Next Article in Journal
1-Tosyl-6-vinyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-benzo [d] imidazole-2-amine
Previous Article in Journal
N-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(2-fluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)propanamide
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Short Note

4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate

Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2021, 2021(3), M1261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1261
Submission received: 23 June 2021 / Revised: 13 July 2021 / Accepted: 21 July 2021 / Published: 28 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Organic Synthesis)

Abstract

:
4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate was synthesized by stirring 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine with scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate in acetonitrile, followed by precipitation with diethyl ether. The structure of the new compound was characterized by FT-IR, 1H, 13C{1H} and 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy and CHN elemental analysis. This is a safe and simple method to obtain mono-protonated bipyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate without the direct use of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.

1. Introduction

Protonated pyridinium salts are widely used in synthetic organic reactions (e.g., oxidation reactions [1], Brønsted acid-catalyzed reactions [2,3,4], and photochemical reactions [5]), host-guest chemistry [6,7], and proton-coupled electron transfer processes [8]. Although 2,2′-bipyridines are one of the most commonly used ligands for metals, their protonated forms, the mono- or di-protonated 2,2′-bipyridinium salts [9], are also used as an oxidizing agent [10,11], fluorinating agent [12], and ligand precursor for a palladium catalyst [13]. Protonated pyridinium salts are typically synthesized from the reaction of the corresponding pyridines with Brønsted acids. However, most of these acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid, and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH)) are corrosive, toxic, and difficult to handle. Therefore, it is desirable to develop an alternative method to avoid the direct use of such acids.
During the course of our study on 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine-based early transition metal complexes [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21], we developed interest in synthesizing a new scandium(III) complex using a scandium(III) salt and 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (4,4′-tBubpy; 1). Among the scandium(III) salts, scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sc(OTf)3) is an efficient and stable Lewis acid catalyst that maintains its catalytic activity even in the presence of water [22]. In addition, Sc(OTf)3 has recently been used in combination with chiral nitrogen-donor ligands to achieve various enantioselective transformations [23]. Hence, we examined the complexation of 4,4′-tBubpy (1) with Sc(OTf)3. Unexpectedly, however, we found that a mono-protonated bipyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate 2 was obtained instead of a scandium bipyridine complex under the reaction conditions described later (Section 2). We herein report the synthesis of the new mono-protonated bipyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate 2 without the direct use of TfOH.

2. Results and Discussion

Reaction of 1 with Sc(OTf)3 in acetonitrile at ambient temperature afforded a pale pink solution. Subsequent addition of undried diethyl ether to this solution resulted in the formation of a white precipitate. Characterization of the compound revealed that the expected scandium bipyridine complex was not formed; instead, mono-protonated bipyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate 2 was formed (Scheme 1).
The 1H NMR spectrum of 2 in CDCl3 shows three signals in the aromatic region at δ 8.88 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 8.50 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 2H), and 7.72 (dd, J = 5.6, 1.6 Hz, 2H), and these signals are shifted downfield with respect to those of 1 (Figure 1). This suggests the existence of a protonated nitrogen atom in 2 [13] (1H, 13C{1H} and 19F{1H} NMR spectra of 2 are included in the Supplementary Materials). We also obtained long plate-like crystals by slow diffusion of diethyl ether into the acetonitrile solution of 2. Although the obtained crystals were not of good quality, preliminary X-ray structure analysis of the crystals has confirmed the molecular structure of 2.
Although Sc(OTf)3 is often used as a stable Lewis acid even in water [22], this salt reversibly converts to TfOH through the hydrolysis of Sc3+ [24,25]. In the present reaction, we speculate that Sc(OTf)3 reacts with the water in the reaction solvent to reversibly generate TfOH, followed by protonation of 1 to afford 2. Bipyridinium salt 2 has low solubility in an acetonitrile–diethyl ether mixture and readily precipitates in the mixed solvent, shifting the reaction equilibrium to the product 2 side. Although it has already been known that the protonation of a pyridine derivative occurs in the presence of Sc(OTf)3 and water in organic solvent [24], to our knowledge the preparation of protonated pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonates based on this mechanism has not been explored. The protocol presented herein will provide safe and simple access not only to mono-protonated bipyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonates but also to a variety of protonated pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonates without the direct use of TfOH.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

All the reagents and solvents were purchased from chemical companies and used without further purification. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL JNM-ECS400 (400 MHz) FT NMR system or JEOL JMN-ECX400 (400 MHz) FT NMR system in CDCl3 with Me4Si as an internal standard. 13C{1H} NMR spectrum was recorded on a JEOL JNM-ECS400 (100 MHz) FT NMR system in CDCl3. 19F{1H} NMR spectrum was recorded on a Bruker AVANCE NEO 400 spectrometer (376 MHz). The IR spectrum was recorded on a JASCO FT/IR-410 spectrometer.

