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Communication

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Potential of 3-Oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-18αH-oleane-28-oic Acid

Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2021, 2021(2), M1222; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1222
Submission received: 23 April 2021 / Revised: 18 May 2021 / Accepted: 21 May 2021 / Published: 1 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)

Abstract

:
Trifluoroacetic acid-promoted Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of betulonic acid carboxamide led to the formation of the expected 19β,28-lactam along with a new germanicane-type 3-oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-18αH-oleane-28-oic acid. The structure of this triterpenoid was confirmed by 2D NMR analyses. A primary evaluation of biological potency revealed an anticancer activity with GI50 < 5 μM against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer cell lines, while the parent compounds were not active.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Natural pentacyclic triterpenoids and their synthetic transformation products exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activity [1,2]. Allobetulin (3β-Hydroxy-19β,28-epoxy-18α-oleane) and its derivatives belong to the group of triterpenoids of the germanicane family, a very rare class of natural compounds [3]. Allobetulin and related compounds (e.g., 28-oxoallobetulone and 3β-acetoxy-18α-oleane-19β,28-lactam) can be synthesized from widely occurring natural lupane triterpenoids (e.g., betulin) by Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement in the presence of acids [4]. Allobetulone derivatives demonstrated anticancer [5,6], antidiabetic [7], and antiviral activity [8].
Cleavage of the tetrahydrofuran ring in allobetulin by nucleophilic and acidic reagent lead to oleane, germanicane (3β,19β,28-trihydroxyoleane), and ursane-type triterpenoids with biological potency. Thus, the reaction of acetoxyallobetulin with perchloric acid in acetic anhydride was proposed as an efficient method for the chemical preparation of pharmacologically important moronic and heterobetulonic acids [9]. Recently, it has been shown that 20β,28-epoxy-18α,19 β H-ursane derivatives, obtained from allobetulin and modified at A,E cycles, possess antiviral activity against HCMV, as well as anticancer and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects [10]. α,β-Unsaturated ketones of 18αH,19βH-ursane and C20 pyrazoline derivatives were also reported [11].
On the other hand, treatment of betulonic acid carboxamide with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) led to E-ring lactam and its dimethylsuccinoyl ester demonstrated antiretroviral activity [12]. Interested by this type of rearrangement, we report herein our investigations, as well as the discovery of another product in this reaction.

2. Results and Discussion

In the presence of Lewis or mineral acids, the rearrangement of betulin ring E takes place, leading to allobetulin, as described for the first time by Schulze and Pieroh in 1922 and which is now known as Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement [13]. Various acidic conditions have been investigated for this rearrangement, such as hydrobromic acid in chloroform, sulfuric acid in acetic acid, concentrated hydrochloric acid in ethanol, different “solid acids”, etc., and up to 2010 they are summarized in a review [3]. In a recent article, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement was also conducted using HCl, montmorillonite K10, and BF3·Et2O to the synthesis of cyclopentyl units by contraction of the A-ring [14]. In this work, we tried to obtain the E-ring lactam derivative based on betulonic acid carboxamide 1 under similar rearrangement.
Reaction of betulonic acid carboxamide 1 with TFA in refluxing chloroform led to a mixture of 3-oxo-18α-oleane-19β,28-lactam 2 and a new compound 3 with yields of 65% and 32% (Scheme 1), respectively. The change of amount of TFA, temperature, or reaction time did not have any influence on the ratio of compounds 2 and 3. The structure of compound 2 was similar to those described in [12]; the structure of compound 3 was confirmed by HSQC and HMBC spectra (Figure 1), (for NMR spectra of 3, please see Supplementary Materials). In the 1H NMR spectrum, the signal of H-19 connected with the trifluoroacetate group was observed at δH 4.50 ppm. In the 13C NMR spectrum, the signal of C19 at δC 96.11 ppm and two quartet signals splited by the three 19F atoms: the signal of atom C31 (δC 161.47 ppm, 2J31-F = 37.6 Hz) and signal of quaternary atom C32 (δC 116.25 ppm, 1J32-F = 290.5 Hz), were characteristic. In the 19F NMR spectrum, the signal of the trifluoroacetate group is characteristic (δF −75.73 ppm). Based on analysis of {1H, 1H} NOESY spectrum, the cross peaks between H3-30 (δH 0.98 ppm)/H-19 (δH 4.50 ppm), H3-30 (δH 0.98 ppm)/H-18 (δH 1.94 ppm), and H-18 (δH 1.94 ppm)/H3-27 (δH 0.91 ppm) suggests that the H-18 proton is in the α-orientation.
Therefore, according to NMR data, compound 3 is 3-oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-oleane-28-oic acid. The formation of compound 2 could be explained by a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of amide 1 under acidic conditions. The formation of compound 3 could be explained by the further rearrangement, including ring opening of the lactam cycle under trifluoroacetic acid condition with the following hydrolysis of amide intermediate A to 19-trifluoroacetoxy-olean-28-oic acid (Figure 2).
It is known that lupane-type triterpenoids betulin and betulinic acid possess a broad range of biological effects, particularly anticancer activities [15]. Betulinic acid induces the internal apoptosis pathway in cancer cells while sparing normal cells, and now is under clinical evaluation in Phase I/II clinical trials (NCT00346502) as 20% betulinic acid ointment (BA ointment) for treatment of dysplastic nevi that have potential to transform into melanoma [16,17]. Its oxidized product betulonic acid, having a carbonyl moiety at C-3 position, and which was used as a starting material for the synthesis of compound 1 in this work, possesses a better anticancer profile than betulinic acid [18]. Moreover, small structural changes of lupane type derivatives, including betulonic acid, lead to significant differences in their anticancer properties [19].
Compounds 13 were selected by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Developmental Therapeutics Program (www.dtp.nci.nih.gov, accessed on 1 November 2018) for in vitro cell line screening to investigate their anticancer activity. As betulonic acid is a well-known compound, it was not selected by NCI. Anticancer assays were performed according to the US NCI protocol, which was described elsewhere [20,21]. The first step, during which compounds were tested at 10 μM, revealed that compounds showed cytotoxicity against cancer cells. The results of NCI screening for carboxamide of betulonic acid 1 (first assay) were presented recently [22] and revealed no cytotoxicity. The highest activity of compound 2 was against non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (HOP-92), with over 32% of cell growth, while compound 3 demonstrated cytotoxicity with lethality against leukemia cell lines (HL-60(TB)) (Table 1). Compound 3 being promising, it was further investigated in a five-dose testing mode and exhibited moderate activity with GI50 ranges from 3.16 to 26.40 μM against all cell lines of NCI-60 (Table 2) (please see Supplementary Materials). The highest anticancer activity (i.e., less than 5 μM) was observed against leukemia cell lines with GI50 values of 3.16 μM (HL-60(TB)), 3.75 μM (SR), and 3.61 μM (K-562); colon cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 4.80 μM (HCT-116), 4.99 μM (HCT-15), and 4.06 (HT29); breast cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 5.02 μM (MCF7); and against prostate cancer cell lines with GI50 values of 3.98 μM (PC-3).
The compounds 2 and 3 also were evaluated at the University of Queensland (Australia) using five bacterial strains, including Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The antifungal activity was determined against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. The primary screening of the antimicrobial activity of compounds 2 and 3 was carried out in a single concentration of 32 mg/mL in tests of the inhibition of cell reproduction. Samples with inhibition value above 80% were classed as active. Samples with inhibition values between 50 and 80% were classed as partial actives. The techniques for testing the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of compounds are given in the website http://www.co-add.org [23], accessed on 1 November 2018. It was found that none of the tested compounds inhibited growth of the pathogenic microorganisms in the studied concentration (Table 3).

