Effectiveness of Plasma-Treated Hydrogen Peroxide Mist Disinfection in Various Hospital Environments
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cultured Surfaces Positive for Microorganisms
3.2. Disinfection Efficacy (23 Hospital Rooms)
3.3. Disinfection Efficacy for Seven Types of Surfaces
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Culture-Positive Surfaces [Total: 459] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Before Disinfection | After Disinfection | ||
Bacteria | Gram (+) | 353 [459] * | 57 [459] * |
Bacillus (+) | 185 | 41 | |
Cocci (+) | 326 | 16 | |
Gram (−) | 5 [459] | 1 [459] | |
Rod (−) | 3 | 1 | |
Bacillus (−) | 1 | 0 | |
Cocci (−) | 1 | 0 | |
Mold | Mold | 34 [459] | 0 [459] |
Total | 392 [459] | 58 [459] |
Room | No. of Culture Positive Surfaces [Total Surfaces] | CFU, Median (IQR) | CFU after Disinfection | Difference in CFU, p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Disinfection | After Disinfection | % Decrease, Median (Range) | >90% Decrease, % * | Before Disinfection † | Before-After Disinfection ‡ | ||
Hospital ward | 88 [151] | 1 (0–7) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 99 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
1 patient | 17 [20] | 10.5 (3–31.5) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.0744 | <0.0001 |
4 patients | 18 [22] | 9.5 (2–34) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.1113 | <0.0001 |
Isolation | 08 [20] | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–100) | 100 | 0.0002 | 0.0078 |
Isolation (VRE) | 11 [23] | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–100) | 100 | <0.0001 | 0.0010 |
Isolation (ICU) | 12 [18] | 2 (0–4) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.0483 | 0.0005 |
Isolation (Dialysis) | 10 [24] | 0 (0–3) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–100) | 91 | 0.0002 | 0.0010 |
Peritoneal Dialysis | 12 [24] | 0.5 (0–2.5) | 0 (0–0) | 50 (0–100) | 100 | 0.0005 | 0.0005 |
OPD | 191 [219] | 7 (2–26) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (−500–100) | 85 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
CT | 13 [15] | 4 (1–83) | 0 (0–1) | 100 (0–100) | 77 | 0.4791 | 0.0005 |
X-Ray | 16 [16] | 7 (2.5–65) | 0 (0–1) | 100 (67–100) | 88 | 0.0820 | <0.0001 |
Examining (TB) | 14 [14] | 13.5 (7–25) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (75–100) | 93 | 0.0133 | 0.0001 |
Examining (ID) | 14 [16] | 10.5 (2.5–19) | 0 (0–1) | 97 (−500–100) | 79 | 0.3177 | 0.0037 |
Examining (PED) | 22 [24] | 7 (1.5–38) | 0 (0–1) | 100 (−29–100) | 73 | 0.1275 | <0.0001 |
Examining (ENT) | 16 [18] | 16.5 (5–34) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 88 | 0.0423 | <0.0001 |
Examining (OT) | 15 [15] | 100 (32–103) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (91–100) | 100 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Examining (DENT) | 13 [16] | 5 (1–16.5) | 0 (0–2) | 95 (−400–100) | 69 | 0.9062 | 0.0039 |
Endoscopy (CM) | 15 [21] | 2 (0–10) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.2672 | <0.0001 |
Endoscopy (GE) | 20 [24] | 3 (1–8.5) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 85 | 0.3569 | <0.0001 |
Treatment (GS) | 18 [20] | 7 (3–16) | 0 (0–1) | 100 (0–100) | 72 | 0.1651 | <0.0001 |
Delivery (OBGY) | 15 [20] | 3 (1–9) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.4717 | <0.0001 |
Emergency room | 74 [89] | 5 (1–28) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.2015 | <0.0001 |
Resuscitation | 16 [23] | 1 (0–5) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.0370 | <0.0001 |
Pediatric | 22 [24] | 24 (5.5–38.5) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.0015 | <0.0001 |
Critical care | 18 [24] | 3.5 (0.5–55.5) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 100 | 0.5536 | <0.0001 |
Triage | 18 [18] | 3.5 (3–13) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (100–100) | 100 | 0.5263 | <0.0001 |
Total | 353 [459] | 4 (1–20) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (−500–100) | 92 | <0.0001 |
Material | No. of Culture Positive Surfaces [Total Surfaces] | CFU, Median (IQR) | CFU after Disinfection | Difference in CFU, p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Disinfection | After Disinfection | % Decrease, Median (Range) | >90% Decrease, % * | Before Disinfection † | Before-After Disinfection ‡ | ||
Plastic | 209 [275] | 4 (1–22) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (−400–100) | 97 | 0.7776 | <0.0001 |
Metal | 71 [85] | 4 (1–16) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (−500–100) | 83 | 0.7233 | <0.0001 |
Wood | 31 [50] | 3.5 (0–11) | 0 (0–0) | 99 (−20–100) | 84 | 0.1499 | <0.0001 |
Leather | 27 [28] | 9.5 (4.5–23.5) | 0 (0–0.5) | 100 (−29–100) | 81 | 0.0119 | <0.0001 |
Etc. § | 15 [21] | 2 (0–4) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (0–100) | 87 | 0.0399 | <0.0001 |
Total | 353 [459] | 4 (1–20) | 0 (0–0) | 100 (−500–100) | 92 | <0.0001 |
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Choi, J.; Lee, M.; Lee, Y.; Song, Y.; Cho, Y.; Lim, T.H. Effectiveness of Plasma-Treated Hydrogen Peroxide Mist Disinfection in Various Hospital Environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9841. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189841
Choi J, Lee M, Lee Y, Song Y, Cho Y, Lim TH. Effectiveness of Plasma-Treated Hydrogen Peroxide Mist Disinfection in Various Hospital Environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9841. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189841
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Jongbong, Minhyuk Lee, Yangsoon Lee, Yeongtak Song, Yongil Cho, and Tae Ho Lim. 2021. "Effectiveness of Plasma-Treated Hydrogen Peroxide Mist Disinfection in Various Hospital Environments" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9841. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189841