Household Food Insecurity: Comparison between Families with and without Members with Disabilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Disability-Related Characteristics
2.3. Assessment of Household Food Insecurity
2.4. Other Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Households with and without Persons with Disabilities
3.2. Food Access and Food Security Status
3.3. Prevalence of Household Food Insecurity
3.4. Association between Disability Status of Household Members and Household Food Insecurity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Households with PWD | Households without PWD | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Total Households (n = 2690) | 384 (14.3) | 2306 (85.7) | |
Characteristics of Household Head | |||
Gender | 0.02 | ||
Male | 223 (58.1) | 1484 (64.4) | |
Female | 161 (41.9) | 822 (35.7) | |
Age, Years | |||
Mean ± SD | 60.7 ± 13.0 | 53.0 ± 14.7 | <0.001 |
<40 | 29 (7.6) | 478 (20.7) | <0.001 |
40–49 | 45 (11.7) | 549 (23.8) | |
50–59 | 98 (25.5) | 487 (21.1) | |
60–69 | 89 (23.2) | 400 (17.4) | |
≥70 | 123 (32.0) | 392 (17.0) | |
Marital Status | 0.81 | ||
Living with Spouse | 283 (73.7) | 1686 (73.1) | |
Not Living with Spouse | 101 (26.3) | 620 (26.9) | |
Educational Level | <0.001 | ||
Middle School Graduate or Less | 209 (54.4) | 717 (31.1) | |
High School Graduate | 84 (21.9) | 658 (28.5) | |
College Graduate or More | 51 (13.3) | 668 (29.0) | |
Unknown | 44 (10.4) | 263 (11.4) | |
Type of Occupation | <0.001 | ||
White-Collar Jobs | 43 (11.2) | 510 (22.1) | |
Blue-Collar Jobs | 131 (34.1) | 894 (38.8) | |
Unemployed | 170 (44.3) | 635 (27.5) | |
Unknown | 40 (10.4) | 267 (11.6) | |
Characteristics of Household | |||
Household Size (No. of Household Members) | |||
Mean ± SD | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 0.13 |
1–2 Persons | 206 (53.7) | 1033 (44.8) | 0.003 |
3 Persons | 83 (21.6) | 537 (23.3) | |
≥4 Persons | 95 (24.7) | 736 (31.9) | |
Family Type | <0.001 | ||
One-Person Household | 55 (14.3) | 411 (17.8) | |
Married Couple | 116 (30.5) | 441 (19.1) | |
Married Couple and Unmarried Children | 93 (24.2) | 928 (40.2) | |
Single Parent and Unmarried Children | 30 (7.8) | 243 (10.5) | |
Three-Generational Household | 43 (11.2) | 123 (5.3) | |
Other Household Type | 47 (12.2) | 160 (6.9) | |
Presence of Children Aged ≤18 Years | <0.001 | ||
No | 287 (74.7) | 1395 (60.5) | |
Yes | 97 (25.3) | 911 (39.5) | |
No. of Economically Active Household Members | <0.001 | ||
None | 154 (40.1) | 650 (28.2) | |
1 Person | 136 (35.4) | 961 (41.7) | |
≥2 Persons | 94 (24.5) | 695 (30.1) | |
Household Income (Quartiles) | <0.001 | ||
First Quartile (Poorest) | 154 (40.3) | 531 (23.1) | |
Second Quartile | 86 (22.5) | 612 (26.7) | |
Third Quartile | 79 (20.7) | 555 (24.2) | |
Fourth Quartile (Richest) | 63 (16.5) | 597 (26.0) | |
Place of Residence | 0.10 | ||
Metropolitan Cities | 173 (45.1) | 995 (43.2) | |
Cities | 119 (31.0) | 837 (36.3) | |
Rural Areas | 92 (24.0) | 474 (20.6) | |
Disability-Related Characteristics | |||
No. of PWD | |||
1 Person | 356 (92.7) | ||
≥2 Persons | 28 (7.3) | ||
No. of Working-Age Adults with Disabilities (Aged 19–64 Years) | |||
None | 185 (48.2) | ||
1 Person | 184 (47.9) | ||
≥2 Persons | 15 (3.9) | ||
No. of Economically Active PWD | |||
None | 247 (64.3) | ||
1 Person | 132 (34.4) | ||
≥2 Person | 5 (1.3) | ||
Relationships of PWD to Their Families | |||
Male Head of Household | 132 (34.4) | ||
Female Head of Household | 72 (18.8) | ||
Spouse of Household Head | 87 (22.7) | ||
Son/Daughter of Household Head | 33 (8.6) | ||
Other Relative | 34 (8.9) | ||
Multiple (e.g., Household Head and Spouse, Household Head and Others, and Spouse and Others) | 26 (6.8) | ||
Type of Disability | |||
Physical Disability | 240 (62.5) | ||
Visual Disability | 36 (9.4) | ||
Auditory or Linguistic Disability | 44 (11.5) | ||
Mental Disability | 26 (6.8) | ||
Internal Organ Disability | 18 (4.7) | ||
Unknown | 20 (5.2) | ||
Severity of Disability | |||
Severe (Grades 1–3) | 119 (31.0) | ||
Mild (Grades 4–6) | 240 (62.5) | ||
Unknown | 25 (6.5) |
Households with PWD | Households without PWD | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Participation in Food Assistance Programs during the Last 12 Months | <0.001 | ||
No | 333 (86.7) | 2158 (93.6) | |
Yes | 51 (13.3) | 148 (6.4) | |
Experiences of Food Insufficiency during the Last 12 Months | 0.001 | ||
Food-Sufficient | 344 (89.6) | 2168 (94.0) | |
