Awareness and Knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus Infection among Students at Secondary Occupational Health School in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Awareness and Knowledge Questions about HPV Infection
3.3. Sources of Information regarding HPV Infection
3.4. Awareness and Knowledge Regarding HPV Infection Stratified for Characteristics
3.5. Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ferlay, J.; Colombet, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Mathers, C.; Parkin, D.M.; Piñeros, M.; Znaor, A.; Bray, F. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int. J. Cancer 2019, 144, 1941–1953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chelimo, C.; Wouldes, T.A.; Cameron, L.D.; Elwood, J.M. Risk factors for and prevention of human papillomaviruses (HPV), genital warts and cervical cancer. J. Infect. 2013, 66, 207–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boda, D.; Docea, A.O.; Calina, D.; Ilie, M.A.; Caruntu, C.; Zurac, S.; Neagu, M.; Constantin, C.; Branisteanu, D.E.; Voiculescu, V.; et al. Human papilloma virus: Apprehending the link with carcinogenesis and unveiling new research avenues (Review). Int. J. Oncol. 2018, 52, 637–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, Z.; Rashid, T.; Nyitray, A.G. Penises not required: A systematic review of the potential for human papillomavirus horizontal transmission that is non-sexual or does not include penile penetration. Sex. Health 2016, 13, 10–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Napolitano, F.; Gualdieri, L.; Santagati, G.; Angelillo, I.F. Knowledge and attitudes toward HPV infection and vaccination among immigrants and refugees in Italy. Vaccine 2018, 36, 7536–7541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brianti, P.; De Flammineis, E.; Mercuri, S.R. Review of HPV-related diseases and cancers. New Microbiol. 2017, 40, 80–85. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Y.; Xu, C. Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancers. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017, 1018, 23–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Braz, N.S.; Lorenzi, N.P.; Sorpreso, I.C.; Aguiar, L.M.; Baracat, E.C.; Soares-Júnior, J.M. The acceptability of vaginal smear self-collection for screening for cervical cancer: A systematic review. Clinics 2017, 72, 183–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGraw, S.L.; Ferrante, J.M. Update on prevention and screening of cervical cancer. World J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 5, 744–752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, W.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Chen, B.; Yuan, S.; Wu, B.; Gong, L. Awareness and attitude towards human papillomavirus and its vaccine among females with and without daughter(s) who participated in cervical cancer screening in Shenzhen, China. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2019, 24, 1054–1063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loke, A.Y.; Kwan, M.L.; Wong, Y.T.; Wong, A.K.Y. The Uptake of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Its Associated Factors Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review. J. Prim. Care Community Health 2017, 8, 349–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kessels, S.J.; Marshall, H.S.; Watson, M.; Braunack-Mayer, A.J.; Reuzel, R.; Tooher, R.L. Factors associated with HPV vaccine uptake in teenage girls: A systematic review. Vaccine 2012, 30, 3546–3556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, A.; Ho, F.K.; Chan, L.K.; Ng, J.Y.; Li, S.L.; Chan, G.C.; Leung, T.F.; Ip, P. Chinese medical students’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards human papillomavirus vaccination and their intention to recommend the vaccine. J. Paediatr. Child. Health 2018, 54, 302–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blödt, S.; Holmberg, C.; Müller-Nordhorn, J.; Rieckmann, N. Human Papillomavirus awareness, knowledge and vaccine acceptance: A survey among 18–25 year old male and female vocational school students in Berlin, Germany. Eur. J. Public Health 2012, 22, 808–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reagan-Steiner, S.; Yankey, D.; Jeyarajah, J.; Elam-Evans, L.D.; Curtis, C.R.; MacNeil, J.; Markowitz, L.E.; Singleton, J.A. National, Regional, State, and Selected Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13–17 Years-United States, 2015. MMWR 2016, 65, 850–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Villanueva, S.; Mosteiro-Miguéns, D.G.; Domínguez-Martís, E.M.; López-Ares, D.; Novío, S. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions towards Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Nursing Students in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pelullo, C.P.; Esposito, M.R.; Di Giuseppe, G. Human Papillomavirus Infection and Vaccination: Knowledge and Attitudes among Nursing Students in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xue, L.; Hu, W.; Zhang, H.; Xie, Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, F.; Qiao, Y.; Gao, L.; Ma, W. Awareness of and willingness to be vaccinated by human papillomavirus vaccine among junior middle school students in Jinan, China. Hum. Vaccin Immunother 2018, 14, 404–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, L.; Fan, Y.; Liu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Nie, S. Awareness and knowledge about human papillomavirus vaccination and its acceptance in China: A meta-analysis of 58 observational studies. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Navarro-Illana, P.; Diez-Domingo, J.; Navarro-Illana, E.; Tuells, J.; Alemán, S.; Puig-Barberá, J. Knowledge and attitudes of Spanish adolescent girls towards human papillomavirus infection: Where to intervene to improve vaccination coverage. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, J.; He, L. Knowledge of HPV and acceptability of HPV vaccine among women in western China: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Womens Health 2018, 18, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, F.H.; Tiggelaar, S.M.; Hu, S.Y.; Xu, L.N.; Hong, Y.; Niyazi, M.; Gao, X.H.; Ju, L.R.; Zhang, L.Q.; Feng, X.X.; et al. A multi-center survey of age of sexual debut and sexual behavior in Chinese women: Suggestions for optimal age of human papillomavirus vaccination in China. Cancer Epidemiol. 2012, 36, 384–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, W.; Ma, Y.; Wang, X.; Zou, H.; Zhao, F.; Wang, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, Y.; Marley, G.; Ma, W. Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccine among parents of junior middle school students in Jinan, China. Vaccine 2015, 33, 2570–2576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaspers, L.; Budiningsih, S.; Wolterbeek, R.; Henderson, F.C.; Peters, A.A. Parental acceptance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study. Vaccine 2011, 29, 7785–7793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turhan, E.; Cetin, S.; Cetin, M.; Abacigil, F. Awareness and Knowledge Levels of 18-Year-Old and Older Individuals Regarding Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV Vaccine in Hatay, Turkey. J. Cancer Educ. 2019, 34, 234–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holcomb, B.; Bailey, J.M.; Crawford, K.; Ruffin, M.T.t. Adults’ knowledge and behaviors related to human papillomavirus infection. J. Am. Board Fam. Pract. 2004, 17, 26–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capogrosso, P.; Ventimiglia, E.; Matloob, R.; Colicchia, M.; Serino, A.; Castagna, G.; Clementi, M.C.; La Croce, G.; Capitanio, U.; Gandaglia, G.; et al. Awareness and knowledge of human papillomavirus-related diseases are still dramatically insufficient in the era of high-coverage vaccination programs. World J. Urol. 2015, 33, 873–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dehne, K.L.; Riedner, G. Sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: The need for adequate health services. Reprod Health Matters 2001, 9, 170–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wong, L.P.; Raja Muhammad Yusoff, R.N.; Edib, Z.; Sam, I.C.; Zimet, G.D. Nationwide Survey of Knowledge and Health Beliefs regarding Human Papillomavirus among HPV-Vaccinated Female Students in Malaysia. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0163156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, S.K.; Pan, X.F.; Wang, S.M.; Yang, C.X.; Gao, X.H.; Wang, Z.Z.; Li, M.; Ren, Z.F.; Zheng, Q.Q.; Ma, W.; et al. Knowledge of human papillomavirus vaccination and related factors among parents of young adolescents: A nationwide survey in China. Ann. Epidemiol. 