The Effects of Empowerment Education on Daily Dairy Intake in Community-Dwelling of Older Asian Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Empowerment Program
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Instruments
2.4.1. Personal Characteristics
2.4.2. Outcome Measurement
Daily Dairy Intake Self-Efficacy
Daily Dairy Intake Intention
Daily Dairy Intake Behavior
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Experimental and Control Groups’ Personal Characteristics and Outcome Variables
3.2. Difference in Outcome Variables between T0 and T1, T0 and T2 within the Experimental and Control Groups
3.3. Difference in the Changes in Outcome Variables between the Experimental and Control Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lesson | Empowerment Principle | Strategy | Education Program Content |
---|---|---|---|
1st week | Awareness awakening Provision of necessary information Open communication Mutual participation | Dialogue and reflection Provision of information Sharing of life experiences | Keeping osteoporosis away
|
2nd week | Awareness awakening Provision of necessary information Open communication Mutual participation | Dialogue and reflection Provision of information Sharing of life experiences | Drink more milk to stay healthy
|
3rd week | Awareness awakening Open communication Mutual participation | Group motivation Dialogue and reflection Provision of counseling Sharing of life experiences | Cheering for your friends, and yourself
|
4th week | Open communication Mutual participation | Group motivation Dialogue and reflection Provision of counseling Sharing of life experiences | I’m a detective
|
5th week | Open communication Mutual participation | Group motivation Dialogue and reflection Provision of counseling Sharing of life experiences | My dairy products, my decision
|
6th week | Open communication Mutual participation | Group motivation Dialogue and reflection Provision of counseling Sharing of life experiences | Carrying on with my efforts
|
Variables | Experimental (n = 34) | Control (n = 34) | X2/tp | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) Mean (SD) | n (%) Mean (SD) | |||||
Age | 74.3 (9.8) | 76.9 (2.1) | −0.88 | 0.37 | ||
Marital status | 8.63 | 0.07 | ||||
Single | 5 (14.7) | 1 (2.9) | ||||
Married | 25 (73.5) | 28 (82.4) | ||||
Divorced or widowed | 4 (1.2) | 5 (14.7) | ||||
Education level | 4.75 | 0.57 | ||||
Literate | 4 (11.8) | 2 (5.9) | ||||
Elementary school | 14 (41.2) | 13 (38.2) | ||||
Junior high school | 2 (5.9) | 6 (17.6) | ||||
Senior high school | 9 (26.5) | 10 (29.4) | ||||
Junior college or higher | 5 (14.6) | 3 (8.8) | ||||
Residential status | 6.25 | 0.10 | ||||
Living with children | 14 (41.2) | 17 (50) | ||||
Living with spouse | 6 (17.6) | 11 (32.4) | ||||
Living alone | 14 (41.2) | 6 (17.6) | ||||
Financial condition | 2.38 | 0.49 | ||||
Poor | 3 (8.8) | 3 (8.8) | ||||
Average | 15 (44.1) | 21 (61.8) | ||||
Sufficiently well off | 16 (47.1) | 10 (29.4) | ||||
Self-perceived health | 3.11 | 0.53 | ||||
Unhealthy | 6 (17.6) | 8 (23.5) | ||||
Average | 16 (47.1) | 11 (32.4) | ||||
Healthy | 12 (35.3) | 15 (44.1) | ||||
ESS | 16.5 (5.7) | 15.8 (5.8) | 0.52 | 0.59 | ||
MNA | 24.3 (1.6) | 23.4 (2.2) | 1.96 | 0.06 | ||
Self-efficacy | 8.8 (3.3) | 9.2 (3.9) | −0.50 | 0.61 | ||
Intention | 10.6 (3.6) | 10.4 (3.4) | 0.20 | 0.83 | ||
Behavior (day/month) | 6.8 (9.6) | 4.4 (8.1) | 1.09 | 0.27 |
Variables | Dairy Intake Self-Efficacy | Dairy Intake Intention | Dairy Intake Behavior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | SE | p | Beta | SE | p | Beta | SE | p | |
Experimental | |||||||||
T1 vs. T0 | 2.79 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 1.27 | 0.43 | 0.004 | 2.47 | 1.07 | 0.021 |
T2 vs. T0 | 3.53 | 0.66 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 0.50 | 0.002 | 4.29 | 1.33 | <0.001 |
Control | |||||||||
T1 vs. T0 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.248 | −0.38 | 0.42 | 0.358 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.306 |
T2 vs. T0 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.476 | −0.32 | 0.50 | 0.514 | 0.18 | 0.32 | 0.579 |
Variables | Dairy Intake Self-Efficacy | Dairy Intake Intention | Dairy Intake Behavior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta | SE | p | Beta | SE | p | Beta | SE | p | |
Group E vs. C | −0.44 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 0.17 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 2.35 | 2.12 | 0.26 |
Time | |||||||||
T1 vs. T0 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.24 | −0.38 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.30 |
T2 vs. T0 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.47 | −0.32 | 0.49 | 0.51 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.57 |
Group * Time | |||||||||
Group * (T1 vs. T0) | 2.70 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 1.64 | 0.60 | <0.01 | 2.14 | 1.11 | 0.054 |
Group * (T2 vs. T0) | 3.47 | 0.66 | <0.001 | 1.91 | 0.70 | <0.01 | 4.11 | 1.36 | <0.01 |
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Hsu, P.-T.; Chen, J.-J.; Ho, Y.-F. The Effects of Empowerment Education on Daily Dairy Intake in Community-Dwelling of Older Asian Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4659. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094659
Hsu P-T, Chen J-J, Ho Y-F. The Effects of Empowerment Education on Daily Dairy Intake in Community-Dwelling of Older Asian Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4659. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094659
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Pei-Ti, Jeu-Jung Chen, and Ya-Fang Ho. 2021. "The Effects of Empowerment Education on Daily Dairy Intake in Community-Dwelling of Older Asian Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4659. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18094659