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Pharmaceuticals, Volume 7, Issue 10 (October 2014) – 2 articles , Pages 990-1007

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Review
Recommendations for Probiotic Use in Humans—A 2014 Update
by Martin H. Floch
Pharmaceuticals 2014, 7(10), 999-1007; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ph7100999 - 10 Oct 2014
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 14510
Abstract
Probiotics have gained worldwide use during the last two decades. However, which probiotic to use in which clinical condition has remained confusing in some clinical conditions. We convened a workshop at Yale in conjunction with Harvard in 2005, inviting a spectrum of probiotic [...] Read more.
Probiotics have gained worldwide use during the last two decades. However, which probiotic to use in which clinical condition has remained confusing in some clinical conditions. We convened a workshop at Yale in conjunction with Harvard in 2005, inviting a spectrum of probiotic authorities to discuss and reach conclusions on recommendations for use in common clinical conditions; the workshop was reconvened again in 2008 and in 2011. Each time the group of authorities was enlarged and varied depending on research studies. This article lists the recommendations updated from 2011 and is amended to bring it up to date in childhood and adult diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, allergic disorders, and radiation enteritis pending our 4th Triennial Yale/Harvard workshop to be convened in 2015. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics and Prebiotics 2015)
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Commentary
Ferric Citrate Hydrate as a Phosphate Binder and Risk of Aluminum Toxicity
by Ajay Gupta
Pharmaceuticals 2014, 7(10), 990-998; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ph7100990 - 26 Sep 2014
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8749
Abstract
Ferric citrate hydrate was recently approved in Japan as an oral phosphate binder to be taken with food for the control of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The daily therapeutic dose is about 3 to 6 g, which comprises about [...] Read more.
Ferric citrate hydrate was recently approved in Japan as an oral phosphate binder to be taken with food for the control of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The daily therapeutic dose is about 3 to 6 g, which comprises about 2 to 4 g of citrate. Oral citrate solubilizes aluminum that is present in food and drinking water, and opens the tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium, thereby increasing aluminum absorption and urinary excretion. In healthy animals drinking tap water, oral citrate administration increased aluminum absorption and, over a 4-week period, increased aluminum deposition in brain and bone by about 2- and 20-fold, respectively. Renal excretion of aluminum is impaired in patients with chronic kidney disease, thereby increasing the risk of toxicity. Based on human and animal studies it can be surmised that patients with CKD who are treated with ferric citrate hydrate to control hyperphosphatemia are likely to experience enhanced absorption of aluminum from food and drinking water, thereby increasing the risk of aluminum overload and toxicity. Full article
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