Oxygenated Cembrene Diterpenes from Sarcophyton convolutum: Cytotoxic Sarcoconvolutum A–E

Abstract

The soft coral genus Sarcophyton contains the enzymatic machinery to synthesize a multitude of cembrene-type diterpenes. Herein, highly oxygenated cembrenoids, sarcoconvolutum A–E (1–5) were purified and characterized from an ethyl acetate extract of the red sea soft coral, Sarcophyton convolutum. Compounds were assemblies according to spectroscopic methods including FTIR, 1D- and 2D-NMR as well as HRMS. Metabolite cytotoxicity was tested against lung adenocarcinoma, cervical cancer, and oral-cavity carcinoma (A549, HeLa and HSC-2, respectively). The most cytotoxic compound, (4) was observed to be active against cell lines A549 and HSC-2 with IC₅₀ values of 49.70 and 53.17 μM, respectively.

1. Introduction

Natural products and structural analogues are key for drug discovery, especially for pharmacotherapies for cancers and infectious diseases [1,2,3,4,5]. Such biologically active metabolites are characterized by scaffold diversity and structural complexity. For example, within Sarcophyton soft coral, isolated metabolites include cembrenoids [2,6,7,8,9], diterpene dimers [10,11], sesquiterpenes [12,13], ceramides [14], steroids [15,16], and prostaglandins [17,18]. Cembrenoids in particular exhibit a significant number of sp³ carbon centers and oxygen atoms with no nitrogen or halogen atoms. Higher numbers of H-bond acceptors and donors confer hydrophilicity and ring structures provide significant molecular rigidity. Cembrenoids also exhibit promising biological activities including anticancer [6,7,8], anti-inflammatory [8], antifouling [19,20], ichthyotoxic [21], antifeedant [12], antiviral [22], and neuroprotective [23] properties.

In a pursuit of novel metabolites with biological activity, polyoxygenated cembrene-type diterpenoids (Figure 1) have been isolated from the Red Sea soft coral S. convolutum. Metabolite antiproliferative activity was assayed against a non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma, a cervical cancer, and an oral-cavity squamous-cell carcinoma, A549, HeLa, and HSC-2, respectively.

2. Results and Discussion

Sarcoconvolutum A (1) was isolated as yellow oil with a positive optical rotation (+10.6) in a MeOH solvent. The HRCIMS molecular ion peak at m/z 367.2122 [M + H]⁺ was assigned predicting a molecular formula of C₂₀H₃₀O₆ (calcd. 367.2121, [M + H]⁺) with six degrees of unsaturation suggesting a bicyclic skeleton. FTIR spectrum exhibited bands at 3465 cm⁻¹ and 1765 cm⁻¹ corresponding to hydroxyls and carbonyl groups. From ¹H NMR spectrum (

Table 1. ¹H and ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 500 Hz) of sarcoconvolutum A–E (1–5).

