Influence of Social Adversity on Perceived Health Status and Depressive Symptoms among Portuguese Older People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) | At-Risk-of-Poverty * (%) | Food Insecurity (%) | Abuse (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No 553 (81.7) | Yes 76 (12.1) | No 632 (93.4) | Yes 45 (6.6) | No 515 (76.1) | Yes 162 (23.9) | ||
Gender | |||||||
Women | 428 (63.2) | 86.2 | 13.8 | 91.1 | 8.9 | 73.8 | 26.2 |
Men | 249 (36.8) | 90.8 | 9.2 | 97.2 | 2.8 | 79.9 | 20.1 |
p = 0.108 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.090 | |||||
Age (years) | |||||||
60–69 | 306 (45.2) | 92.0 | 8.0 | 94.1 | 5.9 | 77.1 | 22.9 |
70–79 | 244 (36.0) | 85.6 | 14.4 | 93.0 | 7.0 | 71.7 | 28.3 |
>79 | 127 (18.8) | 81.2 | 18.8 | 92.1 | 7.9 | 81.9 | 18.1 |
p = 0.006 | p = 0.727 | p = 0.079 | |||||
Marital status | |||||||
Married/Cohabiting | 418 (61.7) | 90.8 | 9.2 | 95.2 | 4.8 | 76.1 | 23.9 |
Other | 259 (38.3) | 82.9 | 17.1 | 90.3 | 9.7 | 76.1 | 23.9 |
p = 0.005 | p = 0.021 | p = 1.000 | |||||
Education | |||||||
High (>9 years) | 272 (40.2) | 96.9 | 3.1 | 98.9 | 1.1 | 72.1 | 27.9 |
Intermediate (5–9 years) | 157 (23.2) | 93.8 | 6.3 | 94.9 | 5.1 | 81.5 | 18.5 |
Low (<5 years) | 247 (36.5) | 73.9 | 26.1 | 86.2 | 13.8 | 76.9 | 23.1 |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.079 | |||||
Occupational position | |||||||
High (Upper white collar) | 276 (43.6) | 98.5 | 1.5 | 97.5 | 2.5 | 75.4 | 24.6 |
Intermediate (Lower white collar) | 198 (31.3) | 84.9 | 15.1 | 93.4 | 6.6 | 76.3 | 23.7 |
Low (Blue collar) | 159 (25.1) | 76.8 | 23.2 | 87.4 | 12.6 | 79.2 | 20.8 |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.647 |
n (%) | At-Risk-of-Poverty * (%) | Food Insecurity (%) | Abuse (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No 553 (81.7) | Yes 76 (12.1) | No 632 (93.4) | Yes 6.6% | No 553 (81.7) | Yes 76 (12.1) | ||
Perceived household income adequacy | |||||||
Sufficient | 570 (84.4) | 93.1 | 6.9 | 97.5 | 2.5 | 77.9 | 22.1 |
Insufficient | 105 (15.6) | 58.5 | 41.5 | 70.5 | 29.5 | 65.7 | 34.3 |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.010 | |||||
Housing | |||||||
Own house | 429 (63.4) | 91.2 | 8.8 | 97.0 | 3.0 | 76.9 | 23.1 |
Rented house | 182 (26.9) | 82.0 | 18.0 | 87.4 | 12.6 | 75.3 | 24.7 |
Other types of housing † | 66 (9.7) | 81.8 | 18.2 | 86.4 | 13.6 | 72.7 | 27.3 |
p = 0.003 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.726 | |||||
Financial support 1 | |||||||
Working | 98 (14.5) | 91.7 | 8.3 | 95.9 | 4.1 | 73.5 | 26.5 |
Social/sick-leave/other pensions benefits | 524 (77.4) | 86.8 | 13.2 | 92.6 | 7.4 | 76.3 | 23.7 |
Other | 55 (8.1) | 91.5 | 8.5 | 96.4 | 3.6 | 78.2 | 21.8 |
p = 0.305 | p = 0.305 | p = 0.771 |
n (%) | At-Risk-of-Poverty * (%) | Food Insecurity (%) | Abuse (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No 553 (81.7) | Yes 76 (12.1) | No 632 (93.4) | Yes 6.6% | No 553 (81.7) | Yes 76 (12.1) | ||
Perceived Social Support 1 | |||||||
High support | 458 (68.4) | 90.6 | 9.4 | 96.9 | 3.1 | 77.9 | 22.1 |
