Investigating the Age-Related Association between Perceived Motor Competence and Actual Motor Competence in Adolescence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants or Participants and Setting
2.2. Collection Methods
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Fundamental Movement Skills
2.3.2. Functional Movement Screen
2.3.3. Perceived Motor Competence
2.3.4. Perceived Functional Movement Competence
2.4. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fundamental Movement Skills
3.2. Functional Movement
3.3. Perceived Motor Competence
3.4. Relationship Actual Motor Competence (FMS and Functional Movements) and Perceived Motor Competence
3.4.1. FMS
3.4.2. Functional Movement
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Obesity Update 2017. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Obesity-Update-2017.pdf (accessed on 3 March 2020).
- Farooq, A.; Martin, A.; Janssen, X.; Wilson, M.G.; Gibson, A.; Hughes, A.; Reilly, J.J. Longitudinal changes in moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 2019, 21, 1–15, . [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Woods, C.; Powell, C.; Saunders, J.A.; O’Brien, W.; Murphy, M.H.; Duff, C.; Farmer, O.; Johnston, A.; Connolly, S.; Belton, S. The Children’s Sport Participation and Physical Activity Study 2018 (CSPPA 2018); Sport Ireland: Dublin, Ireland, 2018; pp. 1–108. [Google Scholar]
- Cattuzzo, M.T.; Henrique, R.D.S.; Ré, A.H.N.; De Oliveira, I.S.; Melo, B.M.; Moura, M.D.S.; De Araújo, R.C.; Stodden, D.; Information, P.E.K.F.C. Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2016, 19, 123–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rogers, V.; Barnett, L.M.; Lander, N. The relationship between fundamental movement skills and physical self-perception among adolescent girls. J. Mot. Learn. Dev. 2018, 6, S378–S390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wrotniak, B.H.; Epstein, L.H.; Dorn, J.M.; Jones, K.E.; Kondilis, V.A. The Relationship Between Motor Proficiency and Physical Activity in Children. Pediatrics 2006, 118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Logan, S.W.; Ross, S.M.; Chee, K.; Stodden, D.; Robinson, L.E. Fundamental motor skills: A systematic review of terminology. J. Sports Sci. 2017, 36, 1–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Logan, S.W.; Webster, E.K.; Getchell, N.; Pfeiffer, K.A.; Robinson, L.E. Relationship between fundamental motor skill competence and physical activity during childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Kinesiol. Rev. 2015, 4, 416–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holfelder, B.; Schott, N. Relationship of fundamental movement skills and physical activity in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2014, 15, 382–391, . [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lubans, D.R.; Morgan, P.J.; Cliff, D.P.; Barnett, L.M.; Okely, A.D. Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents. Sports Med. 2010, 40, 1019–1035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- O’Brien, W.; Belton, S.; Issartel, J. The relationship between adolescents’ physical activity, fundamental movement skills and weight status. J. Sports Sci. 2015, 34, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engel, A.C.; Broderick, C.R.; Van Doorn, N.; Hardy, L.L.; Parmenter, B. Exploring the relationship between fundamental motor skill interventions and physical activity levels in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 1845–1857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clark, J.E. On the problem of motor skill development. J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Dance 2007, 78, 39–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitchell, B.; McLennan, S.; Latimer, K.; Graham, D.; Gilmore, J.; Rush, E. Improvement of fundamental movement skills through support and mentorship of class room teachers. Obes. Res. Clin. Pr. 2013, 7, e230–e234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Valentini, N.; Logan, S.W.; Spessato, B.C.; De Souza, M.S.; Pereira, K.G.; Rudisill, M.E. Fundamental motor skills across childhood: Age, sex, and competence outcomes of brazilian children. J. Mot. Learn. Dev. 2016, 4, 16–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laukkanen, A.; Bardid, F.; Lenoir, M.; Lopes, V.P.; Vasankari, T.; Husu, P.; Kaarina Saakslahti, A. Comparison of motor competence in children aged 6 to 9 years across Northern, Central, and Southern European Regions. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- O’Brien, W.; Belton, S.; Issartel, J. Fundamental movement skill proficiency amongst adolescent youth. Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog. 2015, 21, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelly, L.; O’Connor, S.; Harrison, A.J.; Chéilleachair, N.J.N. Does fundamental movement skill proficiency vary by sex, class group or weight status? Evidence from an Irish primary school setting. J. Sports Sci. 2018, 37, 1055–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Behan, S.; Belton, S.; Peers, C.; O’Connor, N.E.; Issartel, J. Moving Well-Being Well: Investigating the maturation of fundamental movement skill proficiency across sex in Irish children aged five to twelve. J. Sports Sci. 2019, 37, 2604–2612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lester, D.; McGrane, B.; Belton, S.; Duncan, M.J.; Chambers, F.; O’Brien, W. The Age-Related Association of Movement in Irish Adolescent Youth. Sports 2017, 5, 77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bolger, L.E.; Bolger, L.A.; Neill, C.O.; Coughlan, E.; O’Brien, W.; Lacey, S.; Burns, C. Age and Sex Differences in fundamental movement skills among a cohort of irish school children. J. Mot. Learn. Dev. 2018, 6, 81–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Brien, W.; Duncan, M.J.; Farmer, O.; Lester, D. Do Irish adolescents have adequate functional movement skill and confidence? J. Mot. Learn. Dev. 2018, 6, S301–S319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coker, C. Improving functional movement proficiency in middle school physical education. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2018, 89, 367–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kraus, K.; Schütz, E.; Taylor, W.R.; Doyscher, R. Efficacy of the functional movement screen. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2014, 28, 3571–3584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Papaiakovou, G.; Fotis, K.; Nikodelis, T.; Vassilios, P.; Iraklis, K. Influence of the ankle joint dosiflexion on the execution of vertical jumps. ISBS Conf. Proc. Arch. 2007, 1, 1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Salles, A.S.; Baltzopoulos, V.; Rittweger, J. Differential effects of countermovement magnitude and volitional effort on vertical jumping. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011, 111, 441–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, L.E.; Stodden, D.; Barnett, L.M.; Lopes, V.P.; Logan, S.W.; Rodrigues, L.P.; D’Hondt, E. Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental trajectories of health. Sports Med. 2015, 45, 1273–1284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kavanagh, J.; Issartel, J.; Moran, K. Quantifying cycling as a foundational movement skill in early childhood. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cook, G.; Burton, L.; Hoogenboom, B. Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - part 1. N. Am. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2006, 1, 62–72. [Google Scholar]
- Abraham, A.; Sannasi, R.; Nair, R. Normative values for the functional movement screentm in adolescent school aged children. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2015, 10, 29–36. [Google Scholar]
- Kramer, T.A.; Sacko, R.S.; Pfeifer, C.E.; Gatens, D.R.; Goins, J.M.; Stodden, D.F. The association between the functional movement screentm, y-balance test, and physical performance tests in male and female high school athletes. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2019, 14, 911–919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiesel, K.; Plisky, P.; Butler, R. Functional movement test scores improve following a standardized off-season intervention program in professional football players. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2011, 21, 287–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruno, S.; Rodrigues, L.P.; Clemente, F.M.; Cancela, J.M.; Bezerra, P. Association between motor competence and Functional Movement Screen scores. PeerJ 2019, 7, e7270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Veen, C.; Schott, N.; Lander, N.; Tietjens, M.; Hinkley, T.; Dreiskämper, D.; Holfelder, B.; Utesch, T.; Barnett, L.M. The Stability of Perceived Motor Competence of Primary School Children from Two Countries over One Year. Meas. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci. 2019, 24, 74–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandura, A.; Freeman, W.H.; Lightsey, R. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. J. Cogn. Psychother. 1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harter, S. Effectance motivation reconsidered toward a developmental model. Hum. Dev. 1978, 21, 34–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnett, L.M.; Morgan, P.J.; Van Beurden, E.; Beard, J.R. Perceived sports competence mediates the relationship between childhood motor skill proficiency and adolescent physical activity and fitness: A longitudinal assessment. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2008, 5, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stodden, D.; Goodway, J.D.; Langendorfer, S.J.; Roberton, M.A.; Rudisill, M.E.; Garcia, C.; García, L.E. A Developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest 2008, 60, 290–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babic, M.J.; Morgan, P.J.; Plotnikoff, R.; Lonsdale, C.; White, R.L.; Lubans, D.R. Physical activity and physical self-concept in youth: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2014, 44, 1589–1601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bolger, L.E.; Bolger, L.A.; O’Neill, C.; Coughlan, E.; O’Brien, W.; Lacey, S.; Burns, C. Accuracy of children’s perceived skill competence and its association with physical activity. J. Phys. Act. Heal. 2019, 16, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khodaverdi, Z.; Bahram, A.; Stodden, D.; Kazemnejad, A. The relationship between actual motor competence and physical activity in children: Mediating roles of perceived motor competence and health-related physical fitness. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 34, 1523–1529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visser, E.; Mazzoli, E.; Hinkley, T.; Utesch, T.; Barnett, L. Are children with a higher sense of perceived motor competency more physically active one year later? J. Sci. Med. Sport 2018, 21, S12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Meester, A.; Stodden, D.; Brian, A.; True, L.; Cardon, G.; Tallir, I.; Haerens, L. Associations among elementary school children’s actual motor competence, perceived motor competence, physical activity and bmi: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0164600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Duncan, M.J.; Jones, V.; O’Brien, W.; Barnett, L.M.; Eyre, E.L. Self-perceived and actual motor competence in young british children. Percept. Mot. Ski. 2018, 125, 251–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnett, L.M.; Lubans, D.R.; Timperio, A.; Salmon, J.; Ridgers, N.D. What is the contribution of actual motor skill, fitness, and physical activity to children’s self-perception of motor competence? J. Mot. Learn. Dev. 2017, 6, S461–S473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harter, S.; Leahy, R.L. The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective; Guildford Press: New York, NY, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moran, R.W.; Schneiders, A.G.; Major, K.M.; Sullivan, J. How reliable are functional movement screening scores? A systematic review of rater reliability. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 527–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Brien, W.; Issartel, J.; Belton, S. Evidence for the efficacy of the youth-physical activity towards health (Y-PATH) intervention. Adv. Phys. Educ. 2013, 3, 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Okely, A.D.; Booth, M.L. Mastery of fundamental movement skills among children in New South Wales: Prevalence and sociodemographic distribution. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2004, 7, 358–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cools, W.; De Martelaer, K.; Samaey, C.; Andries, C. Movement skill assessment of typically developing preschool children: A review of seven movement skill assessment tools. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2009, 8, 154–168. [Google Scholar]
- Ulrich, D.A. Test of Gross Motor Development 2: Examiner’s Manual, 2nd ed.; PRO-ED.: Austin, TX, USA, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Walkley, J.; Holland, B.V.; Treloar, R.; O’Connor, J. Fundamental Motor Skills. A Manual for Classroom Teachers; Victoria Department of Education: Melbourne, Australia, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Cook, G.; Burton, L.; Hoogenboom, B. Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function—Part 2. N. Am. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2006, 1, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bardenett, S.M.; Micca, J.J.; Denoyelles, J.T.; Miller, S.D.; Jenk, D.T.; Brooks, G.S. Functional movement screen normative values and validity in high school athletes: Can the FmsTM be used as a predictor of injury? Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 2015, 10, 303–308. [Google Scholar]
- Cook, G.; Burton, L.; Kiesel, K.; Rose, G.; Bryant, M.F. Movement: Functional Movement Systems: Screening, Assessment, Corrective Strategies. J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc. 2012, 56, 158. [Google Scholar]
- Duncan, M.J.; Stanley, M. Functional Movement Is Negatively Associated with Weight Status and Positively Associated with Physical Activity in British Primary School Children. J. Obes. 2012, 2012, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McGrane, B.; Belton, S.; Powell, D.; Woods, C.; Issartel, J.; Information, P.E.K.F.C. Physical self-confidence levels of adolescents: Scale reliability and validity. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2016, 19, 563–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fox, K.R. The Physical-Self Perception Profile Manual; Northern Illinois University, Office for Health Promotion: DeKalb, IL, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Estevan, I.; Barnett, L.M. Considerations related to the definition, measurement and analysis of perceived motor competence. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 2685–2694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shearer, C.; Goss, H.R.; Edwards, L.C.; Keegan, R.J.; Knowles, Z.R.; Boddy, L.M.; Durden-Myers, L.; Foweather, L. How is physical literacy defined? A contemporary update. J. Teach. Phys. Educ. 2018, 37, 237–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnett, L.M.; Ridgers, N.D.; Zask, A.; Salmon, J. Face validity and reliability of a pictorial instrument for assessing fundamental movement skill perceived competence in young children. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2015, 18, 98–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnett, L.M.; Vazou, S.; Abbott, G.; Bowe, S.J.; Robinson, L.E.; Ridgers, N.D.; Salmon, J. Construct validity of the pictorial scale of perceived movement skill competence. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2016, 22, 294–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Logan, S.W.; Barnett, L.M.; Goodway, J.D.; Stodden, D. Comparison of performance on process- and product-oriented assessments of fundamental motor skills across childhood. J. Sports Sci. 2017, 35, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural SCIENCE, 2nd ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Gallahue, D.; Ozmun, J.C.; Goodway, J.D. Understanding Motor Development: Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults, 8th ed.; Jones and Bartlett Learning: Burlington, MA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Lunn, P.; Kelly, E.; Fitzpatrick, N. Keeping Them in the Game: Taking up and Dropping out of Sport and Excercise in Ireland; The Economic and Social Research Institute Whitaker Square, Sir John Rogerson’s Quay: Dublin 2, Ireland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, M.; Valkanover, S.; Conzelmann, A. Veridicality of self-concept of strength in male adolescents. Percept. Mot. Ski. 2013, 116, 1029–1042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farmer, O.; Duffy, D.; Cahill, K.; Lester, D.; Belton, S.; O’Brien, W. Enhancing the evidence base for irish female youth participation in physical activity—The development of the gaelic4girls program. Women Sport Phys. Act. J. 2018, 26, 111–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bryant, E.S.; Duncan, M.J.; Birch, S.L. Fundamental movement skills and weight status in British primary school children. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2014, 14, 730–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bardid, F.; Huyben, F.; Lenoir, M.; Seghers, J.; De Martelaer, K.; Goodway, J.D.; Deconinck, F.J. Assessing fundamental motor skills in Belgian children aged 3–8 years highlights differences to US reference sample. Acta Paediatr. 2016, 105, e281–e290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cliff, D.P.; Okely, A.D.; Morgan, P.J.; Jones, R.A.; Steele, J.R.; A Baur, L. Proficiency deficiency: Mastery of fundamental movement skills and skill components in overweight and obese children. Obesity 2012, 20, 1024–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Charlesworth, R. Understanding Child Development, 10th ed.; Cengage Learning: Boston, MA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clark, J.E.; Metcalfe, J.S. The mountain of motor development: A metaphor. Mot. Dev. Res. Rev. 2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cohen, K.E.; Morgan, P.J.; Plotnikoff, R.C.; Barnett, L.M.; Lubans, D.R. Improvements in fundamental movement skill competency mediate the effect of the SCORES intervention on physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in children. J. Sports Sci. 2015, 33, 1908–1918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seefeldt, V. Developmental motor patterns: Implications for elementary school physical education. In Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Stodden, D.; True, L.; Langendorfer, S.J.; Gao, Z. Associations Among Selected Motor Skills and Health-Related Fitness: Indirect Evidence for Seefeldt’s Proficiency Barrier in Young Adults? Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2013, 84, 397–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Meester, A.; Stodden, D.; Goodway, J.; True, L.; Brian, A.S.; Ferkel, R.; Haerens, L. Identifying a motor proficiency barrier for meeting physical activity guidelines in children. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2018, 21, 58–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alemany, J.A.; Bushman, T.T.; Grier, T.; Anderson, M.K.; Canham-Chervak, M.; North, W.J.; Jones, B.H. Functional Movement Screen: Pain versus composite score and injury risk. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, S40–S44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garcia-Pinillos, F.; Párraga-Montilla, J.; Roche-Seruendo, L.E.; Delgado-Floody, P.; Martínez-Salazar, C.P.; Latorre-Román, P.A. Do age and sex influence on functional movement in school-age children? (Influyen la edad y el sexo en la funcionalidad del movimiento de niños en edad escolar?). Retos 2019, 2041, 97–100. [Google Scholar]