No	Sarcoconvolutum A (1)		Sarcoconvolutum B (2)		Sarcoconvolutum C (3)		Sarcoconvolutum D (4)		Sarcoconvolutum E (5)
	1H NMR (J Hz)	13C	1H NMR (J Hz)	13C	1H NMR (J Hz)	13C	1H NMR (J Hz)	13C	1H NMR (J Hz)	13C
1	----	162.3	----	161.9	----	161.4	----	161.7	----	161.8
2	5.53 d (10.4)	79.4	5.45 d (10.2)	78.7	5.49 d (9.9)	79.0	5.45 d (9.4) *	78.8	5.47 d (10.1)	80.2
3	4.84 br d (10.4)	121.1	4.88 br d (10.1)	121.6	4.86 br d (9.9)	121.2	5.00 d (9.4)	121.1	4.92 br d (10.1)	119.2
4	----	143.9	----	143.5	----	144.2	----	144.4	----	145.9
5α	2.18 br d (12.7)	35.2	2.23 dt (13.2, 3.4t)	35.3	2.18 dt (13.4, 3.4t)	35.4	2.26 m *	36.6	2.35 dt (13.0, 7.6t)	37.9
5β	2.40 t (11.3)		2.37 td (13.2t, 2.8)		2.37 td (13.4, 7.4)		2.34 td (13.1t, 5.7)		2.10 td (13.0t, 5.1)
6α	1.77 br d (13.4)	26.7	1.49 td (13.7t, 3.6)	26.3	1.87 td (13.4t, 3.6)	26.7	1.60 m	24.1	1.75 m *	30.5
6β	1.51 ddd (13.7, 12.7, 10.9)		1.83 m *		1.44 td (15.3t, 4.3)		1.82 m *		1.25 m *
7	3.26 br d (10.8)	71.6	3.32 br d (10.9)	71.1	3.27 br d (10.9)	71.9	2.65 dd (6.8, 3.6)	57.0	3.45 br d (10.5)	75.0
8	----	74.5	----	74.5	----	78.3	----	60.0	----	73.9
9α	2.34 m *	42.9	2.44 dd (13.7, 7.8)	43.4	2.34 m *	37.2	2.41 dd (13.1, 5.7)	39.0	1.57 m	35.1
9β	2.34 m *		2.28 dd (13.4, 6.6)		2.34 m *		2.46 dd (13.3, 7.1)		1.51 m
10α	5.50 m	127.8	5.57 dt (16.1, 7.2)	126.9	5.56 dt (15.6, 8.1t)	128.2	5.42 m *	125.8	1.57 m	25.2
10β									1.32 m
11	5.48 br d (16.3)	134.8	5.50 br d (16.1)	134.6	5.44 br d (16.1)	134.0	5.47 m *	135.5	4.43 dd (9.0, 5.0)	89.3
12	----	84.1	----	84.0	----	84.4	----	84.6	----	146.0
13α	1.72 br t (13.2)	34.4	1.49 td (13.7, 3.6)	36.4	1.80 td (13.4t, 3.5)	35.1	1.58 m *	36.0	2.02 br t (15.1)	27.8
13β	1.68 td (13.2t, 5.6)		1.95 td (13.1, 4.1)		1.67 td (13.4t, 4.7)		1.89 m *		2.25 m
14α	2.01 br t (13.2)	22.7	2.06 br t (13.7)	21.6	2.05 br t (13.4)	22.7	2.07 br t	22.0	2.13 m	24.5
14β	2.43 br t (13.2)		2.62 td (13.7, 4.0)		2.40 td (13.7, 4.3)		2.27 td * (13.2t, 5.5)		2.65 td (12.9, 4.9)
15	----	123.1	----	123.5	----	123.3	----	123.6	----	124.3
16	----	175.3	----	174.8	----	174.8	----	174.8	----	174.9
17	1.83 s	8.8	1.85 s	8.9	1.85 s	9.0	1.86 s	9.1	1.86 s	8.9
18	1.87 s	16.5	1.82 s	16.1	1.83 s	16.2	1.87 s	15.8	1.86 s	16.4
19	1.28 s	24.2	1.28 s	24.1	1.19 s	18.2	1.31 s	22.2	1.26 s	24.8
20	1.37 s	20.3	1.42 s	23.6	1.41 s	21.2	1.41 s	18.8	5.07 s, 5.13 s	113.4
OMe					3.23 s	49.3

* overlapped.

