Csp2-H), 815 γ(Csp2-H), 739 γ(Csp2-H), 700, 681, 660, 641, 581, 493, 476, 421 δ(C-N-C).
Copies of all spectra and ESI-HRMS (Figures S1–S5) are provided in the Supplementary Materials file.

Supplementary Materials

Figure S1: 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 4, Figure S2: 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 4, Figure S3: UV spectrum of compound 4, Figure S4: ESI-HRMS of compound 4, Figure S5: IR spectrum of compound 4.

Author Contributions

S.M. and I.I. are responsible for the synthesis, writing, revising, NMR, IR analysis and final English check of the manuscript. D.B. is responsible for the UV and ESI-HRMS analysis. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Science Fund of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, grant KП 06 M29/1 and grant DN09/15.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in this article and supporting supplementary material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Brutzus, J.; Varacallo, M.; Varacallo, M. Naproxen, NCBI Bookshelf, StatPearls Publishing 2020 Bookshelf ID: NBK525965PMID: 30247840. Available online: https://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/books/NBK525965/?report=printable (accessed on 13 January 2020).
  2. Hung, I.; To, K.; Chan, J.; Cheng, V.; Liu, K.; Tam, A.; Chan, T.; Zhang, A.; Li, P.; Wong, T.; et al. Efficacy of Clarithromycin-Naproxen-Oseltamivir combination in the treatment of patients hospitalized for Influenza A(H3N2) infection: An Open-label Randomized, Controlled, Phase IIb/III Trial. Chest 2017, 151, 1069–1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Adnet, F.; Schwo, A.S. Efficacy of Addition of Naproxen in the Treatment of Critically Ill Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Infection (ENACOVID). Available online: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04325633 (accessed on 13 January 2020).
  4. Dexter, D.; Hesson, D.; Ardecky, R.; Rao, G.; Tippett, D.; Dusak, B.; Paull, K.; Plowman, J.; DeLarco, B.; Narayanan, V.; et al. Activity of a novel 4-quinolinecarboxylic acid, NSC 368390 [6-fluoro-2-(2’-fluoro-1,1’-biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-quinolinecarboxylic acid sodium salt], against experimental tumors. Cancer Res. 1985, 45, 5563–5568. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  5. Jenkins, T.; Nguen, J.; Polglaze, K.; Bertrand, P. Influence of tryptophan and serotonin on mood and cognition with a possible role of the gut-brain axis. Nutrients 2016, 8, 56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Tylš, F.; Páleníček, T.; Horáček, J. Psilocibin—Summary of knowledge and new perspectives. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014, 24, 342–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Tittarelli, R.; Mannocchi, G.; Pantano, F.; Romolo, F. Recreational use, analysis and toxicity of tryptamines. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2015, 13, 26–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  8. Brandt, S.; Freeman, S.; McGagh, P.; Abdul-Halim, N.; Alder, J. An analytical perspective on favored synthetic routes to the psychoactive tryptamines. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2004, 36, 375–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Martins, C.; Freeman, S.; Alder, J.; Passie, T.; Brandt, S. Profiling psychoactive tryptamine-drug synthesis by focusing on detection using mass spectroscopy. Trends Analyt. Chem. 2010, 29, 285–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Rose, T.M.; Reilly, C.A.; Deering-Rice, C.E.; Brewster, C.; Brewster, C. Inhibition of FAAH, TRPV1, and COX2 by NSAID-serotonin conjugates. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2014, 24, 5695–5698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  11. Trabocchi, A.; Mannino, C.; Machetti, F.; Bernardis, D.F.; Arancia, S.; Cauda, R.; Cassone, A.; Guarna, A. Identification of inhibitors of drug-resistant Candida albicans strains from a library of bicyclic peptidomimetic compounds. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 2502–2509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Brown, A.; Rees, D.; Rankovic, Z.; Morphy, R. Synthesis of tertiary amines using a polystyrene (REM) resin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 3288–3295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1. Structural formula of naproxen.
Figure 1. Structural formula of naproxen.
Molbank 2021 m1187 g001
Figure 2. Structural formula of N-(2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide 2.
Figure 2. Structural formula of N-(2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide 2.
Molbank 2021 m1187 g002
Scheme 1. Synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide 4.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide 4.
Molbank 2021 m1187 sch001
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Manolov, S.; Ivanov, I.; Bojilov, D. N-(2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide. Molbank 2021, 2021, M1187. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1187

AMA Style

Manolov S, Ivanov I, Bojilov D. N-(2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide. Molbank. 2021; 2021(1):M1187. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1187

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manolov, Stanimir, Iliyan Ivanov, and Dimitar Bojilov. 2021. "N-(2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanamide" Molbank 2021, no. 1: M1187. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1187

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop