Relative Age Effect in the Sport Environment. Role of Physical Fitness and Cognitive Function in Youth Soccer Players
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Apparatus, Materials and Procedure
2.2.1. Characteristics of Players
2.2.2. Attentional Assessment
2.2.3. Physical Fitness Assessment
Agility: Modified T-test
Speed: 24-m Speed Test
Endurance: Leger Multi-Stage Fitness Test
2.2.4. Game Intelligence
2.3. Statistical Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analysis
3.2. Attentional Functioning
3.3. Age Group and BQ
3.3.1. Age and Anthropometrics
3.3.2. Physical Fitness
3.3.3. Game Intelligence
3.3.4. Cognitive Functioning
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Data Availability
Conflicts of Interest
References
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u10 (n = 52) | u12 (n = 53) | Age Group Effect | BQ effect | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | BQ1 (n = 25) | BQ2 (n = 10) | BQ3v (n = 9) | BQ4 (n = 8) | BQ1 (n = 27) | BQ2 (n = 14) | BQ3 (n = 8) | BQ4 (n = 4) | F (ηp2) | BF10 | F (ηp2) | BF10 | ||
Age & Anthropometrics | Chronological Age (y) | 10.06 ± 0.09 | 9.83 ± 0.10 | 9.52 ± 0.13 | 9.35 ± 0.92 | 12.04 ± 0.08 | 11.8 ± 0.06 | 11.57 ± 0.07 | 11.27 ± 0.05 | 8667.39 (0.98) *** | >100 | 264.20 (0.89) *** | 9.132 | |
Height (cm) | 141 ± 6 | 142 ± 7 | 138 ± 4 | 135 ± 7 | 152 ± 9 | 151 ± 6 | 156 ± 12 | 148 ± 3 | 56.705 (0.381) *** | >100 | 1.694 (0.052) | 0.65 | ||
Weight (kg) | 34.17 ± 4.79 | 35.96 ± 6.58 | 33.44 ± 4.14 | 32.80 ± 5.26 | 38.48 ± 6.81 | 40.03 ± 5.31 | 45.91 ± 11.32 | 39.65 ± 6.32 | 29.019 (0.240) *** | >100 | 0.661 (0.021) | 0.133 | ||
Physical Fitness | Agility T-Test (sec) | 8.09 ± 0.57 | 7.96 ± 0.38 | 8.00 ± 0.49 | 8.30 ± 0.68 | 6.87 ± 2.00 | 7.25 ± 0.42 | 7.56 ± 0.33 | 7.65 ± 0.29 | 6.699 (0.071) * | >100 | 0.598 (0.02) | 0.157 | |
Speed 24 m (sec) | 4.59 ± 0.24 | 4.57 ± 0.26 | 4.52 ± 0.18 | 4.55 ± 0.19 | 4.22 ± 0.27 | 4.19 ± 0.24 | 4.15 ± 0.26 | 4.40 ± 0.08 | 26.435 (0.233) *** | >100 | 0.666 (0.022) | 0.114 | ||
Endurance—TTE (min) | 6.50 ± 2.37 | 6.40 ± 1.83 | 6.11 ± 1.75 | 6.76 ± 1.51 | 8.78 ± 1.55 | 9.62 ± 1.54 | 8.68 ± 1.41 | 8.16 ± 1.16 | 20.324 (0.220) *** | >100 | 0.313 (0.013) | 0.187 | ||
Game Intelligence | 3.19 ± 0.96 | 3.28 ± 1.08 | 3.24 ± 0.78 | 2.63 ± 1.01 | 3.25 ±0.93 | 3.20 ± 1.03 | 2.90 ± 1.45 | 2.65 ± 1.28 | 0.139 (0.001) | 0.206 | 1.059 (0.032) | 0.202 | ||
Attentional Functioning | ANTI trials | Mean RT ANTI (ms) | 812 ± 176 | 7781 ± 142 | 864 ± 77 | 831 ± 125 | 723 ± 124 | 722 ± 11 | 659 ± 98 | 668 ± 58 | 13.937 (0.150) *** | 83.896 | 0.088 (0.003) | 0.086 |
Mean RT SD ANTI (ms) | 153 ± 38 | 143 ± 42 | 173 ± 12 | 162 ± 28 | 148 ± 34 | 149 ± 20 | 139 ±22 | 135 ± 10 | 3.341 (0.041) | 0.5 | 0.243 (0.009) | 0.097 | ||
Mean Error ANTI Rate (%) | 9.0 ± 9.4 | 14.6 ± 13.5 | 5.7 ± 2.4 | 5.2± 4.8 | 6.5 ± 4.5 | 6.6 ± 6.7 | 8.9 ± 8.5 | 7.8 ± 5.4 | 0.368 (0.005) | 0.452 | 0.876 (0.032) | 0.146 | ||
Alertness Index RT (ms) | 35 ± 53 | 56 ± 52 | 76 ± 61 | 51 ± 78 | 38 ± 68 | 48 ±65 | 63 ± 27 | 60 ± 42 | 0.024 (0.000) | 0.226 | 1.143 (0.042) | 0.282 | ||