- Karuc, J.; Mišigoj-Duraković, M. Relation between weight status, physical activity, maturation, and functional movement in adolescence: An overview. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2019, 4, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Papaiakovou, G. Kinematic and kinetic differences in the execution of vertical jumps between people with good and poor ankle joint dorsiflexion. J. Sports Sci. 2013, 31, 1789–1796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hulteen, R.M.; Morgan, P.J.; Barnett, L.M.; Stodden, D.; Lubans, D.R. Development of foundational movement skills: A conceptual model for physical activity across the lifespan. Sports Med. 2018, 48, 1533–1540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Meester, A.; Maes, J.; Stodden, D.; Cardon, G.; Goodway, J.; Lenoir, M.; Haerens, L. Identifying profiles of actual and perceived motor competence among adolescents: Associations with motivation, physical activity, and sports participation. J. Sports Sci. 2016, 34, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brian, A.; Bardid, F.; Barnett, L.M.; Deconinck, F.J.; Lenoir, M.; Goodway, J.D.; Goodway, J. Actual and perceived motor competence levels of belgian and united states preschool children. J. Mot. Learn. Dev. 2018, 6, S320–S336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Niemistö, D.; Barnett, L.M.; Cantell, M.; Finni, T.; Korhonen, E.; Saakslahti, A. Socioecological correlates of perceived motor competence in 5- to 7-year-old Finnish children. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2019, 29, 753–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schmidt, M.; Valkanover, S.; Roebers, C.; Conzelmann, A. Promoting a functional physical self-concept in physical education: Evaluation of a 10-week intervention. Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev. 2013, 19, 232–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGrane, B.; Powell, D.; Belton, S.; Issartel, J. Investigation into the relationship between adolescents’ perceived and actual fundamental movement skills and physical activity. J. Mot. Learn. Dev. 2018, 6, S424–S439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Utesch, T.; Dreiskämper, D.; Naul, R.; Geukes, K. Understanding physical (in-) activity, overweight, and obesity in childhood: Effects of congruence between physical self-concept and motor competence. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 5908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brenner, P.S.; Delamater, J.D. Social Desirability bias in self-reports of physical activity: Is an exercise identity the culprit? Soc. Indic. Res. 2014, 117, 489–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shephard, R.J.; Vuillemin, A. Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires. Br. J. Sports Med. 2003, 37, 197–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harter, S. The Perceived competence scale for children. Child Dev. 1982, 53, 87–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lander, N.; Mergen, J.; Morgan, P.J.; Salmon, J.; Barnett, L.M. Can a teacher-led RCT improve adolescent girls’ physical self-perception and perceived motor competence? J. Sports Sci. 2018, 37, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bardid, F.; De Meester, A.; Tallir, I.; Cardon, G.; Lenoir, M.; Haerens, L. Configurations of actual and perceived motor competence among children: Associations with motivation for sports and global self-worth. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2016, 50, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Frost, D.M.; Beach, T.; Callaghan, J.; McGill, S.M. FMS scores change with performersʼ knowledge of the grading criteria—Are general whole-body movement screens capturing “dysfunction”? J. Strength Cond. Res. 2015, 29, 3037–3044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, C.H.; Ha, A.S.; Ng, J.Y.; Lubans, D.R. The A + MS cluster randomized controlled trial: An assessment-based intervention on fundamental movement skills and psychosocial outcomes in primary schoolchildren. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2019, 22, 935–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Horn, T.S. Advances in Sport Psychology, 3rd ed.; Human Kinetics Publishers Inc.: Champaign, IL, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
FMS Skills (Max Raw Score) | Year 1 (Mean ± SD) | Year 2 (Mean ± SD) | Year 3 (Mean ± SD) | p Value | Post-Hoc Tests |
Gross Motor Skill (84) | 65.03 ± 6.43 | 64.73 ± 5.99 | 64.98 ± 6.28 | 0.93 | N/A |
Locomotor Skill (34) | 27.55 ± 3.66 | 26.85 ± 3.43 | 26.79 ± 3.71 | 0.24 | N/A |