), two oxygenated protons at δ_H 3.26 br d (J = 10.8 Hz) and 5.53 d (J = 10.4 Hz), three olefinic protons at δ_H 4.84 br d (J = 10.4 Hz), 5.48 br d (J = 16.3 Hz), and 5.50 m, in addition to four methyls were at δ_H 1.28 s, 1.37 s, 1.83 s, and 1.87 s were characterized. Twenty carbon resonances were predicted from ¹³C NMR (Table 1) and categorized into 6 quaternary (including carbonyl at δ_C 175.3; three olefinics at δ_C 123.1, 143.9 and 162.3; alongside of two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 74.5 and 84.1), five methines (comprising two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 71.6 and 79.4; as well as three olefinic at δ_C 121.1, 127.8, and 134.8), five methylenes, four methyls (δ_C 8.8, 16.5, 20.3, and 24.2) depending upon DEPT and HSQC experiments. The above analyses of 1D NMR of 1 revealed the cembrene-based diterpenoid [6,7,24]. The 1D NMR of 1 was similar to 12-hydroperoxylsarcoph-10-ene isolated previously from S. glaucum [24]. Observed signal differences for the newly isolated compound included a down field shift of H-7 and C-7 by 0.73 and 12.1 ppm, respectively; a down field shift of 15.3 ppm for C-8; and a down field shift of 6 ppm for Me-19 consistent with the substitution of a hydroxyl group at C-7 instead of an epoxide ring coupling C-7 and C-8. The proposed structure was confirmed by ¹H ¹H COSY and HMBC spectral analysis. H-2 [δ_H 5.53 d (J = 10.4 Hz)]/C-4 (δ_C 143.9, J³), and ¹H ¹H COSY of H-2/H-3 [δ_H 4.84 br d (J = 10.4 Hz)] indicated the location of Δ³⁽⁴⁾. The HMBC correlation of H₃-18 (δ_H 1.87 s) and C_H2-5 (δ_C 35.2, J³) followed by ¹H ¹H COSY correlations of H₂-5 [δ_H 2.18 br d (J = 12.7 Hz)]/ H-6 (δ_H 1.77 br d (J = 13.4 Hz)], H-6/H-7 (δ_H 3.26 br d (J = 10.8 Hz) confirmed a hydroxyl group at C-7. HMBC correlation of H₃-19 (δ_H 1.28 s)/C-7 (δ_C 71.6, J³), H₃-19/C-8 (δ_C 74.5, J³), and H-7/C-8 (J²) established hydroxylation of the C-8 quaternary carbon. Subsequently, HMBC correlation of H₃-19/C_H2-9 (δ_C 42.9, J³), H₃-20 (δ_H 1.37 s)/C_H2-11 (δ_C 134.8, J³), in addition to ¹H ¹H COSY of H₂-9 [δ_H 2.34 m]/H-10 (δ_H 5.50 m), H-10/H-11 [(δ_H 5.48 br d (J = 16.3 Hz)] established Δ¹⁰⁽¹¹⁾. The down field shift of C-12 by ca. 7 ppm [24] as well as the HMBC correlation of H-11/C-12 (δ_C 84.1, J³), H₃-20/C-12 (J²), and H₃-20/C-13 (δ_C 34.4 J³) indicated the presence of a hydroperoxide group at C-12. The C-1/C-2 included lactone ring was established via HMBC of H-2/C-16 (keto group, δ_C 175.3, J³), H-2/C-15 (δ_C 123.1, J³), H₃-17 (δ_H 1.83 s)/C-16 (J³), H₃-17/C-1 (δ_C 162.3, J³), and H₃-17/C-15 (Figure 2).

The relative configuration of 1 is based on coupling constants and NOESY data (Figure 3). From the coupling constant of H-2 (10.4 Hz) along with the vicinal coupling of H-3 (10.4 Hz), the cis orientation and α configuration of H-2 was established [7,24,25]. Starting from this point, the NOESY correlations of H-2α [δ_H 5.53 d (J = 10.4 Hz)]/ H₃-18 [δ_H 1.87 s], H₃-18/ H-5α [δ_H 2.18 br d (J = 12.7 Hz)], H₃-18/ H-6α [δ_H 1.77 br d (J = 13.4)], H-5α/ H-6α, and H-6α/ H-7 [δ_H 3.26 br d (J = 10.8 Hz)] established an α orientation for H-7. NOESY correlations of H-6β [δ_H 1.41 ddd (J = 13.7, 12.7, 10.9 Hz)]/ H₃-19 (δ_H 1.28 s), H-9β (δ_H 2.34 m)/ H₃-19, H-9β/ H-11 [δ_H 5.48 br d (J = 16.3 Hz)], H-11/ H-13β [δ_H 1.72 br t (J = 13.2 Hz)], H-13β/ H₃-20 [δ_H 1.37 s], H-11/ H₃-20 indicated β configurations for both Me-19 and Me-20. Based on the described spectral analysis, 1 was identified as 7β,8α-dihydroxy-12α-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene (sarcoconvolutum A).

