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Sensors, Volume 1, Issue 1 (June 2001) – 5 articles , Pages 1-52

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315 KiB  
Article
Improving the Responses of Several Accelerometers Used in a Car Under Performance Tests by Using Kalman Filtering
by Wilmar Hernández
Sensors 2001, 1(1), 38-52; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s10100038 - 28 Jun 2001
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 8697
Abstract
In this paper a Kalman filter is used to cancel noise and interference contained in two accelerometers embedded in a car under performance tests. Here, the frequency bands of the signals of interest and their noise (deterministic as well as stochastic) are not [...] Read more.
In this paper a Kalman filter is used to cancel noise and interference contained in two accelerometers embedded in a car under performance tests. Here, the frequency bands of the signals of interest and their noise (deterministic as well as stochastic) are not strongly mixed with each other but it is very difficult to diminish the noise by using the classical approach to filtering. This reason, among others, justifies the necessity of the application of optimal filtering; and the Kalman filtering application allowed us to obtain optimal results (in the minimum mean-square sense) and signal-to-noise ratio improvements higher than 30 dB were achieved. The experimental results demonstrate the importance of using both analog signal conditioning and digital signal processing when dealing with signals corrupted by noise. Full article
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43 KiB  
Article
Errors in Chemical Sensor Measurements
by Artur Dybko
Sensors 2001, 1(1), 29-37; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s10100029 - 20 Jun 2001
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 10120
Abstract
Various types of errors during the measurements of ion-selective electrodes, ionsensitive field effect transistors, and fibre optic chemical sensors are described. The errors were divided according to their nature and place of origin into chemical, instrumental and non-chemical. The influence of interfering ions, [...] Read more.
Various types of errors during the measurements of ion-selective electrodes, ionsensitive field effect transistors, and fibre optic chemical sensors are described. The errors were divided according to their nature and place of origin into chemical, instrumental and non-chemical. The influence of interfering ions, leakage of the membrane components, liquid junction potential as well as sensor wiring, ambient light and temperature is presented. Full article
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282 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Characterisation and Application of Multi Microelectrode Array Devices to Biological Electrochemistry
by Michael Kudera, H. Allen O. Hill, Peter J. Dobson, Peter A. Leigh and William S. McIntire
Sensors 2001, 1(1), 18-28; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s10100018 - 20 Jun 2001
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 10555
Abstract
A new design for microelectrode array (MEA) devices fabricated by semiconductor-processing techniques is presented. The microelectrode surfaces consist of gold and are surrounded by an insulating silicon nitride layer. Each chip of these so-called Multi MEAs contains regular arrays with circular-shaped electrodes of [...] Read more.
A new design for microelectrode array (MEA) devices fabricated by semiconductor-processing techniques is presented. The microelectrode surfaces consist of gold and are surrounded by an insulating silicon nitride layer. Each chip of these so-called Multi MEAs contains regular arrays with circular-shaped electrodes of eight different sizes: 1, 3, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000μm. The Multi MEAs were electrochemically characterised by use of ferrocenecarboxylic acid. Well-defined cyclic voltammograms of the two small redox proteins, horse heart cytochrome c and amicyanin from Thiobacillus versutus, were obtained at variously surface-modified Multi MEAs. Furthermore, a very simple method to manufacture Multi MEAs with carbon surfaces is introduced. Full article
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313 KiB  
Article
Affinity sensors in non-equilibrium conditions: highly selective chemosensing by means of low selective chemosensors
by Vladimir M. Mirsky
Sensors 2001, 1(1), 13-17; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s10100013 - 20 Jun 2001
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7658
Abstract
The selectivity of measurements by means of affinity sensors in (quasi)equilibrium conditions and in non-equilibrium conditions was compared. The results show that the measurements in non-equilibrium conditions can reduce or even eliminate a relative contribution of interferents to a sensor signal. Full article
390 KiB  
Article
The New Theory of Ion-Selective Electrodes
by Ernõ Pungor
Sensors 2001, 1(1), 1-12; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s10100001 - 16 May 2001
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 11103
Abstract
The paper discusses the anomalies of the former interpretation of the working mechanism of the ion-selective electrodes. It was thorougly discussed why the Donnan experiment could not be applied as the theoretical background of glass electrodes. It was assumed according to the Donnan [...] Read more.
The paper discusses the anomalies of the former interpretation of the working mechanism of the ion-selective electrodes. It was thorougly discussed why the Donnan experiment could not be applied as the theoretical background of glass electrodes. It was assumed according to the Donnan interpretation that the measurable potential is produced by the transfer of the primary ion through the membrane. Since the 1960s, the author and coworkers have been investigating the problem of what can be the reason for the potential response of the electrodes. Practical measurements in connection with the response time, surface hindered reactions etc. were interpreted. Furthermore, the energy problems according to the Gibbs theory using two electrode components were investigated. It was established that the electrodes on which chemical reactions may occur with the primary ion have a surface reaction as the chemical basis of the response. For electrodes that work on the principle of the lyotropic series, surface reactions are also involved, but their response is not always Nernstian. The energy demand is covered by the charge separation at the electrodesolution interface. Full article
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