Object Control Skill (40) | 29.53 ± 4.24 | 29.58± 3.67 | 29.90 ± 3.85 | 0.75 | N/A |
Vertical Jump (12) | 10.40 ± 1.82 | 10.2 ± 1.91 | 10.14 ± 1.87 | 0.56 | N/A |
Skip (6) | 4.69 ± 1.24 | 4.43 ± 1.44 | 4.52 ± 1.45 | 0.34 | N/A |
Horizontal Jump (8) | 5.19 ± 1.75 | 4.64 ± 1.58 | 4.99 ± 1.8 | 0.04 * | Y1 < Y2 |
Run (8) | 7.28 ± 0.99 | 7.38 ± 1.11 | 7.13 ± 1.27 | 0.20 | N/A |
Catch (6) | 4.8 ± 0.98 | 4.5 ± 0.95 | 4.94 ± 1.01 | 0.001 * | Y2 < Y3 |
Throw (8) | 5.18 ± 2.1 | 5.35 ± 2.06 | 5.1 ± 2.19 | 0.60 | N/A |
Strike (10) | 7.66 ± 1.77 | 8.08 ± 1.53 | 7.77 ± 1.64 | 0.10 | N/A |
Kick (8) | 6.15 ± 1.31 | 5.85 ± 1.38 | 5.74 ± 1.32 | 0.08 | N/A |
Dribble (8) | 5.75 ± 1.53 | 5.80 ± 1.23 | 6.05 ± 1.29 | 0.20 | N/A |
Balance (10) | 7.92 ± 1.66 | 8.23 ± 1.73 | 8.22 ± 1.65 | 0.30 | N/A |
Functional movements | Year 1 (Mean ± SD) | Year 2 (Mean ± SD) | Year 3 (Mean ± SD) | p Value | Post-Hoc |
Active Straight Leg Raise (3) | 1.72 ± 0.70 | 1.66 ± 0.56 | 1.69 ± 0.67 | 0.78 | N/A |
Deep Squat (3) | 1.48 ± 0.63 | 1.52 ± 0.63 | 1.48 ± 0.60 | 0.82 | N/A |
Hurdle Step (3) | 1.69 ± 0.49 | 1.73 ± 0.55 | 1.80 ± 0.53 | 0.34 | N/A |
In-Line Lunge (3) | 1.69 ± 0.46 | 1.74 ± 0.45 | 1.78 ± 0.46 | 0.41 | N/A |
Rotary Stability (3) | 1.72 ± 0.45 | 1.84 ± 0.37 | 1.80 ± 0.40 | 0.09 | N/A |
Shoulder Mobility (3) | 1.94 ± 0.73 | 2.06 ± 0.69 | 1.95 ± 0.73 | 0.31 | N/A |
Trunk Stability Push Up (3) | 1.47 ± 0.66 | 1.45 ± 0.58 | 1.63 ± 0.66 | 0.06 | N/A |
FMSTM Overall (21) | 11.78 ± 1.19 | 12.06 ± 1.88 | 12.14 ± 2.12 | 0.40 | N/A |
FMS PMC Rating | 1st Year (Mean ± SD) | 2nd Year (Mean ± SD) | 3rd Year (Mean ± SD) | Year Group (p Value) | Post-Hoc Tests |
Vertical Jump (10) | 7.27 ± 2.11 | 6.97 ± 1.94 | 7.11 ± 1.78 | 0.52 | N/A |
Skip (10) | 8.05 ± 2.14 | 7.70 ± 1.9 | 7.74 ± 2.02 | 0.38 | N/A |
Horizontal Jump (10) | 6.84 ± 2.13 | 6.36 ± 2.06 | 6.34 ± 2.09 | 0.15 | N/A |
Run (10) | 8.44 ± 1.67 | 8.09 ± 1.65 | 8.19 ± 1.64 | 0.28 | N/A |
Catch (10) | 8.98 ± 1.44 | 8.95 ± 1.39 | 8.72 ± 1.76 | 0.38 | N/A |
Throw (10) | 7.65 ± 1.91 | 7.37 ± 1.85 | 7.82 ± 1.70 | 0.15 | N/A |
Strike (10) | 6.23 ± 2.85 | 6.20 ± 2.46 | 6.42 ± 2.41 | 0.77 | N/A |
Kick (10) | 7.40 ± 2.24 | 7.18 ± 2.23 | 7.48 ± 1.86 | 0.50 | N/A |
Dribble (10) | 8.09 ± 1.89 | 7.87 ± 1.85 | 8.10 ± 1.5 | 0.53 | N/A |
Balance (10) | 8.46 ± 1.76 | 8.31 ± 1.55 | 8.40 ± 1.73 | 0.81 | N/A |
Functional Movement PMC Rating | Year 1 (Mean ± SD) | Year 2 (Mean ± SD) | Year 3 (Mean ± SD) | Year Group (p value) | Post Hoc |
Active Straight Leg Raise (10) | 6.90 ± 2.11 | 6.63 ± 6.76 | 6.76 ± 2.10 | 0.63 | N/A |
Deep Squat (10) | 6.95 ± 2.24 | 6.91 ± 2.15 | 6.84 ± 2.13 | 0.94 | N/A |
Hurdle Step (10) | 6.86 ± 1.96 | 6.71 ± 2.14 | 6.88 ± 2.14 | 0.76 | N/A |
In-Line Lunge (10) | 7.27 ± 1.87 | 7.11 ± 1.840 | 6.90 ± 2.11 | 0.38 | N/A |
Rotary Stability (10) | 5.69 ± 2.32 | 4.71 ± 2.04 | 5.14 ± 2.05 | 0.003 * | Y1 > Y2 < Y3 |
Shoulder Mobility (10) | 6.86 ± 2.33 | 6.55 ± 2.20 | 6.32 ± 2.07 | 0.20 | N/A |
Trunk Stability Push-Up (10) | 6.93 ± 2.38 | 6.43 ± 2.39 | 6.53 ± 2.38 | 0.29 | N/A |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Philpott, C.; Donovan, B.; Belton, S.; Lester, D.; Duncan, M.; Chambers, F.; O’Brien, W. Investigating the Age-Related Association between Perceived Motor Competence and Actual Motor Competence in Adolescence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6361. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176361
Philpott C, Donovan B, Belton S, Lester D, Duncan M, Chambers F, O’Brien W. Investigating the Age-Related Association between Perceived Motor Competence and Actual Motor Competence in Adolescence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6361. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176361
Chicago/Turabian StylePhilpott, Conor, Brian Donovan, Sarahjane Belton, Diarmuid Lester, Michael Duncan, Fiona Chambers, and Wesley O’Brien. 2020. "Investigating the Age-Related Association between Perceived Motor Competence and Actual Motor Competence in Adolescence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6361. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176361