Evaluation of the Role of Leisure Time Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Simultaneously on the Income-Overweight/Obesity Relationship
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Dataset and Sample
2.2. Overweight/Obese Weight Status
2.3. Income
2.4. Leisure Time Physical Activity
2.5. Sedentary Behavior Time
2.6. Control Variables
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Structural Equation Modeling
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Full Sample (n = 10,348) | Normal Weight (n = 3136) | Overweight/Obese (n = 7212) | F | Effect Size Cohen’s D or Odds Ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable | |||||
Weight status ^ | |||||
Overweight/obese | 69% | --- | --- | ||
Normal weight | 31% | --- | --- | ||
Independent variable | |||||
Income (FPL) ^ | 3.04 (0.05) | 3.11 (0.07) | 3.01 (0.05) * | 4.08 | 0.02 |
Mediating variables | |||||
Leisure time physical activity (weekly hours) | 3.48 (0.10) | 4.30 (0.17) | 3.11 (0.09) *** | 58.37 | 0.14 |
Sedentary behavior (Daily hours) | 6.25 (0.07) | 5.98 (0.10) | 6.37 (0.08) *** | 12.41 | 0.06 |
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Age | 39.47 (0.23) | 36.79 (0.41) | 40.69 (0.22) *** | 89.92 | 0.20 |
Sex | |||||
Female | 50% | 56% | 48% *** | 42.78 | 0.72 |
Male | 50% | 44% | 52% | ||
Race/ethnicity | |||||
White | 67% | 70% | 65% ** | 9.26 | 0.82 |
Black | 11% | 8% | 13% *** | 42.97 | 1.59 |
Hispanic | 15% | 11% | 17% *** | 33.11 | 1.64 |
Other | 7% | 11% | 5% *** | 43.68 | 0.44 |
Nativity status | |||||
Foreign born | 17% | 19% | 17% | 3.44 | 1.17 |
Native born | 83% | 81% | 83% | ||
Marital status | |||||
Single | 37% | 42% | 35% *** | 24.59 | 0.74 |
Married/cohabiting | 63% | 58% | 65% | ||
Education | |||||
Less than high school degree | 14% | 12% | 15% ** | 11.67 | 1.29 |
High school degree | 55% | 50% | 56% *** | 15.05 | 1.26 |
College graduate or greater | 31% | 37% | 29% *** | 30.93 | 0.67 |
Employment | |||||
Employed | 74% | 73% | 75% | 2.54 | 1.09 |
Unemployed | 26% | 27% | 25% | ||
Health insurance | |||||
Insured | 77% | 77% | 75% | 0.02 | 1.01 |
Uninsured | 23% | 23% | 25% | ||
Health behaviors | |||||
Healthy Eating Index | 52.54 (0.27) | 54.08 (0.43) | 51.84 (0.25) *** | 35.31 | 0.10 |
Average alcoholic drinks per day | 0.60 (0.02) | 0.66 (0.04) | 0.58 (0.02) * | 4.52 | 0.04 |
Smoking status | |||||
Smoker | 23% | 27% | 21% *** | 15.37 | 0.74 |
Non-smoker | 77% | 73% | 79% | ||
Average hours sleep per night | 6.83 (0.02) | 6.97 (0.03) | 6.76 (0.02) *** | 39.63 | 0.12 |
Indirect Effect | B | SE | 95% Bootstrap CI |
---|---|---|---|
Income → Leisure time physical activity → Overweight/obesity | −0.005 | 0.001 | −0.01, −0.003 |
Income → Sedentary behavior time→ Overweight/obesity | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.005, 0.01 |
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Reesor-Oyer, L.; Murillo, R.; LaVoy, E.C.; O’Connor, D.P.; Liu, Y.; Hernandez, D.C. Evaluation of the Role of Leisure Time Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Simultaneously on the Income-Overweight/Obesity Relationship. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3127. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18063127
Reesor-Oyer L, Murillo R, LaVoy EC, O’Connor DP, Liu Y, Hernandez DC. Evaluation of the Role of Leisure Time Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Simultaneously on the Income-Overweight/Obesity Relationship. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3127. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18063127
Chicago/Turabian StyleReesor-Oyer, Layton, Rosenda Murillo, Emily C. LaVoy, Daniel P. O’Connor, Yu Liu, and Daphne C. Hernandez. 2021. "Evaluation of the Role of Leisure Time Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Simultaneously on the Income-Overweight/Obesity Relationship" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3127. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18063127