3. Materials and Methods

The spectra were recorded at the Center for the Collective Use “Chemistry” of the UIC UFRC RAS and RCCU “Agidel” of the UFRC RAS. 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III 500 MHz spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA, 500, 125.5 and 470 MHz) with a Z-axis gradient unit, operated with a 5-mm broad-band multinuclear (PABBO) probe in CDCl3, using tetramethylsilane as the internal standard. A complete and unambiguous assignment of 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals is reported on the basis of two-dimensional NMR techniques (1H-1H COSY, 1H–1H NOESY, 1H–13C HSQC, 1H–13C HMBC). Melting points were detected on a micro table “Rapido PHMK05“ (Nagema, Dresden, Germany). Optical rotations were measured on a polarimeter “Perkin-Elmer 241 MC” (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) in a tube length of 1 dm. Elemental analysis was performed on a Euro EA-3000 CHNS analyzer (Euro vector, Milan, Italy); the main standard is acetanilide. Thin-layer chromatography analyses were performed on Sorbic plates (Copolymer, Krasnodar, Russian Federation), using the solvent system chloroform-ethyl acetate, 40:1. Substances were detected by a 10% solution of a sulfuric acid solution with subsequent heating at 100–120 °C for 2–3 min. Compound 1 was obtained according to the method described previously [5].

Synthesis of Compounds 2 and 3

A mixture of compound 1 (0.45 g, 1 mmol) and trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL, 13.5 mmol) in CHCl3 (25 mL) was stirred under reflux for 2 h. The reaction was washed with saturated NaHCO3 (2 × 50 mL) and H2O (100 mL). The organic phase was dried over CaCl2 and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography on SiO2 eluting with petroleum ether-chloroform (from 60:40 to 1:100) giving compounds 2 and 3.
3-Oxo-18α-oleane-19β,28-lactam 2. Yield 65% (295 mg) as brown powder. [α]D20 +24 (c 0.1, CH2Cl2), m.p. 178–179 °C. 1H-NMR (δ, ppm, CDCl3, 500 MHz): 3.69 (1H, s, CONH), 2.49−1.01 (25H, m, CH and CH2), 1.05, 1.02, 0.99, 0.98, 0.91, 0.89, 0.86 (21H, al s, 7CH3). 13C-NMR (δ, ppm, CDCl3, 125.5 MHz): 218.1 (C3), 176.3 (C28), 86.2 (C19), 54.9, 50.5, 47.3, 47.0, 45.5, 40.5, 40.2, 39.8, 37.0, 35.7, 34.1, 34.1, 33.9, 33.0, 32.4, 28.8, 27.3, 26.7, 26.5, 26.4, 24.2, 21.4, 21.0, 19.5, 16.4, 15.4, 13.6. Anal. Calcd for C30H47NO2: C, 79.42; H, 10.44; N, 3.09. Found: C, 79.41; H, 10.42; N, 3.04. MS (APCI): m/z [M + H]+ 454.71.