Sarcoconvolutum B (2) was isolated as yellow oil with a positive optical rotation (+43.1) in MeOH. From the HRCIMS molecular ion peak at m/z 367.2122 [M + H]⁺, the molecular formula of C₂₀H₃₀O₆ (calcd. 367.2121, [M + H]⁺) a bicylic skeleton with six degrees of unsaturation was predicted. The FTIR broad bands corresponding to hydroxyls and carbonyl groups were detected at 3462 cm⁻¹ and 1768 cm⁻¹. The ¹H NMR spectrum (Table 1) displayed two oxygenated protons at δ_H 3.32 d (J = 10.9 Hz) and 5.45 d (J = 10.2 Hz), three olefinic protons at δ_H 4.88 d (J = 10.1 Hz), 5.50 d (J = 16.1 Hz), and 5.57 dt (J = 16.1, 7.2 Hz), along with four methyls were at δ_H 1.28 s, 1.42 s, 1.82 s, 1.85 s. From the observed twenty signals in the ¹³C NMR spectrum (Table 1), 6 quartenary (including carbonyl at δ_C 174.8; three olefinics at δ_C 123.5, 143.5 and 161.9; alongside of two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 74.5 and 84.0), 5 methenes (comprising two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 78.7 and 71.1, as well as three olefinic signals at δ_C 121.6, 126.9, 134.6), 5 methylenes, 4 methyls (δ_C 8.9, 16.1, 23.6, and 24.1) were identified based on DEPT and HSQC signals. A down field shift of δ_C 84.0 by ca. 7 ppm suggested the presence of a hydroperoxyl unit at C-12 [24] which was consistent with mass spectral data. A ¹³C NMR comparison of the two isolated compounds indicated a down field shift of Me-20 for 2. The 2D NMR comparisons showed otherwise similar ¹H ¹H COSY and HMBC signals (Figure 2). A ¹³C NMR down field shift of 3.3 ppm for Me-20 indicated the opposite stereochemistry at C-12.

Relative stereochemistry was determined based on coupling constants and NOESY data (Figure 3). The coupling constant of H-2 (10.2 Hz) in addition to the vicinal coupling of H-3 (10.1 Hz) suggested a cis orientation and α configuration of H-2 [7,24,25]. The NOESY correlations of H-2α [δ_H 5.45 d (J = 10.2 Hz)]/ H₃-18 [δ_H 1.82 s], H-18/ H-5 [δ_H 2.37 td (J = 13.2t, 2.8 Hz)], H-18/ H-6 [δ_H 1.49 td (J = 13.7t, 3.6 Hz)], H-5α/ H-6, H-6/ H-7 [δ_H 3.32 br d (J = 10.9 Hz)], H-7/ H-19 [δ_H 1.28 s] and H-13β [δ_H 1.95 td (J = 13.1, 4.1 Hz)]/ H₃-19 indicated a H-7α Me-19 and Me-20orientation. Based upon these spectral data, 2 was identified as 7β,8α-dihydroxy-12β-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene (sarcoconvolutum B).

Sarcoconvolutum C (3) was isolated as yellow oil with a positive optical rotation (+33.1, c 0.003, CH₃OH). The molecular formula was deduced as C₂₁H₃₂O₆ (calcd. 364.2250, [M-OH + H]⁺) based on a HREIMS molecular ion peak at m/z 364.2258 [M-OH + H]⁺ indicating a bicylic skeleton with six degrees of unsaturation. FTIR broad bands corresponded to hydroxyls and carbonyl groups were detected at 3457 cm⁻¹ and 1761 cm⁻¹. From ¹H NMR spectrum (Table 1), two oxygenated protons at δ_H 3.27 br d (J = 10.9 Hz) and δ_H 5.49 d (J= 9.9 Hz), three olefinic protons at δ_H 4.86 br d (J = 9.9 Hz), δ_H 5.44 br d (J = 16.1 Hz) and δ_H 5.56 dt (J = 15.6, 8.1t Hz), four methyls as well as one methyl of methoxy group at δ_H 3.23 s were assigned. Based on the ¹³C NMR (Table 1), twenty-one carbon resonances were observed and were categorized by DEPT and HSQC analysis as 6 quaternary carbons (including carbonyl at δ_C 174.8; three olefinics at δ_C 123.3, 144.2 and 161.4; alongside of two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 78.3 and 84.4), 5 methines (comprising two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 78.3 and 71.9; as well as three olefinic at δ_C 121.2, 128.2, 134.0), 5 methylenes, 5 methyls (δ_C 9.0, 16.2, 18.2, 21.2, and 49.3). As with 1 and 2, down field shift at δ_C 84.4 ppm of ca. 7 ppm along with a mass shift of [M-H₂O], suggested the addition of a hydroperoxy group [24]. The compound is similar to 1 and 2 except for a down field shift of δ_H 78.3 by 3.8 ppm associated with C-8 and a new methoxyl signal at δ_H 3.23 s and δ_C 49.3. HMBC correlations of a methyl proton at δ_H 3.23 and the C-12 at δ_H 78.3 confirm the localization of the methoxylation to C-12 (Figure 2). Thus, 3 was identified as 7-hydroxy-8-methoxy-12-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene.