Moderate/low support | 212 (31.6) | 81.7 | 18.3 | 85.4 | 14.6 | 71.7 | 28.3 |
p = 0.003 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.096 | |||||
Perceived health status | |||||||
Good/Very good | 308 (45.5) | 93.8 | 6.2 | 97.7 | 2.3 | 78.2 | 21.8 |
Reasonable | 324 (47.9) | 85.3 | 14.7 | 92.3 | 7.7 | 75.9 | 24.1 |
Poor/Very poor | 45 (6.6) | 65.9 | 34.1 | 71.1 | 28.9 | 62.2 | 37.8 |
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.062 | |||||
Presence of depressive symptoms 2 | |||||||
No | 472 (72.6) | 90.5 | 9.5 | 97.0 | 3.0 | 81.6 | 18.4 |
Yes | 178 (27.4) | 81.8 | 18.2 | 84.8 | 15.2 | 62.4 | 37.6 |
p = 0.005 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||
Presence of chronic diseases | |||||||
No | 42 (6.2) | 97.4 | 2.6 | 92.9 | 7.1 | 81.0 | 19.0 |
Yes | 634 (93.8) | 87.3 | 12.7 | 93.4 | 6.6 | 75.7 | 24.3 |
p = 0.103 | p = 1.000 | p = 0.559 |
Perceived Health Status: (Very) Poor | Presence of Depressive Symptoms | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model † | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model † | |||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Exposure to vulnerabilities | ||||||||
Never exposed to any vulnerability | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Only exposed to poverty | 3.61 | 1.23–10.55 | 2.83 | 0.95–8.44 | 1.83 | 0.91–3.68 | 1.45 | 0.69–3.03 |
Only exposed to food insecurity | 7.68 | 1.92–30.61 | 5.01 | 1.19–21.14 | 4.76 | 1.56–14.55 | 3.20 | 0.98–10.39 |
Only exposed to abuse | 2.22 | 0.94–5.27 | 2.11 | 0.88–5.06 | 2.61 | 1.67–4.07 | 2.42 | 1.52–3.86 |
Exposed to at least 2 vulnerabilities | 9.38 | 3.84–22.90 | 7.12 | 2.78–18.25 | 5.71 | 2.81–11.58 | 4.34 | 2.04–9.22 |
Combined exposure to vulnerabilities | ||||||||
Never exposed to vulnerabilities | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Exposed to 1 vulnerability | 2.92 | 1.41–6.06 | 2.54 | 1.20–5.34 | 2.52 | 1.70–3.73 | 2.20 | 1.46–3.32 |
Exposed to at least 2 vulnerabilities | 9.38 | 3.84–22.90 | 7.11 | 2.77–18.25 | 5.71 | 2.81–11.58 | 4.34 | 2.04–9.22 |
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Sampaio, J.; Henriques, A.; Ramos, E.; Dias, I.; Lopes, A.; Fraga, S. Influence of Social Adversity on Perceived Health Status and Depressive Symptoms among Portuguese Older People. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6355. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19116355
Sampaio J, Henriques A, Ramos E, Dias I, Lopes A, Fraga S. Influence of Social Adversity on Perceived Health Status and Depressive Symptoms among Portuguese Older People. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11):6355. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19116355
Chicago/Turabian StyleSampaio, Joana, Ana Henriques, Elisabete Ramos, Isabel Dias, Alexandra Lopes, and Sílvia Fraga. 2022. "Influence of Social Adversity on Perceived Health Status and Depressive Symptoms among Portuguese Older People" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11: 6355. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph19116355