2015, 25, 231–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rashwan, H.; Lubis, S.H.; Ni, K.A. Knowledge of cervical cancer and acceptance of HPV vaccination among secondary school students in Sarawak, Malaysia. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2011, 12, 1837–1841. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Widjaja, V.N. Awareness, Knowledge and Attitudes of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) among Private University Students- Malaysia Perspective. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2019, 20, 2045–2050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shetty, S.; Prabhu, S.; Shetty, V.; Shetty, A.K. Knowledge, attitudes and factors associated with acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccination among undergraduate medical, dental and nursing students in South India. Hum. Vaccin Immunother 2019, 15, 1656–1665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ndizeye, Z.; Vanden Broeck, D.; Vermandere, H.; Bogers, J.P.; Van Geertruyden, J.P. Knowledge and practices of general practitioners at district hospitals towards cervical cancer prevention in Burundi, 2015: A cross-sectional study. Glob. Health 2018, 14, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rashid, S.; Labani, S.; Das, B.C. Knowledge, Awareness and Attitude on HPV, HPV Vaccine and Cervical Cancer among the College Students in India. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0166713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yilmazel, G.; Duman, N.B. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about cervical cancer and human papilloma virus vaccination with related factors in Turkish university students. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2014, 15, 3699–3704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fernández-Feito, A.; Lana, A.; Parás Bravo, P.; Pellico López, A.; Paz-Zulueta, M. Knowledge of the Human Papillomavirus by Social Stratification Factors. Nurs. Res. 2020, 69, E18–E25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aynaci, G.; Guksu, Z. Awareness of HPV and HPV vaccination in undergraduate students in the North West region of Turkey: Near future outlook. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries 2019, 13, 516–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swarnapriya, K.; Kavitha, D.; Reddy, G.M. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding HPV Vaccination Among Medical and Para Medical in Students, India a Cross Sectional Study. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2015, 16, 8473–8477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Variables | Responses | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 428 (19.0) |
Female | 1820 (81.0) | |
Age (years) | 16 [16, 17] (13–42) 1 | 2248 (100) |
<16 | 1360 (60.5) | |
≥16 | 888 (39.5) | |
Grade | First grade | 1187 (52.8) |
Second grade | 965 (42.9) | |
Third grade | 96 (4.3) | |
Major | Non-medical specialty | 296 (13.2) |
Medical specialty | 1952 (86.8) | |
Residential area | Rural | 1640 (73.0) |
Urban | 608 (27.0) | |
Personal education before | Junior school | 1845 (82.1) |
High school or above | 403 (17.9) | |
Paternal education | Junior school or below | 1766 (78.6) |
High school or above | 482 (21.4) | |
Maternal education | Junior school or below | 1900 (84.5) |
High school or above | 348 (15.5) | |
Family income, monthly (RMB) | <8000 | 1851 (82.3) |
≥8000 | 397 (17.7) | |
Academic performance | Fair or below | 1470 (65.4) |
Good or excellent | 778 (34.6) | |
Sexual experience | No | 2138 (95.1) |
Yes | 110 (4.9) | |
Family history of cervical cancer | No | 2218 (98.7) |
Yes | 30 (1.3) | |
Family history of other cancers | No | 1961 (87.2) |
Yes | 287 (12.8) | |
Received HPV vaccine | Never | 1494 (66.5) |
At least a dose | 754 (33.5) |
Variables | Response | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Q1: Heard about cervical cancer | Yes | 1019 (45.3) |
Q2: Heard about HPV | Yes | 492 (21.9) |
Q3: Heard about the HPV vaccine | Yes | 555 (24.7) |
Q4: Men can get HPV | Yes | 480 (21.4) |