The relative configuration of 3 was deduced via the coupling constants and NOESY analysis (Figure 3). The coupling constant of H-2 (9.9 Hz) and the vicinal coupling of H-3 (9.9 Hz) identified an α and cis orientation for H-2 [7,24,25]. The NOESY experiments exhibited the same configuration of 1 that elucidated the α orientation of H-7 and β and both methyls, Me-19 and Me-20. Based on these spectral observations, 3 was identified as 7β-hydroxy-8α-methoxy-12α-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene (sarcoconvolutum C).

Sarcoconvolutum D (4) was obtained as dark yellow oil with a positive optical rotation (+37.2, c 0.003, CH₃OH). The HREIMS molecular ion peak at m/z 348.1939 [M]⁺ that predicted a molecular formula of C₂₀H₂₈O₅ (calcd. 348.1937, [M]⁺) with a bicylic skeleton and seven degrees of unsaturation. The corresponding FTIR broad bands to hydroxyls and carbonyl groups at 3456 cm⁻¹ and 1763 cm⁻¹ were assigned. The ¹H NMR (Table 1) revealed two oxygenated protons at δ_H 2.65 dd (J = 6.8, 3.6 Hz), and 5.45 d (J = 9.4 Hz), three olefineic protons at δ_H 5.00 d (J = 9.4 Hz), 5.42 m, and 5.47 m, in addition to four methyls at δ_H 1.31 s, 1.41 s, 1.86 s, and 1.87 s. From ¹³C NMR, twenty carbon resonances were characterized and categorized to six quartenary (consisting of carbonyl at δ_C 174.8; three olefinics at δ_C 123.6, 144.4, and 161.7; and two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 60.0 and 84.6, five methenes (comprising two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 57.0, and 78.8; and two olefinic carbon (at δ_C 125.8 and 135.5), five methylenes, four methyls based on DEPT-135 and HSQC analysis. The compound is very similar to 1 except for an up-field shift of δ_H 2.65 dd (J = 6.8, 3.6 Hz) by 0.67 ppm and an up-field shift of δ_C 57.0 by 14.6 ppm both associated with C-7 and an up-field shift of δ_C 60 by 14.5 ppm associated with C-8. These chemical shift changes were deduced to be a result of a C-7/C-8 epoxide ring that was consistent with a molecular ion peak at m/z 348.1939 (C₂₀H₂₈O₅). The localization of this group was derived via the HMBC correlations of Me-19 (δ_H 1.31 s)/C-7 (J³), Me-19/C-8 (J²), H-6 (δ_H 1.60 m)/C-7 (J²), and H-6/C-8 (J³) (Figure 2).

The relative stereochemistry was identified via coupling constants [7,24,25] and NOESY analysis (Figure 3). Compound 4 exhibited almost same NOESY correlations as 1 except the correlations of Me-19/H-7, and H-6β/H-7 that elucidated the β orientation of H-7. These data confirmed 4 as 12α-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene-7α, 8α-epoxide (sarcoconvolutum D).