3-Oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-18α-oleane-28-oic acid 3. Yield 32% (182 mg) as beige powder. [α]D20 +13 (c 0.1, CH2Cl2), m.p. 145–146 °C. 1H-NMR (δ, ppm, CDCl3, 500 MHz): 4.50 (s, 1H, H-19), 2.51 (ddd, 1H, 2J = 15.6, 3J2ax-1ax = 9.4, 3J2ax-1eq = 7.6, Hax-2), 2.44 (ddd, 1H, 2J = 15.6, 3J2eq -1ax = 7.8, 3J1eq-2eq = 4.6, Heq-2), 2.38 (dt, 1H, 2J =15.3, 3J16eq-15ax = 3.1, 3J16eq-15eq = 3.1, Heq-16), 1.94 (d, 1H, 3J18-13 = 11.4, H-18), 1.94 (ddd, 1H, 2J = 13.1, 3J1eq-2ax = 7.6, 3J1eq-2eq = 4.6, Heq-1), 1.79 (ddd, 1H, 2J = 13.3, 3J22eq-21ax = 7.1, 3J22eq-21eq = 1.5, Heq-22), 1.74 (dt, 2J = 13.3, 3J22ax-21ax = 13.3, 3J22ax-21eq = 5.6, Hax-22), 1.63 (m, 1H, Heq-12), 1.62 (m, 1H, Hax-16), 1.57 (ddt, 1H, 2J = 12.3, 3J11eq-12ax = 4.3, 3J11eq-12eq = 2.3, 3J11eq-9 = 2.3, Heq-11), 1.54 (ddd, 1H, 2J = 13.3, 3J21eq-22ax = 5.6, 3J21eq-22eq = 1.5, Heq-21), 1.48 (m, 1H, Heq-7), 1.48 (m, 1H, Heq-6), 1.48 (m, 1H, Hax-6), 1.43 (m, 1H, Hax-1), 1.43 (m, 1H, H-9), 1.40 (m, 1H, Hax-21), 1.35 (m, 1H, Hax-7); 1.34 (m, 1H, Heq-15), 1.34 (m, 1H, Hax-15), 1.34 (m, 1H, H-5), 1.32 (m, 1H, H-13), 1.31 (m, 1H, Hax-11), 1.08 (s, 3H, H3-24), 1.06 (s, 3H, H3-29), 1.03 (s, 3H, H3-23), 1.03 (qd, 1H, 2J = 12.6, 3J12ax-13 = 12.6, 3J12ax-11ax = 12.6, 3J11ax-12eq = 4.3, Hax-12), 0.98 (s, 3H, H3-30), 0.94 (s, 3H, H3-26), 0.94 (s, 3H, H3-25), 0.91 (s, 3H, H3-27). 13C-NMR (δ, ppm, CDCl3, 125.5 MHz): 217.95 (C3), 185.60 (C28), 161.47 (q, 2J31-F = 37.6, C31), 116.25 (q, 1J32-F = 290.5, C32), 96.11 (C19), 54.09 (C5), 50.56 (C17), 50.36 (C9), 47.44 (C18), 47.31 (C4), 40.46 (C8), 39.93 (C14), 39.78 (C1), 36.94 (C10), 35.95 (C13), 33.98 (C2), 33.32 (C20), 32.84 (C7), 32.48 (C22), 31.58 (C21), 28.18 (C29), 27.40 (C15), 26.67 (C24), 26.23 (C12), 24.08 (C16), 24.06 (C30), 21.16 (C11), 20.95 (C23), 19.42 (C6), 16.33 (C25), 15.20 (C26), 13.65 (C27). Spectrum 19F (δ, ppm, CDCl3, 470 MHz): −75.73 (s, 3F). Anal. Calcd for C32H47F3O5: C, 67.58; H, 8.33. Found: C, 67.56; H, 8.31. MS (APCI): m/z [M + H]+ 569.34.