Alertness Index Error Rate (%) | −3.3 ± 11.7 | 5.4 ± 7.4 | −0.2 ± 7.6 | 2.9 ± 2.7 | 1.3 ± 5.3 | −0.5 ± 6.3 | 4.4 ± 6.3 | −3.1 ± 12.4 | 0.109 (0.001) | 0.27 | 1.007 (0.037) | 0.185 | ||
Orienting Index RT (ms) | 23 ± 28 | 24 ± 63 | 33 ± 38 | 25 ± 41 | 34 ± 33 | 31 ± 31 | 44 ± 21 | 38 ± 27 | 1.288 (0.016) | 0.501 | 0.286 (0.011) | 0.102 | ||
Orienting Index Error Rate (%) | 1.9 ± 6.9 | 2.5 ± 4.6 | −0.6 ± 2.8 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | 1.7 ± 6.5 | 0.9 ± 4.1 | 3.5 ± 3.4 | 5.3 ± 8.7 | 0.789 (0.016) | 0.232 | 0.373 (0.014) | 0.102 | ||
Control Index RT(ms) | 74 ± 49 | 80 ± 39 | 72 ± 23 | 79 ± 46 | 67 ± 42 | 69 ± 31 | 71 ± 18 | 51 ± 52 | 1.248 (0.016) | 0.372 | 0.107 (0.004) | 0.082 | ||
Control Index Error Rate (%) | 7.8 ± 8.6 | 15.2 ± 16.6 | 1.9 ± 5.2 | 4.5 ± 5.8 | 3.4 ± 6.3 | 5.9 ± 7.9 | 6.9 ± 6.5 | 3.9 ± 4.7 | 1.157 (0.014) | 0.921 | 2.101 (0.174) | 0.377 | ||
VE Trials | Mean RT HIT (ms) | 888 ± 2204 | 812 ± 203 | 999 ± 90 | 879 ± 145 | 799 ± 143 | 757 ± 118 | 730 ± 168 | 734 ± 116 | 11.119 (0.123) *** | 20.971 | 0.763 (0.027) | 0.172 | |
Mean RT SD HIT (ms) | 173 ± 31 | 149 ± 55 | 181 ± 29 | 171 ± 29 | 160 ± 31 | 136 ± 24 | 155 ± 30 | 148 ± 18 | 4.852 (0.058) * | 2.305 | 2.821 (0.093) * | 1.589 | ||
Hits (%) | 64.9 ± 31.0 | 60.3 ± 36.5 | 80.0 ± 18.2 | 78.9 ± 19.4 | 70.9 ± 27.5 | 74.6 ± 21.3 | 64.8 ± 26.2 | 65.1 ± 24.8 | 0.092 (0.001) | 0.24 | 0.159 (0.006) | 0.092 | ||
False Alarms (%) | 7.1 ± 10.1 | 8.4 ± 10.7 | 5.8 ± 5.5 | 6.0 ± 4.6 | 5.7 ± 4.4 | 3.4 ± 4.6 | 6.6 ± 6.6 | 7.6 ± 6.4 | 0.307 (0.004) | 0.366 | 0.079 (0.003) | 0.085 | ||
AV trials | AV RT (ms) | 661 ± 105 | 610 ± 78 | 653 ± 118 | 602 ± 73 | 556 ± 93 | 536 ± 82 | 542 ± 54 | 547 ± 116 | 22.22 (0.207) *** | >100 | 0.697 (0.025) | 0.172 | |
AV SD (ms) | 127 ± 54 | 98 ± 24 | 136 ± 43 | 133 ± 43 | 98 ± 33 | 90 ± 35 | 72 ± 16 | 66 ± 9 | 15.37 (0.153) *** | >100 | 0.844 (0.03) | 0.204 |
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Huertas, F.; Ballester, R.; Gines, H.J.; Hamidi, A.K.; Moratal, C.; Lupiáñez, J. Relative Age Effect in the Sport Environment. Role of Physical Fitness and Cognitive Function in Youth Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2837. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162837
Huertas F, Ballester R, Gines HJ, Hamidi AK, Moratal C, Lupiáñez J. Relative Age Effect in the Sport Environment. Role of Physical Fitness and Cognitive Function in Youth Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2837. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162837
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuertas, Florentino, Rafael Ballester, Honorato José Gines, Abdel Karim Hamidi, Consuelo Moratal, and Juan Lupiáñez. 2019. "Relative Age Effect in the Sport Environment. Role of Physical Fitness and Cognitive Function in Youth Soccer Players" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2837. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16162837