Impact of Two Different Recruitment Procedures (Random vs. Volunteer Selection) on the Results of Seroepidemiological Study (SARS-CoV-2)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Statistical Analysis
2.2. Ethical Approval
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Subjects n = 5488 | Randomized n = 1167 | Self-Selected n = 4321 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quantitative variables (median and IQR) | |||||
Age | Median (IQR) | 44 (32–57) | 48 (34–63) | 43 (31–55) | <0.001 |
Body mass index | Median (IQR) | 25.2 (22.3–28.7) | 25.6 (22.5–29.0) | 25.2 (22.2–28.5) | 0.08 |
Missing | 6.7% | 9.8% | 5.9% | ||
Categorical variables (percentages) | |||||
Town | Gliwice | 32.5 | 33.6 | 32.2 | 0.7 |
Katowice | 34.2 | 33.8 | 34.3 | ||
Sosnowiec | 33.3 | 32.6 | 33.5 | ||
Gender | Female | 58.3 | 51.3 | 60.1 | <0.001 |
Male | 41.7 | 48.7 | 39.9 | ||
Professional activity | Has no job | 31.2 | 43.9 | 27.7 | <0.001 |
Has a job | 67.6 | 55.5 | 70.9 | ||
Works and studies | 1.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | ||
Month of serological examination | 10/2020 | 9.1 | 38.2 | 1.3 | <0.001 |
11/2020 | 74.0 | 60.1 | 77.7 | ||
12/2020 | 16.9 | 1.7 | 21.0 | ||
Vaccinated against tuberculosis | Yes | 76.2 | 68.7 | 78.2 | <0.001 |
Vaccinated against seasonal influenza last year | Yes | 16.5 | 12.2 | 17.6 | <0.001 |
Medical help following symptoms | Yes | 21.6 | 19.5 | 22.2 | 0.2 |
Missing | 2.5 | 3.5 | 2.2 | ||
Contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19 | Yes | 28.7 | 12.8 | 33.0 | <0.001 |
Had a post contact test | Yes | 16.6 | 13.0 | 17.5 | 0.001 |
Comorbidity | All Subjects n = 5479 | Randomized n = 1164 | Self-Selected n = 4315 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Any comorbidities | 14.0 | 18.0 | 12.9 | <0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
Myocardial infarction | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.05 |
Heart failure | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Valvular heart disease | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.07 |
Stroke | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.07 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2.0 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 0.003 |
Asthma | 6.7 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 0.6 |
Chronic Allergic Disease | 11.5 | 9.9 | 11.9 | 0.06 |
Diabetes | 6.5 | 9.7 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
Cancer | 4.2 | 6.4 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
Chronic Rheumatological Disease | 3.5 | 5.3 | 3.0 | <0.001 |
Autoimmune disease | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.9 | 0.4 |
Symptoms | All Subjects n = 5479 | Randomized n = 1164 | Self-Selected n = 4315 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fever 38 °C | 18.7 | 15.1 | 19.7 | <0.001 |
Chills | 20.7 | 14.7 | 22.3 | <0.001 |
Fatigue | 47.9 | 36.6 | 51.0 | <0.001 |
Muscle ache (myalgia) | 31.5 | 23.7 | 33.7 | <0.001 |
Sore throat | 35.7 | 29.3 | 37.4 | <0.001 |
Cough | 36.5 | 33.0 | 37.4 | 0.005 |
Runny nose (rhinorrhoea) | 46.6 | 43.4 | 47.5 | 0.01 |
Shortness of breath | 16.1 | 13.5 | 16.8 | 0.006 |
Wheezing | 7.7 | 7.0 | 7.9 | 0.4 |
Chest pain | 14.3 | 13.0 | 14.6 | 0.2 |
Headache | 44.3 | 33.6 | 47.2 | <0.001 |
Conjunctivitis | 5.1 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 0.1 |
Nausea/vomiting | 7.9 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 0.09 |