3.2. Synthesis of 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (2)

Scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (247.5 mg, 0.5 mmol) and 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (1; 406.2 mg, 1.5 mmol) were stirred in acetonitrile (2.5 mL) at ambient temperature for 2 h. Diethyl ether was added to the resulting pale pink solution, and a white precipitate was obtained. The precipitate was collected and washed with diethyl ether to give 2 (270.8 mg, 43% yield based on 1) as a white powder. Mp 216.5–217.0 °C; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) δ 8.88 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 8.50 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (dd, J = 5.6, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (s, 18H) [Note: The proton (H+) signal of compound 2 could not be observed in the range of −2.5 to 20.5 ppm. This might be due to the rapid proton exchange of N–H.]; 13C{1H} NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) δ 168.0, 148.1, 146.2, 123.8, 120.6, 120.4 (q, J = 318.8 Hz), 36.2, 30.2; 19F NMR (CDCl3, 376 MHz) δ −78.2; IR (KBr, cm−1) 3104, 2974, 1631, 1597, 1485, 1442, 1284, 1266, 1227, 1206, 1153, 1035, 848; Anal. Calcd for C19H25F3N2O3S: C, 54.53; H, 6.02; N, 6.69. Found: C, 54.61; H, 5.89; N, 6.57.

4. Conclusions

The new mono-protonated bipyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate 2 has been synthesized from 4,4′-tBubpy using Sc(OTf)3 without the direct use of TfOH. We consider that the present protocol will provide easy and safe access to a variety of protonated pyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonates.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available: Figure S1. 1H NMR spectrum (CDCl3, 400 MHz) of compound 2. Figure S2. 13C{1H} NMR spectrum (CDCl3, 100 MHz) of compound 2. Figure S3. 19F{1H} NMR spectrum (CDCl3, 376 MHz) of compound 2.

