Synergistic Effects and Sex Differences in Anthropometric Measures of Obesity and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | Male | Total | Female | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elevated hs-CRP Levels ≥3 mg/L | p-Value | Elevated hs-CRP Levels ≥3 mg/L | p-Value | |||||||||||
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||||||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |||
Total | 8842 | (100.0) | 818 | (9.3) | 8024 | (90.7) | 9768 | (100.0) | 732 | (7.5) | 9036 | (92.5) | ||
Obesity | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Normal | 4786 | (54.1) | 387 | (8.1) | 4399 | (91.9) | 6409 | (65.6) | 302 | (4.7) | 6107 | (95.3) | ||
High WC a | 427 | (4.8) | 47 | (11.0) | 380 | (89.0) | 476 | (4.9) | 38 | (8.0) | 438 | (92.0) | ||
High BMI b | 1069 | (12.1) | 77 | (7.2) | 992 | (92.8) | 781 | (8.0) | 70 | (9.0) | 711 | (91.0) | ||
High BMI & WC | 2560 | (29.0) | 307 | (12.0) | 2253 | (88.0) | 2102 | (21.5) | 322 | (15.3) | 1780 | (84.7) | ||
Age | <0.0001 | 0.6737 | ||||||||||||
20–34 | 1766 | (20.0) | 118 | (6.7) | 1648 | (93.3) | 1995 | (20.4) | 160 | (8.0) | 1835 | (92.0) | ||
35–49 | 2440 | (27.6) | 185 | (7.6) | 2255 | (92.4) | 3103 | (31.8) | 203 | (6.5) | 2900 | (93.5) | ||
50≤ | 4636 | (52.4) | 515 | (11.1) | 4121 | (88.9) | 4670 | (47.8) | 369 | (7.9) | 4301 | (92.1) | ||
Education Level | <0.0001 | 0.0024 | ||||||||||||
Middle school or lower | 2125 | (24.0) | 277 | (13.0) | 1848 | (87.0) | 2949 | (30.2) | 265 | (9.0) | 2684 | (91.0) | ||
High School | 3105 | (35.1) | 259 | (8.3) | 2846 | (91.7) | 3208 | (32.8) | 217 | (6.8) | 2991 | (93.2) | ||
University degree or higher | 3612 | (40.9) | 282 | (7.8) | 3330 | (92.2) | 3611 | (37.0) | 250 | (6.9) | 3361 | (93.1) | ||
Income Level | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Low | 1409 | (15.9) | 202 | (14.3) | 1207 | (85.7) | 1604 | (16.4) | 159 | (9.9) | 1445 | (90.1) | ||
Middle Low | 2108 | (23.8) | 210 | (10.0) | 1898 | (90.0) | 2415 | (24.7) | 188 | (7.8) | 2227 | (92.2) | ||
Middle High | 2513 | (28.4) | 187 | (7.4) | 2326 | (92.6) | 2806 | (28.7) | 211 | (7.5) | 2595 | (92.5) | ||
High | 2812 | (31.8) | 219 | (7.8) | 2593 | (92.2) | 2943 | (30.1) | 174 | (5.9) | 2769 | (94.1) | ||
Marital Status | 0.9107 | 0.1904 | ||||||||||||
Married | 6457 | (73.0) | 596 | (9.2) | 5861 | (90.8) | 6644 | (68.0) | 482 | (7.3) | 6162 | (92.7) | ||
Unmarried | 2385 | (27.0) | 222 | (9.3) | 2163 | (90.7) | 3124 | (32.0) | 250 | (8.0) | 2874 | (92.0) | ||
Job Classification | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||
White | 2613 | (29.6) | 195 | (7.5) | 2418 | (92.5) | 2351 | (24.1) | 134 | (5.7) | 2217 | (94.3) | ||
Pink | 928 | (10.5) | 71 | (7.7) | 857 | (92.3) | 1574 | (16.1) | 90 | (5.7) | 1484 | (94.3) | ||
Blue | 2968 | (33.6) | 277 | (9.3) | 2691 | (90.7) | 1448 | (14.8) | 92 | (6.4) | 1356 | (93.6) | ||
Unemployed | 2333 | (26.4) | 275 | (11.8) | 2058 | (88.2) | 4395 | (45.0) | 416 | (9.5) | 3979 | (90.5) | ||
Region | 0.9351 | 0.3958 | ||||||||||||
Urban | 4128 | (46.7) | 383 | (9.3) | 3745 | (90.7) | 4671 | (47.8) | 339 | (7.3) | 4332 | (92.7) | ||
Rural | 4714 | (53.3) | 435 | (9.2) | 4279 | (90.8) | 5097 | (52.2) | 393 | (7.7) | 4704 | (92.3) | ||
Smoking | 0.0271 | 0.0020 | ||||||||||||
Never | 1945 | (22.0) | 155 | (8.0) | 1790 | (92.0) | 8572 | (87.8) | 616 | (7.2) | 7956 | (92.8) | ||
Ever | 6897 | (78.0) | 663 | (9.6) | 6234 | (90.4) | 1196 | (12.2) | 116 | (9.7) | 1080 | (90.3) | ||
Drinking | <0.0001 | 0.0361 | ||||||||||||
Never | 1158 | (13.1) | 144 | (12.4) | 1014 | (87.6) | 2179 | (22.3) | 186 | (8.5) | 1993 | (91.5) | ||
Ever | 7684 | (86.9) | 674 | (8.8) | 7010 | (91.2) | 7589 | (77.7) | 546 | (7.2) | 7043 | (92.8) | ||
Aerobic Exercise | 0.0082 | 0.0152 | ||||||||||||
No | 4605 | (52.1) | 462 | (10.0) | 4143 | (90.0) | 5534 | (56.7) | 446 | (8.1) | 5088 | (91.9) | ||
Yes | 4237 | (47.9) | 356 | (8.4) | 3881 | (91.6) | 4234 | (43.3) | 286 | (6.8) | 3948 | (93.2) | ||
