The Association between Race and Survival among Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma in the US between 1973 and 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Main Variables
2.3. Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | White (n = 1680) | Black (n = 274) | API a (n = 165) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | (n) | ||||
Age (years) | 0.001 | ||||||
<1 | 43.1 | −724 | 29.6 | −81 | 43.6 | −72 | |
1–4 | 46.5 | −781 | 55.8 | −153 | 45.5 | −75 | |
5–17 | 10.4 | −175 | 14.6 | −40 | 10.9 | −18 | |
Gender | 0.661 | ||||||
Male | 54.6 | −917 | 52.6 | −144 | 57 | −94 | |
Female | 45.4 | −763 | 47.5 | −130 | 43 | −71 | |
Ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||||
Hispanic | 11.3 | −190 | 2.55 | −7 | 4.2 | −7 | |
Non-Hispanic | 89 | −1490 | 97.5 | −267 | 95.8 | −158 | |
Stage | 0.415 | ||||||
Localized | 10.7 | −180 | 9.5 | −26 | 10.3 | −17 | |
Regional | 18.3 | −308 | 17.2 | −47 | 14 | −23 | |
Distant | 40.6 | −682 | 37.2 | −102 | 44.9 | −74 | |
Unstaged/Unknown | 30.4 | −510 | 36 | −99 | 31 | −51 | |
Site | 0.004 | ||||||
Adrenal | 40.6 | −682 | 40.5 | −111 | 53.9 | −89 | |
Non-Adrenal | 59.4 | −998 | 59.5 | −163 | 46.1 | −76 | |
Year | 0.001 | ||||||
1973–1999 | 59.5 | −999 | 52.6 | −144 | 46.7 | −77 | |
2000–2004 | 13.3 | −223 | 12.8 | −35 | 12.7 | −21 | |
2005–2015 | 27.3 | −458 | 34.7 | −95 | 40.6 | −67 |
Characteristics | Unadjusted | Adjusted |
---|---|---|
HR a (95% CI b) | HR (95% CI) | |
Race | ||
White | Ref.c | Ref. |
Black | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) |
API d | 1.02 (0.76–1.35) | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) |
Age | ||
<1 years | Ref. | Ref. |
1–4 years | 6.65 (5.22–8.47) | 5.92 (4.64–7.56) |
5–17 years | 8.57 (6.49–11.31) | 7.29 (5.51–9.66) |
Sex | ||
Male | Ref. | Ref. |
Female | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) |
Ethnicity | ||
Non-Hispanic | Ref. | Ref. |
Hispanic | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) |
Stage | ||
Localized | Ref. | Ref. |
Regional | 3.63 (1.91–6.88) | 3.06 (1.61–5.80) |
Distant | 13.45 (7.39–24.50) | 9.03 (4.94–16.49) |
Unstaged/Unknown | 7.78 (4.24–14.29) | 7.32 (3.97–13.51) |
Site | ||
Non-Adrenal | Ref. | Ref. |
Adrenal | 1.37 (1.18–1.59) | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) |
Year | ||
1973–1999 | Ref. | Ref. |
2000–2004 | 0.51 (0.40–0.65) | 0.46 (0.36–0.59) |
2005–2015 | 0.39 (0.31–0.48) | 0.33 (0.26–0.41) |
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Farouk, F.S.; Viqar, O.A.; Sheikh, Z.; Castro, G.; Barengo, N.C. The Association between Race and Survival among Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma in the US between 1973 and 2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5119. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17145119
Farouk FS, Viqar OA, Sheikh Z, Castro G, Barengo NC. The Association between Race and Survival among Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma in the US between 1973 and 2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5119. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17145119
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarouk, Farouk S., Omar A. Viqar, Zaid Sheikh, Grettel Castro, and Noël C. Barengo. 2020. "The Association between Race and Survival among Pediatric Patients with Neuroblastoma in the US between 1973 and 2015" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5119. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17145119