Q5: HPV can cause cervical cancer | Yes | 580 (25.8) |
Q6: HPV can cause other cancers | Yes | 528 (23.5) |
Q7: HPV can cause genital warts | Yes | 503 (22.4) |
Q8: Which of these are STIs | AIDS | 2177 (96.8) |
Syphilis | 1022 (45.5) | |
Gonorrhea | 976 (43.4) | |
Fungal diseases | 592 (26.3) | |
HPV infection | 1161 (51.6) | |
Herpes | 545 (24.2) | |
Hepatitis B | 439 (19.5) | |
Q9: HPV infection has no visible signs or symptoms | Yes | 192 (8.5) |
Q10: HPV can be detected by liquid-based cytology | Yes | 350 (15.6) |
Variables | Response | N | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q9 | Q10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 428 | 146 *** | 87 | 90 | 77 | 80 *** | 70 *** | 82 | 46 | 61 |
Female | 1820 | 873 | 405 | 465 | 403 | 500 | 458 | 421 | 146 | 289 | |
Age (years) | <16 | 1360 | 515 *** | 252 *** | 296 *** | 259 ** | 312 *** | 296 * | 254 *** | 97 ** | 176 *** |
≥16 | 888 | 504 | 240 | 259 | 221 | 268 | 232 | 249 | 95 | 174 | |
Grade | First grade | 1187 | 347 *** | 184 *** | 229 *** | 204 *** | 247 *** | 238 *** | 219 *** | 80 ** | 142 *** |
Second grade | 965 | 584 | 248 | 280 | 247 | 285 | 256 | 244 | 99 | 170 | |
Third grade | 96 | 88 | 60 | 46 | 29 | 48 | 34 | 40 | 13 | 38 | |
Major | Non-medical specialty | 296 | 73 *** | 36 *** | 41 *** | 33 *** | 41 *** | 39 *** | 31 *** | 13 ** | 21 *** |
Medical specialty | 1952 | 946 | 456 | 514 | 447 | 539 | 489 | 472 | 179 | 329 | |
Residential area | Rural | 1640 | 727 | 348 | 399 | 339 | 419 | 374 | 362 | 143 | 254 |
Urban | 608 | 292 | 144 | 156 | 141 | 161 | 154 | 141 | 49 | 96 | |
Personal education before | Junior school | 1845 | 782 *** | 367 *** | 419 *** | 363 *** | 458 * | 413 ** | 385 *** | 150 | 274 * |
High school or above | 403 | 237 | 125 | 136 | 117 | 122 | 115 | 118 | 42 | 76 | |
Paternal education | Junior school or below | 1766 | 794 | 363 *** | 423 | 363 | 443 | 402 | 377 * | 139 * | 259 * |
High school or above | 482 | 225 | 129 | 132 | 117 | 137 | 126 | 126 | 53 | 91 | |
Maternal education | Junior school or below | 1900 | 855 | 399 * | 453 * | 390 * | 477 | 443 | 420 | 153 | 282 * |
High school or above | 348 | 164 | 93 | 102 | 90 | 103 | 85 | 83 | 39 | 68 | |
Family income, monthly (RMB) | <8000 | 1851 | 822 | 393 | 422 *** | 380 * | 462 * | 432 | 403 | 151 | 284 |
≥8000 | 397 | 197 | 99 | 133 | 100 | 118 | 96 | 100 | 41 | 66 | |
Academic performance | Fair or below | 1470 | 587 *** | 268 *** | 324 *** | 268 *** | 319 *** | 308 *** | 292 *** | 106 ** | 208 * |
Good or excellent | 778 | 432 | 224 | 231 | 212 | 261 | 220 | 211 | 86 | 142 | |
Sexual experience | No | 2138 | 955 ** | 457 * | 527 | 450 | 545 | 499 | 469 * | 176 * | 330 |
Yes | 110 | 64 | 35 | 28 | 30 | 35 | 29 | 34 | 16 | 20 | |
Family history of cervical cancer | No | 2218 | 996 *** | 480 * | 544 | 474 | 570 | 517 | 493 | 186 * | 343 |
Yes | 30 | 23 | 12 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 7 | |
Family history of other cancers | No | 1961 | 839 *** | 407 ** | 468 * | 398 ** | 479 *** | 429 *** | 406 *** | 160 | 297 |
Yes | 287 | 180 | 85 | 87 | 82 | 101 | 99 | 97 | 32 | 53 | |
Received HPV vaccine | Never | 1494 | 660 | 295 ** | 320 *** | 295 ** | 347 *** | 311 *** | 295 *** | 101 *** | 197 *** |
At least a dose | 754 | 359 | 197 | 235 | 185 | 233 | 217 | 208 | 91 | 153 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, X.; Du, T.; Shi, X.; Wu, K. Awareness and Knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus Infection among Students at Secondary Occupational Health School in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6321. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126321
Wang X, Du T, Shi X, Wu K. Awareness and Knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus Infection among Students at Secondary Occupational Health School in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6321. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126321
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xin, Taifeng Du, Xiaoling Shi, and Kusheng Wu. 2021. "Awareness and Knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus Infection among Students at Secondary Occupational Health School in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6321. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18126321