Subjective Health Condition | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Good | 2875 | (32.5) | 185 | (6.4) | 2690 | (93.6) | 2584 | (26.5) | 131 | (5.1) | 2453 | (94.9) | ||
Normal | 4546 | (51.4) | 433 | (9.5) | 4113 | (90.5) | 5176 | (53.0) | 388 | (7.5) | 4788 | (92.5) | ||
Bad | 1421 | (16.1) | 200 | (14.1) | 1221 | (85.9) | 2008 | (20.6) | 213 | (10.6) | 1795 | (89.4) | ||
Number of Chronic Diseases | <0.0001 | 0.0047 | ||||||||||||
0 | 5661 | (64.0) | 440 | (7.8) | 5221 | (92.2) | 6884 | (70.5) | 483 | (7.0) | 6401 | (93.0) | ||
1 | 1762 | (19.9) | 219 | (12.4) | 1543 | (87.6) | 1563 | (16.0) | 130 | (8.3) | 1433 | (91.7) | ||
≥2 | 1419 | (16.0) | 159 | (11.2) | 1260 | (88.8) | 1321 | (13.5) | 119 | (9.0) | 1202 | (91.0) |
Variables | Elevated hs-CRP Levels ≥3 mg/L | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | |||
Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Obesity | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
High WC a | 1.19 | (0.86–1.64) | 1.77 | (1.24–2.54) |
High BMI b | 0.99 | (0.77–1.29) | 2.08 | (1.58–2.74) |
High BMI & WC c | 1.57 | (1.33–1.85) | 3.70 | (3.09–4.43) |
Age | ||||
20–34 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
35–49 | 1.21 | (0.92–1.60) | 0.73 | (0.57–0.92) |
50≤ | 1.50 | (1.13–2.00) | 0.73 | (0.55–0.96) |
Education Level | ||||
Middle school or lower | 1.15 | (0.90–1.45) | 0.91 | (0.69–1.19) |
High School | 0.94 | (0.77–1.15) | 0.87 | (0.70–1.07) |
University degree or higher | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Income Level | ||||
Low | 1.37 | (1.07–1.75) | 1.18 | (0.90–1.54) |
Middle Low | 1.13 | (0.91–1.40) | 1.04 | (0.83–1.31) |
Middle High | 0.93 | (0.75–1.14) | 1.13 | (0.92–1.41) |
High | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Marital Status | ||||
Married | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Unmarried | 1.23 | (1.00–1.50) | 1.01 | (0.84–1.21) |
Job Classification | ||||
White | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Pink | 1.12 | (0.88–1.43) | 1.46 | (1.16–1.84) |
Blue | 1.01 | (0.80–1.27) | 0.95 | (0.69–1.30) |
Unemployed | 0.94 | (0.70–1.27) | 0.93 | (0.69–1.26) |
Region | ||||
Urban | 1.08 | (0.93–1.25) | 0.99 | (0.85–1.16) |
Rural | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Smoking | ||||
Never | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Ever | 1.06 | (0.88–1.29) | 1.21 | (0.97–1.51) |
Drinking | ||||
Never | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Ever | 0.87 | (0.71–1.06) | 0.96 | (0.80–1.15) |
Aerobic Exercise | ||||
No | 1.02 | (0.88–1.19) | 1.12 | (0.95–1.31) |
Yes | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Subjective Health Condition | ||||
Good | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Normal | 1.42 | (1.18–1.71) | 1.40 | (1.14–1.73) |
Bad | 1.86 | (1.48–2.33) | 1.73 | (1.36–2.20) |
Number of Chronic Diseases | ||||
0 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
1 | 1.22 | (1.01–1.48) | 0.90 | (0.71–1.14) |
≥2 | 0.91 | (0.73–1.14) | 0.74 | (0.57–0.96) |
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Nari, F.; Jang, B.N.; Kim, G.R.; Park, E.-C.; Jang, S.-I. Synergistic Effects and Sex Differences in Anthropometric Measures of Obesity and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8279. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17218279
Nari F, Jang BN, Kim GR, Park E-C, Jang S-I. Synergistic Effects and Sex Differences in Anthropometric Measures of Obesity and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8279. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17218279
Chicago/Turabian StyleNari, Fatima, Bich Na Jang, Gyu Ri Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, and Sung-In Jang. 2020. "Synergistic Effects and Sex Differences in Anthropometric Measures of Obesity and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8279. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17218279