Sarcoconvolutum E (5) was obtained as yellow oil exhibiting a positive optical rotation (+61.7, c 0.003, CH₃OH). The mass spectroscopy exhibited a HREIMS molecular ion peak at m/z 367.2130 [M + H]⁺ that was identified as C₂₀H₃₀O₆ (calcd. 367.2042, [M + H]⁺) with a bicylic skeleton and six degrees of unsaturation. The FTIR broad bands corresponding to hydroxyls and carbonyl groups were detected at 3464 cm⁻¹ and 1759 cm⁻¹. ¹H NMR (Table 1) displayed three oxygenated protons at δ_H 3.45 br d (J = 10.5 Hz), 4.43 dd (J = 9.0, 5.0 Hz), and 5.47 d (J = 10.1 Hz), one olefineic proton at δ_H 4.92 br d (J = 10.1 Hz), one exomethylene proton at δ_H 5.07 s, and 5.13 s, and three methyles at δ_H 1.26 s, 1.86 s (6H). The ¹³C NMR showed twenty carbon resonances. Six quaternary (including carbonyl at δ_C 174.9; four olefinics at δ_C 124.3, 145.9, 146.0 and 161.8; and one oxygenated carbon at δ_C 73.9), four methenes (comprising two oxygenated carbons at δ_C 70.0 and 89.3; and one olefinic carbon (at δ_C 119.2), 7 methylenes (comprising exomethylene carbon at δ_C 113.4), three methyls (δ_C 8.9, 16.4, and 24.8) that were characterized via DEPT-135 and HSQC experiments. NMR spectral data of 5 were similar to 1 and 2 except for the following signals: (i) a down-field shift of δ_C 75.0, by ca. 3.5 ppm associated with C-7; (ii) an downfield shift of δ_H 3.45 brd (J = 10.5 Hz) by 0.2 ppm associated with H-7; and (iii) an up-field shift of δ_H 4.43 dd (J = 9.0, 5.0 Hz) by 1 ppm and a shift of ca. 45 ppm of δ_C 134.0 to 89.0 associated with C-11 indicating the oxygenation of this carbon; (iv) the appearance of δ_H 1.32 (m, 1.57) associated with H-10 and C-10 (at δ_C 25.0) indicating a disappearance of Δ¹⁰⁽¹¹⁾; and (v) the presence of δ_C 146.0 associated with C-12 and signals δ_H 5.07 s, 5.13 s and δ_C 113.4 associated with an exomethylene carbon at C-20 indicating the presence of Δ¹²⁽²⁰⁾. These new functional group assignments based on spectral data were consistent with 2D HMBC spectral signals including H₃-19 [δ_H 1.26 s]/C-7 [δ_C 75.0, J³], H₃-19/C-7 [δ_C 73.9, J²] confirmed the hydroxylation of both C-7 and C-8. The HMBC correlations of H₂-20 [at δ_H 5.07 s, 5.13 s]/C-12 [at δ_C 146.0, J²], H₂-20/C-11 [at δ_C 89.0, J³], and H₂-20/C-13 [at δ_C 27.8, J³], H-11 [at δ_H 4.43 dd (J = 9.0, 5.0 Hz)]/C-12 [J²], H-11/C-13 [J³] confirmed the Δ¹²⁽²⁰⁾ and the oxygenation of C-11 (Figure 2). Consistent with the mass spectral data and the observed up-field shift of C-11, the oxygenation of C-11 was identified as a hydroperoxide group.

The relative stereochemistry assignment was based the coupling constant of H-2 (10.1 Hz) and the vicinal coupling of H-3 (10.1 Hz) the indicated a α and cis orientation of H-2 [7,24,25]. NOESY correlations (Figure 3) of H-2α [δ_H 5.47 d (J = 10.1 Hz)]/ H₃-18 [δ_H 1.86 s], H-3α [δ_H 4.92 br d (J = 10.1 Hz)]/ H-5α [δ_H 2.35 dt (J = 13.0, 7.6t Hz)], and H-5α/ H-6 [δ_H 1.75 m], H₃-18/ H-6, H-5/ H-7 [δ_H 3.45 br d (J= 10.5 Hz)], H-6/ H-7, H-7/ H₃-19 [δ_H 1.26 s], H₃-19β/ H-9β [δ_H 1.51 m], H-9β/ H-11 [δ_H 4.43 dd (J = 9.0, 5.0 Hz)], H-13β [δ_H 2.25 m]/ H-identified a β orientation for H-7, H-11 and Me-19. Therefore, 5 was assigned as 7α,8α-dihydroxy-11α-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,12(20)-triene (sarcoconvolutum E). 1D, 2D-NMR, HRMS and FTIR for all isolated secondary metabolites (1–5) were deposited in the supplementary files (see Figures S1–S50).