Food-Insufficient | 40 (10.4) | 138 (6.0) | |
Percentage of Households Reporting Insecurity for Every Indicator of HFI during the Last 12 Months | |||
The Food that We Bought just did not Last and We did not Have Money to Get More | 42 (10.9) | 182 (7.9) | 0.04 |
Worried whether Food would Run Out before We Got Money to Buy More | 100 (26.0) | 371 (16.1) | <0.001 |
Could not Afford to Eat Balanced Meals | 97 (25.3) | 401 (17.4) | <0.001 |
Cut Size of Meals or Skipped Meals | 12 (3.1) | 54 (2.3) | 0.36 |
Ate Less than Felt should | 34 (8.9) | 133 (5.8) | 0.02 |
Hungry but did not Eat Because could not Afford Food | 14 (3.7) | 50 (2.2) | 0.08 |
Lost Weight Because Not Enough Money for Food | 15 (3.9) | 35 (1.5) | 0.001 |
Did not Eat for Whole Day because Not Enough Money for Food | 1 (0.3) | 12 (0.5) | 0.50 |
Household’s Food Security Status | 0.004 | ||
Food-Secure | 330 (85.9) | 2105 (91.3) | |
Mildly Food-Insecure | 44 (11.5) | 162 (7.0) | |
Moderately or Severely Food-Insecure | 10 (2.6) | 39 (1.7) |
Model 1 a | p Value | Model 2 b | p Value | Model 3 c | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR (95% CI) d | Adjusted OR (95% CI) d | Adjusted OR (95% CI) d | ||||
Households without PWD (Reference Group) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Households with PWD | ||||||
All Households with PWD | 1.64 (1.16–2.31) | 0.005 | 1.41 (0.99–2.00) | 0.06 | 1.30 (0.91–1.87) | 0.15 |
Number of PWD (Per Person) | 1.51 (1.13–2.02) | 0.006 | 1.35 (1.01–1.81) | 0.05 | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | 0.15 |
Household Head’s Gender | ||||||
Male-Headed Households with PWD | 1.20 (0.72–2.01) | 0.48 | 1.11 (0.65–1.87) | 0.57 | 0.96 (0.56–1.65) | 0.32 |
Female-Headed Households with PWD | 2.11 (1.37–3.25) | 0.007 | 1.68 (1.08–2.59) | 0.06 | 1.63 (1.04–2.55) | 0.04 |
Household Head’s Disability Status | ||||||
Households with A Household Head without A Disability | 1.31 (0.73–2.35) | 0.74 | 1.20 (0.66–2.18) | 0.85 | 1.11 (0.61–2.05) | 0.79 |
Households with A Male Head with A Disability | 1.30 (0.69–2.45) | 0.75 | 1.06 (0.55–2.03) | 0.51 | 0.90 (0.47–1.76) | 0.31 |
Households with A Female Head with A Disability | 2.37 (1.40–4.02) | 0.02 | 1.99 (1.16–3.39) | 0.05 | 1.98 (1.14–3.43) | 0.03 |
Containing Working-Age adults with Disabilities (Aged 19–64 Years) | ||||||
No | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) | 0.34 | 1.04 (0.63–1.71) | 0.31 | 0.98 (0.59–1.63) | 0.30 |
Yes | 2.23 (1.44–3.44) | 0.003 | 1.84 (1.18–2.88) | 0.02 | 1.70 (1.07–2.70) | 0.04 |
Containing Economically Active PWD | ||||||
No | 1.98 (1.35–2.91) | 0.005 | 1.63 (1.09–2.44) | 0.05 | 1.53 (1.01–2.31) | 0.06 |
Yes | 0.96 (0.49–1.91) | 0.28 | 0.93 (0.46–1.86) | 0.38 | 0.84 (0.41–1.72) | 0.30 |
Type of Disability | ||||||
Physical Disability | 1.39 (0.90–2.15) | 0.40 | 1.19 (0.77–1.84) | 0.32 | 1.16 (0.74–1.82) | 0.52 |
Visual Disability | 2.15 (0.84–5.52) | 0.62 | 1.87 (0.72–4.85) | 0.66 | 1.38 (0.53–3.57) | 0.99 |
Auditory or Linguistic Disability | 0.44 (0.10–1.89) | 0.04 | 0.45 (0.10–1.92) | 0.06 | 0.47 (0.11–2.04) | 0.10 |
Mental Disability | 4.19 (1.69–10.36) | 0.04 | 3.87 (1.53–9.78) | 0.04 | 2.81 (1.08–7.28) | 0.12 |
Internal Organ Disability | 4.65 (1.54–14.09) | 0.05 | 3.93 (1.20–12.86) | 0.08 | 4.38 (1.21–15.79) | 0.05 |
Severity of Disability | ||||||
Severe (Grades 1–3) | 2.13 (1.27–3.56) | 0.14 | 1.87 (1.11–3.17) | 0.15 | 1.73 (1.01–2.99) | 0.14 |
Mild (Grades 4–6) | 1.39 (0.89–2.17) | 0.82 | 1.19 (0.76–1.86) | 0.73 | 1.13 (0.72–1.78) | 0.90 |
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Park, J.E.; Kim, S.Y.; Kim, S.H.; Jeoung, E.J.; Park, J.H. Household Food Insecurity: Comparison between Families with and without Members with Disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6149. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176149
Park JE, Kim SY, Kim SH, Jeoung EJ, Park JH. Household Food Insecurity: Comparison between Families with and without Members with Disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6149. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176149
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Jong Eun, So Young Kim, Se Hee Kim, Eun Ju Jeoung, and Jong Hyock Park. 2020. "Household Food Insecurity: Comparison between Families with and without Members with Disabilities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6149. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176149