Abdominal pain | 13.7 | 11.5 | 14.3 | 0.01 |
Diarrhea | 15.6 | 11.9 | 16.6 | <0.001 |
Loss of smell/taste | 13.5 | 9.2 | 14.6 | <0.001 |
Other symptoms | 6.0 | 5.0 | 6.3 | 0.08 |
Variables | All Subjects n = 5479 | Randomized n = 1164 | Self-Selected n = 4315 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
IgG | ||||
% positive | 21.0 | 11.4 | 23.5 | <0.001 |
ratio-median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.9) | <0.001 |
IgM | ||||
% positive | 5.0 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 0.8 |
ratio-median (IQR) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.004 |
Binary Logistic Regression-Dependent Variable: Mode of Recruitment (Random = 0 vs. Self-Selected = 1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Explanatory variables | Univariable | Multivariable | ||||
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Age | 0.99 | 0.98 to 0.99 | * | 0.98 | 0.98 to 0.99 | * |
Body mass index | 0.99 | 0.98 to 1.00 | NS | X | X | X |
IgM ratio | 0.99 | 0.90 to 1.09 | NS | X | X | X |
IgG ratio | 1.20 | 1.14 to 1.26 | * | 1.08 | 1.03 to 1.15 | * |
Gender male vs. female | 0.70 | 0.61 to 0.80 | * | 0.76 | 0.64 to 0.89 | * |
Comorbidities Yes vs. No | 0.68 | 0.57 to 0.81 | * | 0.90 | 0.71 to 1.12 | NS |
Month of serological examination | ||||||
November vs. October | 38.09 | 28.75 to 51.35 | * | 35.52 | 26.48 to 48.78 | * |
December vs. October | 361.41 | 218.45 to 624.13 | * | 411.58 | 246.24 to 727.09 | * |
Professional activity | ||||||
Has a job vs. has no job | 2.01 | 1.77 to 2.31 | * | 1.92 | 1.62 to 2.28 | * |
Works and studies vs. has no job | 3.60 | 1.75 to 8.70 | * | 2.53 | 1.13 to 6.80 | 0.039 |
Contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case | ||||||
No vs. do not know | 0.61 | 0.52 to 0.73 | * | 0.67 | 0.55 to 0.83 | * |
Yes vs. do not know | 2.36 | 1.89 to 2.95 | * | 1.49 | 1.15 to 1.95 | 0.002 |
Post-contact test | ||||||
No vs. do not know | 0.98 | 0.60 to 1.54 | NS | X | X | X |
Yes vs. do not know | 1.39 | 0.84 to 2.26 | NS | X | X | X |
Vaccinated against tuberculosis | ||||||
No vs. do not know | 0.79 | 0.60 to 1.03 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 0.69 to 1.40 | NS |
Yes vs. do not know | 1.54 | 1.31 to 1.80 | * | 1.43 | 1.18 to 1.75 | * |
Vaccinated against seasonalinfluenza last year | ||||||
No vs. do not know | 1.16 | 0.38 to 3.00 | NS | X | X | X |
Yes vs. do not know | 1.79 | 0.57 to 4.69 | NS | X | X | X |
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Gajda, M.; Kowalska, M.; Zejda, J.E. Impact of Two Different Recruitment Procedures (Random vs. Volunteer Selection) on the Results of Seroepidemiological Study (SARS-CoV-2). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9928. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189928
Gajda M, Kowalska M, Zejda JE. Impact of Two Different Recruitment Procedures (Random vs. Volunteer Selection) on the Results of Seroepidemiological Study (SARS-CoV-2). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9928. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189928
Chicago/Turabian StyleGajda, Maksymilian, Małgorzata Kowalska, and Jan Eugeniusz Zejda. 2021. "Impact of Two Different Recruitment Procedures (Random vs. Volunteer Selection) on the Results of Seroepidemiological Study (SARS-CoV-2)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9928. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18189928