The initial screening of 1–5 (Figure 4) for cytotoxic activity was performed using three cancer cell lines (A549, HeLa and HSC-2) with concentrations of 100, 10 and 1 μM (Figure 4A). Compound 4 showed cytotoxic activity against cell lines A549 (Figure 4B) and HSC-2 (Figure 4C). The dose-dependent toxicity with concentrations range (0.001–100 μg/mL) was examined against A549 and HSC-2 cell lines (Figure 4). Compound 4 showed IC₅₀ values of 49.70 and 53.17 μM against A549 and HSC-2 cells, respectively (

Table 2. Cytotoxicity of 1-5 against cancer cell lines.

Cell Lines	(IC50, µM)
	1	2	3	4	5	Doxorubicin
A549	˃100	˃100	˃100	49.70 ± 0.05	˃100	0.42 ± 0.3
HeLa	˃100	˃100	˃100	91.98 ± 0.15	˃100	1.35 ± 0.16
HSC2	˃100	˃100	˃100	53.17 ± 0.03	91.39 ± 0.17	0.50 ± 2.6

, Figure 4A,B).

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

A JASCO P-2300 polarimeter (Tokyo, Japan) and shimazu FTIR-8400S instrument (Columbia, MD 21046, USA) was operated for optical rotation and IR spectra, respectively. Then, 1D and 2D NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 600 or 500 Hz NMR spectrometer (MA, USA). HR-MS spectra were obtained on a JEOL JMS-700 instrument (Tokyo, Japan). For Chromatography: column chromatography (CC) [silica gel 60 (Merck, 230–400 mesh, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany)]; TLC analysis: [precoated silica gel plates (Merck, Kieselgel 60 F₂₅₄, 0.25 mm, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany]. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a Jasco PU-980 pump, a Jasco UV-970 intelligent UV/VIS detector at 210 nm and a semi preparative reversed-phase column (Cosmosil C₁₈ column 250 × 10 mm, 5 μm).

3.2. Coral Material

The animal soft coral Sarcophyton convolutum was collected from the Egyptian Red Sea (the coast of Hurghada) in March 2017 and was recognized by M Al-Hammady with a voucher specimen (08RS1071). It was deposited in the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, marine biological station, Hurghada, Egypt.

3.3. Extraction and Separation

The frozen soft coral (2.5 kg, total wet weight) was chopped into small pieces and extracted with ethyl acetate at room temperature (3 L × 5 times). The collective extracts were concentrated in vacuo to a brown gum. The dried material (95 g) was subjected to a silica gel column (6 × 120 cm) eluting with n-hexane (2000 mL), followed by a gradient of n-hexane-EtOAc up to 100% EtOAc and EtOAc –MeOH up to 50% MeOH (3000 mL each of the solvent mixture). Fractions were collected (SC1-SC6) and monitored via TLC. Fraction (SC3; 1.4 g) was eluted step gradient with n-hexane-EtOAc over silica gel column afforded three main sub fractions (SC3A-C). Sub-fraction SC3A was re-purified by reversed-phase HPLC using MeOH/H₂O (6.5:3.5), 3.5 mL/min, to afford 1 (6.1 mg, t_R = 27 min), and 4 (11.6 mg, t_R = 23 min). The sub-fraction SC3B was subjected to reversed-phase HPLC using MeOH/H₂O (3:2), 3.5 mL/min, afforded 2 (10 mg, t_R = 28 min). Fraction (SC4; 1.2 g) was further fractionated over silica gel column chromatography eluted by n-hexane/EtOAc step gradient afforded two main sub-fractions (SC4A and B). Sub-fraction SC4A was eluted with MeOH/H₂O (1:1) over reversed-phase HPLC, 3 mL/min, to afford 3 (7.3 mg, t_R = 31 min), and 5 (9.6 mg, t_R = 32 min).

3.4. Spectral Data of Sarcoconvolutum A–E (1–5)

7,8-Dihydroxy-12-hydroxy-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene (Sarcoconvolutum A, 1): yellow oil; [α]${}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$ +43.0 (c 0.03, CH₃OH); FT-IR (KBr) ν_max: 3465, 2961, 1765, 1435, and 987 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data (CDCl₃, 500 Hz), see Table 1; HRCIMS m/z 367.2122 (100, [M+H]⁺); (calcd. 367.2121, for C₂₀H₃₁O₆).

7,8-Dihydroxy-12-hydroxy-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene (Sarcoconvolutum B, 2): yellow oil; [α]${}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$ +10.5 (c 0.03, CH₃OH); FT-IR (KBr) ν_max: 3461, 2957, 1759, 1439, and 991 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data (CDCl₃, 500 Hz), see Table 1; HRCIMS m/z 367.2122 (100, [M+H]⁺); (calcd. 367.2122, for C₂₀H₃₁O₆).

7β-Hydroxy-8α-methoxy-12α-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene (sarcoconvolutum C, 3): yellow oil; [α]${}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$ +37.2 (c 0.03, CH₃OH); FT-IR (KBr) ν_max: 3456, 2951, 1763, 1446, and 993 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data (CDCl₃, 500 Hz), see Table 1; HRCIMS m/z 364.2258, [M-OH+H]⁺]; (calcd. 364.2250, [M-OH+H]⁺, for C₂₁H₃₂O₆).

12α-Hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,10E-triene-7α,8α-epoxide (sarcoconvolutum D, 4): yellow oil; [α]${}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$ +37.2 (c 0.03, CH₃OH); FT-IR (KBr) ν_max: 3456, 2958, 1763, 1442, and 996 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data (CDCl₃, 500 Hz), see Table 1; HREIMS m/z 348.1939 [M]⁺; (calcd. 348.1937, for C₂₀H₂₈O₅).

7α,8α-Dihydroxy-11α-hydroperoxide-16-keto-cembra-1E,3E,12(20)-triene (sarcoconvolutum E, 5): yellow oil; [α]${}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$ +10.5 +61.7 (c 0.03, CH₃OH); FT-IR (KBr) ν_max: 3464, 2955, 1759, 1433, and 997 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data (CDCl₃, 500 Hz), see Table 1; HREIMS m/z 367.2130 (100, [M+H]⁺); (calcd. 367.2042, for C₂₀H₃₁O₆).

3.5. Cell Culture and Treatment Conditions

Human cancer cell lines of non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma (A549), squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (HSC-2), and human cervical cancer cell (HeLa). All cell lines were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC^®) and were maintained as monolayer culture in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS, 4 mM l-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin sulfate. Monolayers were passaged at 70–90% confluence using a trypsin-EDTA solution. All cell incubations were maintained in a humidified CO₂ incubator with 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. All materials and reagents for the cell cultures were purchased from Lonza (Verviers, Belgium).

3.6. Cytotoxicity Assay

A modified MTT (3-[4,5,[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used for cytotoxicity investigation were performed using based on a previously published method [26]. A549, HeLa and HSC2 cells (5000–10,000 cells/well) were seeded onto 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h with 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. The prepared tested compounds (1–5) were screened and the dose-dependent toxicity with concentrations range (0.001–100 μg/mL) were investigated according to our protocol [26]. Doxorubicin (2 mg/mL) was used as positive control.

3.7. Anti-Proliferation Quantitative Analysis

GraphPad Prism^® v6.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) were used to calculate the concentration-response curve fit to the non-linear regression for IC₅₀ values.

4. Conclusions

Five compounds, sarcoconvolutum A–E were isolated from an organic extract of Sarcophyton convolutum tissue. Chemical structures were elucidated based upon spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was screened against three cancer cell lines (A549, HeLa and HSC2) and 4 was found to be the most active compound against cell lines A549 and HSC-2 with IC₅₀ values of 49.70 and 53.17 μM, respectively.