4. Conclusions

We have found that betulonic acid carboxamide under treatment with TFA in CHCl3 undergoes a rearrangement to 3-oxo-18α-oleane-19β,28-lactam and 3-oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-18α-oleane-28-oic acid. The evaluation of biological potency revealed a anticancer activity with GI50 < 5 μM against leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer cell lines.

Supplementary Materials

NMR spectra and NCI data for compounds 2 and 3 are available online.

Author Contributions

E.F.K. conducted synthetic experiments and prepared the manuscript; A.I.P. performed the structural studies; O.B.K. brought the idea, managed the research, conducted synthetic experiments and prepared the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Federal programs (No AAAA-A20-120012090023-8 and AAAA-A20-120012090029-0).

Acknowledgments

We thank the National Cancer Institute for the screening of anticancer activity of compounds 2 and 3. The antimicrobial screening was performed by CO-ADD (The Community for Antimicrobial Drug Discovery), funded by the Wellcome Trust (UK) and The University of Queensland (Australia).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Scheme 1. Synthesis of compounds 2 and 3 by the reaction of betulonic amide with trifluoroacetic acid. Reagent and condition: a. TFA, CHCl3, ∆, 1 h.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of compounds 2 and 3 by the reaction of betulonic amide with trifluoroacetic acid. Reagent and condition: a. TFA, CHCl3, ∆, 1 h.
Molbank 2021 m1222 sch001
Figure 1. HMBC and NOESY correlations of compound 3.
Figure 1. HMBC and NOESY correlations of compound 3.
Molbank 2021 m1222 g001
Figure 2. Plausible way of rearrangement of compound 1 to compounds 2 and 3.
Figure 2. Plausible way of rearrangement of compound 1 to compounds 2 and 3.
Molbank 2021 m1222 g002
Table 1. In vitro anticancer activity in 60 human tumor cell lines for compounds 2 and 3 at 10 µM.
Table 1. In vitro anticancer activity in 60 human tumor cell lines for compounds 2 and 3 at 10 µM.
Compound60 Cell Lines Assay in 1-Dose at 10 µM
Mean Growth, %Range of Growth, %Most Sensitive Cell Line
277.2910.97 to 119.95HOP-92 (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer)
3−62.67−99.13 to 1.66HL-60(TB) (Leukemia)
Table 2. In vitro anticancer activity of compound 3 against 60 human cancer cell lines in the second stage in a single concentration of 0.01–100 μM *.
Table 2. In vitro anticancer activity of compound 3 against 60 human cancer cell lines in the second stage in a single concentration of 0.01–100 μM *.
Subpanel/Cell Lines (μM)GI50Subpanel/Cell Lines (μM)GI50
LeukemiaMelanoma
CCRF-CEM9.51LOX IMVI5.91
HL-60(TB)3.16MALME-3M12.90
K-5623.61M148.34
MOLT-44.22MDA-B-43510.60
RPMI-82264.82SK-MEL-214.10
SR3.75SK-MEL-2813.60
Non-Small Cell Lung CancerSK-MEL-58.11
A549/ATCC9.66UACC-25710.10
EKVX14.50UACC-626.67
HOP-6213.20Ovarian Cancer
HOP-928.08IGROV118.90
NCI-H22613.50OVCAR-312.40
NCI-H2311.00OVCAR-413.10
NCI-H322M17.80OVCAR-515.70
NCI-H4607.65OVCAR-812.90
NCI-H52212.60NCI/ADR-RES12.30
Colon cancerSK-OV-313.40
COLO 2056.68Renal Cancer
HCC-299810.70786-014.30
HCT-1164.80A49815.70
HCT-154.99ACHN13.30
HT294.06CAKI-112.80
KM-1210.40RXF 39311.10
SW-62011.60SN12C11.50
CNS CancerTK-1016.90
SF-26815.30UO-3113.70
SF-29514.60Breast Cancer
SF-5395.34MCF75.02
SNB-1913.80MDA-MB-231/ATCC13.50
SNB-7526.40HS 578T20.30
U25112.40BT-5499.30
Prostate CancerT -47D3.84
PC-33.98MDA-MB-4685.83
DU-14514.10
* For full data, see Supporting Information.
Table 3. % Growth inhibition of compound 2 and 3 at 32 μg/mL.
Table 3. % Growth inhibition of compound 2 and 3 at 32 μg/mL.
CompoundGram–Positive BacteriaGram–Negative BacteriaFungi
Staphylococcus AureusEscherichia coliKlebsiella pneumoniaPseudomonas aeruginosaAcinetobacter baumanniiCandida albicansCryptococcus neoformans var. grubii
Strain ATCC43300Strain ATCC 25922Strain ATCC 700603Strain 19606Strain ATCC 27853Strain ATCC 90028Strain H99,
ATCC 208821
210.58−6.7210.64.4716.910.93−8.97
3−4.52−6.07−2.2610.2625.366.12−13.08
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Khusnutdinova, E.F.; Poptsov, A.I.; Kazakova, O.B. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Potential of 3-Oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-18αH-oleane-28-oic Acid. Molbank 2021, 2021, M1222. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1222

AMA Style

Khusnutdinova EF, Poptsov AI, Kazakova OB. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Potential of 3-Oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-18αH-oleane-28-oic Acid. Molbank. 2021; 2021(2):M1222. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1222

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Khusnutdinova, Elmira F., Alexander I. Poptsov, and Oxana B. Kazakova. 2021. "Synthesis and Cytotoxic Potential of 3-Oxo-19β-trifluoroacetoxy-18αH-oleane-28-oic Acid" Molbank 2021, no. 2: M1222. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1222

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