Author Contributions

Experiment, S.K. and K.B.; resources, S.K., A.N. and A.O.; writing—original draft preparation, S.K.; writing—review and editing, S.K., A.N. and A.O.; funding acquisition, S.K., A.N. and A.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21H01977, JP19H02791, and JP19H02756, from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan, and by Nanotechnology Platform Program of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the article and in its supplementary materials.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Shouhei Katao and Associate Professor Tsumoru Morimoto of Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST) for the single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurement.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Corey, E.J.; Suggs, J.W. Pyridinium chlorochromate. An efficient reagent for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 16, 2647–2650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Nugent, B.M.; Yoder, R.A.; Johnston, J.N. Chiral Proton Catalysis: A Catalytic Enantioselective Direct Aza-Henry Reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3418–3419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Takenaka, N.; Chen, J.; Captain, B.; Sarangthem, R.S.; Chandrakumar, A. Helical Chiral 2-Aminopyridinium Ions: A New Class of Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4536–4537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Nishikawa, Y.; Nakano, S.; Tahira, Y.; Terazawa, K.; Yamazaki, K.; Kitamura, C.; Hara, O. Chiral Pyridinium Phosphoramide as a Dual Brønsted Acid Catalyst for Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reaction. Org. Lett. 2016, 18, 2004–2007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Ling, R.; Yoshida, M.; Mariano, P.S. Exploratory Investigations Probing a Preparatively Versatile, Pyridinium Salt Photoelectrocyclization−Solvolytic Aziridine Ring Opening Sequence. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4439–4449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Han, Y.; Meng, Z.; Chen, C.-F. Acid/base controllable complexation of a triptycene-derived macrotricyclic host and protonated 4,4′-bipyridinium/pyridinium salts. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52, 590–593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Li, J.; Shi, Q.; Han, Y.; Chen, C.-F. Complexation of 2,6-helic[6]arene and its derivatives with 1,1′- dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salts and protonated 4,4’-bipyridinium salts: An acid−base controllable complexation. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1795–1804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  8. Pannwitz, A.; Wenger, O.S. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Coupled to Donor Deprotonation and Acceptor Protonation in a Molecular Triad Mimicking Photosystem II. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 13308–13311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Beattie, I.R.; Webster, M. The Base Strengths of 2,2′-Bipyridyl and 1,10-Phenanthroline. J. Phys. Chem. 1962, 66, 115–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Guziec, F.S.; Luzzio, F.A. The Oxidation of Alcohols Using 2,2’-Bipyridinium Chlorochromate. Synthesis 1980, 9, 691–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Luzzio, F.A.; Bobb, R.A. 2,2′-Bipyrldinium Chlorochromate/m-Chloroperbenzoic Acid-Mediated Cleavage of Cyclic Acetals to Hydroxyesters. Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 1733–1736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Adachi, K.; Ohira, Y.; Tomizawa, G.; Ishihara, S.; Oishi, S. Electrophilic fluorination with N,N′-difluoro-2,2′-bipyridinium salt and elemental fluorine. J. Fluorine Chem. 2003, 120, 173–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Milani, B.; Anzilutti, A.; Vicentini, L.; Sessanta o Santi, A.; Zangrando, E.; Geremia, S.; Mestroni, G. Bis-Chelated Palladium(II) Complexes with Nitrogen-Donor Chelating Ligands are Efficient Catalyst Precursors for the CO/Styrene Copolymerization Reaction. Organometallics 1997, 16, 5064–5075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Kodama, S.; Hashidate, S.; Nomoto, A.; Yano, S.; Ueshima, M.; Ogawa, A. Vanadium-catalyzed Atmospheric Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols Using Water as Solvent. Chem. Lett. 2011, 40, 495–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Kodama, S.; Nomoto, A.; Yano, S.; Ueshima, M.; Ogawa, A. Novel Heterotetranuclear V2Mo2 or V2W2 Complexes with 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine: Syntheses, Crystal structures, and Catalytic Activities. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 9942–9947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Marui, K.; Higashiura, Y.; Kodama, S.; Hashidate, S.; Nomoto, A.; Yano, S.; Ueshima, M.; Ogawa, A. Vanadium-catalyzed green oxidation of benzylic alcohols in water under air atmosphere. Tetrahedron 2014, 70, 2431–2438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Kodama, S.; Taya, N.; Ishii, Y. A Novel Octanuclear Vanadium(V) Oxide Cluster Complex Having an Unprecedented Neutral V8O20 Core Functionalized with 4,4’-Di-tert-butyl-2,2’- bipyridine. Inorg. Chem. 2014, 53, 2754–2756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Kodama, S.; Taya, N.; Inoue, Y.; Ishii, Y. Synthesis and Interconversion of V4, V7, and V8 Oxide Clusters: Unexpected Formation of Neutral Heptanuclear Oxido(alkoxido)vanadium(V) Clusters [V7O17(OR)(4,4’-tBubpy)3] (R = Et, MeOC2H4). Inorg. Chem. 2016, 55, 6712–6718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Kobayashi, D.; Kodama, S.; Ishii, Y. An Oxidovanadium(IV) Complex Having a Perrhenato Ligand: An Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions of Benzylic and Propargylic Alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett. 2017, 58, 3306–3310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Inoue, Y.; Kodama, S.; Taya, N.; Sato, H.; Oh-ishi, K.; Ishii, Y. Reductive Formation of a Vanadium(IV/V) Oxide Cluster Complex [V8O19(4,4′-tBubpy)3] Having a C3-Symmetric Propeller-Shaped Nonionic V8O19 Core. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 57, 7491–7494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Kodama, S.; Kondo, S.; Nomoto, A.; Ogawa, A. Tris(4,4’-di-tert-butyl-2,2’-bipyridine)(trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexanolato)deca-μ-oxido-heptaoxidoheptavanadium acetonitrile monosolvate including another unknown solvent molecule. IUCrData 2020, 5, x200449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Kobayashi, S. Scandium Triflate in Organic Synthesis. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 1999, 15–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Pellissier, H. Recent developments in enantioselective scandium-catalyzed transformations. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2016, 313, 1–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Wabnitz, T.C.; Yu, J.-Q.; Spencer, J.B. Evidence That Protons Can Be the Active Catalysts in Lewis Acid Mediated HeteroMichael Addition Reactions. Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 484–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Šolić, I.; Seankongsuk, P.; Loh, J.K.; Vilaivan, T.; Bates, R.W. Scandium as a pre-catalyst for the deoxygenative allylation of benzylic alcohols. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2018, 16, 119–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Scheme 1. Synthesis of bipyridinium salt 2.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of bipyridinium salt 2.
Molbank 2021 m1261 sch001
Figure 1. 1H NMR spectra (CDCl3) of (a) 2 and (b) 1 in the aromatic region (δ 9.0–7.2). The residual solvent signal of CDCl3 is marked with an asterisk (∗).
Figure 1. 1H NMR spectra (CDCl3) of (a) 2 and (b) 1 in the aromatic region (δ 9.0–7.2). The residual solvent signal of CDCl3 is marked with an asterisk (∗).
Molbank 2021 m1261 g001
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kodama, S.; Bunno, K.; Nomoto, A.; Ogawa, A. 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate. Molbank 2021, 2021, M1261. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1261

AMA Style

Kodama S, Bunno K, Nomoto A, Ogawa A. 4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate. Molbank. 2021; 2021(3):M1261. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1261

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kodama, Shintaro, Kazuki Bunno, Akihiro Nomoto, and Akiya Ogawa. 2021. "4,4′-Di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate" Molbank 2021, no. 3: M1261. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/M1261

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop