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Energies, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2018) – 370 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The importance of iodide as an anion in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is established as an electrolyte in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSCs). By means of ab-initio molecular-dynamics simulation, the vibrational spectrum of a prototypical dye is computed for an RTIL featuring iodine and compared with high-quality experimental data. View this paper.
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19 pages, 2977 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Analyses of the Hydro-Turbine Generator Shafting System Considering the Hydraulic Instability
by Keyun Zhuang, Chaodan Gao, Ze Li, Donglin Yan and Xiangqian Fu
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2862; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102862 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2907
Abstract
Hydraulic instability is a complex factor causing the vibration of hydro-turbine generator shafting system (HGSS), and the mechanism is the uneven distribution of flow along the circumference. The common reasons for this phenomenon include the inconsistency of the blade exit flow angle, the [...] Read more.
Hydraulic instability is a complex factor causing the vibration of hydro-turbine generator shafting system (HGSS), and the mechanism is the uneven distribution of flow along the circumference. The common reasons for this phenomenon include the inconsistency of the blade exit flow angle, the relay stroke and the guide vane opening. This paper mainly focuses on the research of the hydraulic instability caused by the inconsistency of the blade exit flow angle. Firstly, based on the Kutta-Joukowski theorem, the hydraulic unbalance force model is firstly presented. Then, considering the chain reaction among the hydraulic, mechanical and electrical instability, a combined nonlinear mathematical model of the HGSS is established. Finally, by using numerical simulation, the dynamic characteristics of the HGSS with the changing of the deviation of the blade exit flow angle, the blade exit diameter and the guide vane opening angle are analyzed. Moreover, it is found that the hydraulic instability determines the overall changing trend of the shafting dynamic behaviors. In addition, some stable ranges of the HGSS are distinguished. But above all, these results can efficiently provide a reference for the design and manufacture of hydro-turbine blades and the operation of hydropower stations. Full article
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31 pages, 1630 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of Hybridization of Heuristic Techniques for Residential Load Scheduling
by Zafar Iqbal, Nadeem Javaid, Syed Muhammad Mohsin, Syed Muhammad Abrar Akber, Muhammad Khalil Afzal and Farruh Ishmanov
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2861; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102861 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3750
Abstract
With the emergence of the smart grid, both consumers and electricity providing companies can benefit from real-time interaction and pricing methods. In this work, a smart power system is considered, where consumers share a common energy source. Each consumer is equipped with a [...] Read more.
With the emergence of the smart grid, both consumers and electricity providing companies can benefit from real-time interaction and pricing methods. In this work, a smart power system is considered, where consumers share a common energy source. Each consumer is equipped with a home energy management controller (HEMC) as scheduler and a smart meter. The HEMC keeps updating the utility with the load profile of the home. The smart meter is connected to a power grid having an advanced metering infrastructure which is responsible for two-way communication. Genetic teaching-learning based optimization, flower pollination teaching learning based optimization, flower pollination BAT and flower pollination genetic algorithm based energy consumption scheduling algorithms are proposed. These algorithms schedule the loads in order to shave the peak formation without compromising user comfort. The proposed algorithms achieve optimal energy consumption profile for the home appliances equipped with sensors to maximize the consumer benefits in a fair and efficient manner by exchanging control messages. Control messages contain energy consumption of consumer and real-time pricing information. Simulation results show that proposed algorithms reduce the peak-to-average ratio by 34.56% and help the users to reduce their energy expenses by 42.41% without compromising the comfort. The daily discomfort is reduced by 28.18%. Full article
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17 pages, 9140 KiB  
Article
Factors Affecting the Installation Potential of Ground Source Heat Pump Systems: A Comparative Study for the Sendai Plain and Aizu Basin, Japan
by Shohei Kaneko, Youhei Uchida, Gaurav Shrestha, Takeshi Ishihara and Mayumi Yoshioka
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2860; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102860 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2655
Abstract
Evaluating the installation potential of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems based on the hydrogeological condition of an area is important for the installation and sustainable use of the system. This work is the first to have compared the distributions of heat exchange [...] Read more.
Evaluating the installation potential of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems based on the hydrogeological condition of an area is important for the installation and sustainable use of the system. This work is the first to have compared the distributions of heat exchange rate in the Sendai Plain and Aizu Basin (Japan) in terms of topographical and hydrogeological conditions. A regional groundwater flow and heat transport model was constructed for the Sendai Plain. Suitability assessment was conducted for an identical closed-loop system by preparing the distribution maps of heat exchange rate for space heating for the plain and basin. For both locations, the upstream area showed a higher heat exchange rate than the downstream area. Multiple regression analysis was conducted using heat exchange rate as a response variable. Average groundwater flow velocity and average subsurface temperature were considered as explanatory variables. The heat exchange rate for the plain, whose Péclet number ranged from 3.5 × 10−3–7.3 × 10−2, was affected by groundwater flow velocity and subsurface temperature. The exchange rate for the basin, whose Péclet number ranged from 8.5 × 10−2–5.8 × 10−1, was affected by groundwater flow velocity. Inland basins are likely to be more suitable for GSHP system installation utilizing groundwater flow than coastal plains in terms of inclination of slope. This study showed that multiple regression analysis can reveal factors affecting the heat exchange rate as well as the degree to which they affect it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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15 pages, 6792 KiB  
Article
On the Relationship between Creep Strain and Permeability of Granite: Experiment and Model Investigation
by Haiyang Yi, Hongwei Zhou, Rui Wang, Di Liu and Jingyang Ding
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2859; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102859 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2873
Abstract
Granite is regarded as a good option of host rock for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories. Despite of its creep strain is small, the creep damage of which, especially that in the accelerated creep stage, increase its permeability significantly. To investigate the relationship [...] Read more.
Granite is regarded as a good option of host rock for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories. Despite of its creep strain is small, the creep damage of which, especially that in the accelerated creep stage, increase its permeability significantly. To investigate the relationship between the creep strain and permeability evolution in granite, the present paper conducted a set of creep-seepage experiments associated with acoustic emission (AE) technology. The analysis in terms of the evolution of creep strain and permeability, characters of AE hits, mechanism of creep strain and that of permeability convince us that, the permeability evolution of granite is related to the volumetric dilation and microcracks connectivity. According to this relationship, a three-dimensional damage-based creep model was deduced from a one-dimensional fractal derivative-based model, and a permeability evolution model was proposed as well in this paper. The experiment data suggest nonnegligible influence of creep damage on the permeability of granite, therefore this influence should be taken into consideration of the design work of HLW repositories. The calculated results of the proposed models match well the experiment data, suggesting good capability of the models in approaching the creep and hydraulic performance of granite. In addition, the permeability model is friendly in parameter identification due to its simple mathematic formulation. Full article
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19 pages, 6875 KiB  
Article
A Real-Time Pricing Scheme for Energy Management in Integrated Energy Systems: A Stackelberg Game Approach
by Tengfei Ma, Junyong Wu, Liangliang Hao, Huaguang Yan and Dezhi Li
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2858; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102858 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4266
Abstract
This paper proposes a real-time pricing scheme for the demand response management between one energy provider and multiple energy hub operators. A promising energy trading scenario has been designed for the near future integrated energy system. The Stackelberg game approach was employed to [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a real-time pricing scheme for the demand response management between one energy provider and multiple energy hub operators. A promising energy trading scenario has been designed for the near future integrated energy system. The Stackelberg game approach was employed to capture the interactions between the energy provider (leader) and energy consumers (follower). A distributed algorithm was proposed to derive the Stackelberg equilibrium, then, the best strategies for the energy provider and each energy hub operator were explored in order to maximize their benefits. Simulation results showed that the proposed method can balance the energy supply and demand, improve the payoffs for all players, as well as smooth the aggregated load profiles of all energy consumers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Management Energy Systems in Industry 4.0)
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23 pages, 4205 KiB  
Article
A Study about Performance and Robustness of Model Predictive Controllers in a WEC System
by Rafael Guardeño, Agustín Consegliere and Manuel J. López
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2857; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102857 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3012
Abstract
This work is located in a growing sector within the field of renewable energies, wave energy converters (WECs). Specifically, it focuses on one of the point absorber waves (PAWs) of the hybrid platform W2POWER. With the aim of maximizing the mechanical power extracted [...] Read more.
This work is located in a growing sector within the field of renewable energies, wave energy converters (WECs). Specifically, it focuses on one of the point absorber waves (PAWs) of the hybrid platform W2POWER. With the aim of maximizing the mechanical power extracted from the waves by these WECs and reducing their mechanical fatigue, the design of five different model predictive controllers (MPCs) with hard and soft constraints has been carried out. As a contribution of this paper, two of the MPCs have been designed with the addition of an embedded integrator. In order to analyze and compare the MPCs with conventional PI type control, an exhaustive study about performance and robustness is realized through the computer simulations carried out, in which uncertainties in the WEC dynamics and JONSWAP spectrum are considered. The results obtained show how the MPCs with embedded integrator improve power production of the WEC system studied in this work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Renewable Energy: Ocean Waves, Tides and Offshore Wind)
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27 pages, 3165 KiB  
Article
Coupling Analysis and Performance Study of Commercial 18650 Lithium-Ion Batteries under Conditions of Temperature and Vibration
by Lijun Zhang, Zhongqiang Mu and Xiangyu Gao
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2856; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102856 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5997
Abstract
At present, a variety of standardized 18650 commercial cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are widely used in new energy automotive industries. In this paper, the Panasonic NCR18650PF cylindrical lithium-ion batteries were studied. The NEWWARE BTS4000 battery test platform is used to test the electrical performances [...] Read more.
At present, a variety of standardized 18650 commercial cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are widely used in new energy automotive industries. In this paper, the Panasonic NCR18650PF cylindrical lithium-ion batteries were studied. The NEWWARE BTS4000 battery test platform is used to test the electrical performances under temperature, vibration and temperature-vibration coupling conditions. Under the temperature conditions, the discharge capacity of the same battery at the low temperature was only 85.9% of that at the high temperature. Under the vibration condition, mathematical statistics methods (the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test and the Kruskal-Wallis test) were used to analyze changes of the battery capacity and the internal resistance. Changes at a confidence level of 95% in the capacity and the internal resistance were considered to be significantly different between the vibration conditions at 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz and 30 Hz versus the non-vibration condition. The internal resistance of the battery under the Y-direction vibration was the largest, and the difference was significant. Under the temperature-vibration coupling conditions, the orthogonal table L9 (34) was designed. It was found out that three factors were arranged in order of temperature, vibration frequency and vibration direction. Among them, the temperature factor is the main influencing factor affecting the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Storage Technology for a Sustainable Future)
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23 pages, 2452 KiB  
Article
Multi-Dimensional Sparse-Coded Ambient Backscatter Communication for Massive IoT Networks
by Tae Yeong Kim and Dong In Kim
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102855 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3179
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a multi-dimensional sparse-coded ambient backscatter communication (MSC-AmBC) system for long-range and high-rate massive Internet of things (IoT) networks. We utilize the characteristics of the ambient sources employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation to mitigate strong direct-link interference [...] Read more.
In this paper, we propose a multi-dimensional sparse-coded ambient backscatter communication (MSC-AmBC) system for long-range and high-rate massive Internet of things (IoT) networks. We utilize the characteristics of the ambient sources employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation to mitigate strong direct-link interference and improve signal detection of AmBC at the reader. Also, utilization of the sparsity originated from the duty-cycling operation of batteryless RF tags is proposed to increase the dimension of signal space of backscatter signals to achieve either diversity or multiplexing gains in AmBC. We propose optimal constellation mapping and reflection coefficient projection and expansion methods to effectively construct multi-dimensional constellation for high-order backscatter modulation while guaranteeing sufficient energy harvesting opportunities at these tags. Simulation results confirm the feasibility of the long-range and high-rate AmBC in massive IoT networks where a huge number of active ambient sources and passive RF tags coexist. Full article
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26 pages, 5399 KiB  
Article
Damping Optimum-Based Design of Control Strategy Suitable for Battery/Ultracapacitor Electric Vehicles
by Danijel Pavković, Mihael Cipek, Zdenko Kljaić, Tomislav Josip Mlinarić, Mario Hrgetić and Davor Zorc
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2854; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102854 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3935
Abstract
This contribution outlines the design of electric vehicle direct-current (DC) bus control system supplied by a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system, and its coordination with the fully electrified vehicle driveline control system. The control strategy features an upper-level DC bus voltage feedback controller [...] Read more.
This contribution outlines the design of electric vehicle direct-current (DC) bus control system supplied by a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system, and its coordination with the fully electrified vehicle driveline control system. The control strategy features an upper-level DC bus voltage feedback controller and a direct load compensator for stiff tracking of variable (speed-dependent) voltage target. The inner control level, comprising dedicated battery and ultracapacitor current controllers, is commanded by an intermediate-level control scheme which dynamically distributes the upper-level current command between the ultracapacitor and the battery energy storage systems. The feedback control system is designed and analytical expressions for feedback controller parameters are obtained by using the damping optimum criterion. The proposed methodology is verified by means of simulations and experimentally for different realistic operating regimes, including electric vehicle DC bus load step change, hybrid energy storage system charging/discharging, and electric vehicle driveline subject to New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), Urban Driving Dynamometer Schedule (UDDS), New York Certification Cycle (NYCC) and California Unified Cycle (LA92), as well as for abrupt acceleration/deceleration regimes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)
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22 pages, 13644 KiB  
Article
Key Technologies and Application Test of an Innovative Noncoal Pillar Mining Approach: A Case Study
by Zimin Ma, Jiong Wang, Manchao He, Yubing Gao, Jinzhu Hu and Qiong Wang
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2853; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102853 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 3387
Abstract
The waste of coal resources, a complicated production process and slow mining speed seriously restrict the rapid development of longwall mining. To achieve effective mining, an innovative noncoal pillar mining approach (i.e., Gob-side Entry Retaining by Roof Cutting (GERRC)) was introduced. The mechanism [...] Read more.
The waste of coal resources, a complicated production process and slow mining speed seriously restrict the rapid development of longwall mining. To achieve effective mining, an innovative noncoal pillar mining approach (i.e., Gob-side Entry Retaining by Roof Cutting (GERRC)) was introduced. The mechanism of the GERRC approach and its three key technologies (i.e., roof support technology, directional presplit cumulative blasting technology and surrounding rock control technology) were studied by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, laboratory and field experiments. The new approach was finally tested under medium-thick coal seam and compound roof conditions. The results show that the directional presplit cumulative blasting technology can effectively control the damage evolution in the roof rock, maintain the integrity of the entry roof and contribute the gob roof to the cave in time. The support technologies in different roof movement stages can control the entry surroundings, and the final section of the retained entry met the safety production requirements. The test results suggested that the proposed approach for coal effective mining is feasible, and the introduced key technologies and design methods potentially produce reasonable values for applications of pillarless mining in similar projects. Full article
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21 pages, 4902 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Intra-Array Wake Dynamics on Depth-Averaged Kinetic Tidal Turbine Energy Extraction Simulations
by Marco Piano, Peter E. Robins, Alan G. Davies and Simon P. Neill
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102852 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3007
Abstract
Assessing the tidal stream energy resource, its intermittency and likely environmental feedbacks due to energy extraction, relies on the ability to accurately represent kinetic losses in ocean models. Energy conversion has often been implemented in ocean models with enhanced turbine stress terms formulated [...] Read more.
Assessing the tidal stream energy resource, its intermittency and likely environmental feedbacks due to energy extraction, relies on the ability to accurately represent kinetic losses in ocean models. Energy conversion has often been implemented in ocean models with enhanced turbine stress terms formulated using an array-averaging approach, rather than implementing extraction at device-scale. In depth-averaged models, an additional drag term in the momentum equations is usually applied. However, such array-averaging simulations neglect intra-array device wake interactions, providing unrealistic energy extraction dynamics. Any induced simulation error will increase with array size. For this study, an idealized channel is discretized at sub 10 m resolution, resolving individual device wake profiles of tidal turbines in the domain. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on the applied turbulence closure scheme, validating results against published data from empirical scaled turbine studies. We test the fine scale model performance of several mesh densities, which produce a centerline velocity wake deficit accuracy (R2) of 0.58–0.69 (RMSE = 7.16–8.28%) using a k-Ɛ turbulence closure scheme. Various array configurations at device scale are simulated and compared with an equivalent array-averaging approach by analyzing channel flux differential. Parametrization of array-averaging energy extraction techniques can misrepresent simulated energy transfer and removal. The potential peak error in channel flux exceeds 0.5% when the number of turbines nTECs ≈ 25 devices. This error exceeds 2% when simulating commercial-scale turbine array farms (i.e., >100 devices). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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15 pages, 2243 KiB  
Article
A Novel Power Losses Reduction Method Based on a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Using STATCOM
by Valeriya Tuzikova, Josef Tlusty and Zdenek Muller
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2851; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102851 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
In the modern electric power industry, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) have a special place. In connection with the increased interest in the development of “smart energy”, the use of such devices is becoming especially urgent. Their main function is the ability to [...] Read more.
In the modern electric power industry, Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) have a special place. In connection with the increased interest in the development of “smart energy”, the use of such devices is becoming especially urgent. Their main function is the ability to manage modes in real time: maintain the necessary level of voltage in the grids, control the power flow, increase the capacity of power lines and increase the static and dynamic stability of the power grid. The problem of system reliability and stability is related to the task of definitions and optimizations and planning indicators, design and exploitation. The main aim of this article is the definition of the best placement of the STATCOM compensator in case to provide stability and reliability of the grid with the minimization of the power losses, using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms. All calculations were performed in MATLAB. Full article
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15 pages, 2918 KiB  
Article
Schedule Modeling to Estimate Typical Construction Durations and Areas of Risk for 1000 MW Ultra-Critical Coal-Fired Power Plants
by Hyun-Chul Lee, Eul-Bum Lee and Douglas Alleman
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2850; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102850 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4319
Abstract
To date, Korea has built four 1000 MW gross-power ultra-critical coal-fired power plants. With the introduction of this new power plant type, there is a need for the development of best practices and lessons learned associated with its construction. One such need identified [...] Read more.
To date, Korea has built four 1000 MW gross-power ultra-critical coal-fired power plants. With the introduction of this new power plant type, there is a need for the development of best practices and lessons learned associated with its construction. One such need identified as a gap in literature is the early project planning estimation of project duration. To fill this research gap, this study utilized the Program Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical Path Method (PERT/CPM) and Monte Carlo simulations for estimating the appropriate construction duration at the planning stage of a new 1000 MW class coal-fired power plant project. Through the case study of the four Korean ultra-critical coal-fired power plants in operation, there was found an 85% likelihood of construction duration to be between 64 and 68 months. From interviews with subject matter experts, the most significant risk factors were found to be labor strikes and construction safety incidents. The findings within aid early planning decision makers by providing a replicable and accurate schedule estimation process. While the findings are based on Korean power plants, the results of this research can be used as a tool for coal-fired power plant construction schedule estimation worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Policy in South Korea)
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9 pages, 2176 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Thermoelectric Properties of Graphite/poly(3,4-ethyenedioxythiophene) Nanocomposites
by Yong Du, Haixia Li, Xuechen Jia, Yunchen Dou, Jiayue Xu and Per Eklund
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2849; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102849 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3745
Abstract
Graphite/poly(3,4-ethyenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanocomposites were prepared by an in-situ oxidative polymerization process. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the graphite/PEDOT nanocomposites with different content of graphite were measured in the temperature range from 300 K to 380 K. The results show that as [...] Read more.
Graphite/poly(3,4-ethyenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanocomposites were prepared by an in-situ oxidative polymerization process. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the graphite/PEDOT nanocomposites with different content of graphite were measured in the temperature range from 300 K to 380 K. The results show that as the content of graphite increased from 0 to 37.2 wt %, the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites increased sharply from 3.6 S/cm to 80.1 S/cm, while the Seebeck coefficient kept almost the same value (in the range between 12.0 μV/K to 15.1 μV/K) at 300 K, which lead to an increased power factor. The Seebeck coefficient of the nanocomposites increased from 300 K to 380 K, while the electrical conductivity did not substantially depend on the measurement temperature. As a result, a power factor of 3.2 μWm−1 K−2 at 380 K was obtained for the nanocomposites with 37.2 wt % graphite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Thermal Energy Utilization Technologies in Buildings)
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22 pages, 7204 KiB  
Article
Oil Prices and Global Stock Markets: A Time-Varying Causality-In-Mean and Causality-in-Variance Analysis
by Emrah İ. Çevik, Erdal Atukeren and Turhan Korkmaz
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2848; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102848 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4169
Abstract
This study examines the Granger-causal relationships between oil price movements and global stock returns by using time-varying Granger-causality tests in mean and in variance. We use the daily returns from Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) G7 and the MSCI Emerging Stock Market Indexes [...] Read more.
This study examines the Granger-causal relationships between oil price movements and global stock returns by using time-varying Granger-causality tests in mean and in variance. We use the daily returns from Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) G7 and the MSCI Emerging Stock Market Indexes to distinguish between the effects of daily oil price movements on G7 countries’ and emerging market countries’ stock markets. We further divide the emerging markets into two groups as oil-exporting and oil-importing countries. For the oil market, we use both the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent oil daily price movements. While the Granger-causality-in-mean tests indicate a causal link from WTI oil prices and G7 countries’ stock returns to MSCI emerging countries’ stock returns, the Granger-causality-in-variance tests suggest no causal link from global oil market prices to stock market returns. Nonetheless, a causal link from the G7 countries’ stock returns to the MSCI emerging countries’ stock returns is detected. In addition, G7 countries’ stock market volatility is found to Granger-cause Brent oil price volatility. The time-varying Granger-causality-in-mean and Granger-causality-in-variance tests present new and further insights. A causal relationship between oil price changes and G7 countries’ stock returns is found for some periods during and after the global financial crisis. Time-varying Granger-causality-in-variance test results indicate evidence of causal linkages among oil prices and global stock market returns that are specific only to certain time periods. We also find that there might be a difference between the movements in Brent and WTI oil prices with respect to their Granger-causal effects on oil-importing emerging markets’ stock returns—especially after the global financial crisis. Our results provide further evidence that the effects of oil price movements on stock returns might be different depending on the volatility in the stock markets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Markets and Economics)
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18 pages, 1953 KiB  
Article
Legal and Regulatory Development of Nuclear Energy in Bangladesh
by Ridoan Karim, Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki, Mohammad Ershadul Karim, Abu Bakar Munir, Imtiaz Mohammad Sifat, Siti Hawa Abu-Bakar, Nurul Aini Bani and Mohd Nabil Muhtazaruddin
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2847; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102847 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5815
Abstract
The adequacy of legal and regulatory framework relating to nuclear energy in Bangladesh has sparked many questions since the government took the formal decision to establish a nuclear power plant (NPP) at Rooppur. Consequently, the government has taken some measures to make a [...] Read more.
The adequacy of legal and regulatory framework relating to nuclear energy in Bangladesh has sparked many questions since the government took the formal decision to establish a nuclear power plant (NPP) at Rooppur. Consequently, the government has taken some measures to make a comprehensive and robust framework to ensure safe and secure nuclear energy production in the country. Even though these initiatives are highly appreciable, there remain certain regulatory concerns which this paper has attempted to reflect. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to showcase the recent legal and regulatory development of Bangladesh in relation to nuclear energy and to recommend further developments. The study was based on secondary sources where a doctrinal research was carried out to solve particular research questions. The safety and security of the Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant will frankly rely on how the government of Bangladesh plans and learns to implement, design, safeguard, exchange and further develop nuclear energy related knowledge and talent around the country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10 Years Energies - Horizon 2028)
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33 pages, 12497 KiB  
Article
Preliminary Performance Tests and Simulation of a V-Shape Roof Guide Vane Mounted on an Eco-Roof System
by Xiaohang Wang, Wentong Chong, Kokhoe Wong, Liphuat Saw, Sinchew Poh, Saihin Lai and Chin-Tsan Wang
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2846; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102846 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3720
Abstract
The technical and economic features of a patented V-shape roof guide vane (VRGV) with a solar and wind power generation system mounted on an eco-roof system are presented in this paper. Moreover, this innovative VRGV was investigated on for the purpose of improving [...] Read more.
The technical and economic features of a patented V-shape roof guide vane (VRGV) with a solar and wind power generation system mounted on an eco-roof system are presented in this paper. Moreover, this innovative VRGV was investigated on for the purpose of improving the performance of a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), which was installed on an eco-roof system to solve the low-efficiency power generation problem of the wind turbines under the condition of a low wind speed. This paper proposes a preliminary study for the performance of the VAWT with the VRGV on a building. This research used a mock-up building with a double slope roof, where a five straight-bladed VAWT was mounted and tested under two conditions, with and without the VRGV. From the comparative experiments, the self-starting performance and rotational speed of the VAWT mounted above a double slope roof with the VRGV have been significantly improved compared to the VAWT without the VRGV. Further, the power coefficient (Cp) of the VAWT can be augmented to about 71.2% increment due to the VRGV design. In addition, numerical simulations by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were proposed to verify the augmented effect of the Cp of the VAWT under the influence of the VRGV in the experiment. Besides, economic estimation of the VRGV was conducted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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13 pages, 2597 KiB  
Article
Intensification of Continuous Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oils Using Shockwave Power Reactor: Process Evaluation and Optimization through Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
by Ahmad Abbaszadeh-Mayvan, Barat Ghobadian, Gholamhassan Najafi and Talal Yusaf
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2845; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102845 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3801
Abstract
This research aims to develop an optimal continuous process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) from waste cooking oil using a series of shockwave power reactors. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiment [...] Read more.
This research aims to develop an optimal continuous process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) from waste cooking oil using a series of shockwave power reactors. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was used to design the experiment and to analyze five operating parameters: ratio of rotor diameter to stator diameter (Dr/Ds), ratio of cavity diameter to rotor diameter (Dc/Dr), ratio of cavity depth to gap between rotor and stator (dc/∆r), rotational speed of rotor (N), and Residence time (Tr). The optimum conditions were determined to be Dr/Ds = 0.73, Dc/Dr = 0.06, dc/∆r = 0.50, 25,510.55 rpm rotational speed of rotor, and 30.10 s residence times under this condition. Regarding the results, the most important parameter in shockwave power reactor (SPR) reactors was ratio of rotor diameter to stator diameter (Dr/Ds). The optimum predicted and actual FAME yield was 98.53% and 96.62%, respectively, which demonstrates that RSM is a reliable method for modeling the current procedure. Full article
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20 pages, 3803 KiB  
Review
A Review on the Fundamentals and Practical Implementation Details of Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonant Technology for Wireless Power Transfer
by Alicia Triviño-Cabrera and José A. Aguado Sánchez
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2844; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102844 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3674
Abstract
Users are increasing their demands on the home appliances they utilize by requiring them to be powered anywhere and anytime. In order to satisfy this need, wireless power transfer helps transfer energy between objects without conductors. For domestic scenarios, strongly magnetic resonant technology [...] Read more.
Users are increasing their demands on the home appliances they utilize by requiring them to be powered anywhere and anytime. In order to satisfy this need, wireless power transfer helps transfer energy between objects without conductors. For domestic scenarios, strongly magnetic resonant technology offers a method to enable wireless power transfer, even when there exist intermediate non-metallic objects between the wireless power source and the load. This paper reviews this technology with a comprehensive explanation about its fundamentals and physical principles. Some practical issues are also analyzed in this work. Particularly, how the control can be designed and how the coils are built. Finally, this paper also addresses the study about the features of other technologies to power home appliances without conductors. They can be foreseen as the technological competitors of strongly coupled magnetic resonant systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section I: Energy Fundamentals and Conversion)
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16 pages, 5385 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Microscopic Residual Oil Distribution During CO2 Huff-and-Puff Process in Tight Oil Reservoirs
by Kun Qian, Shenglai Yang, Hongen Dou, Qian Wang, Lu Wang and Yu Huang
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2843; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102843 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 3895
Abstract
The determination of microscopic residual oil distribution is beneficial for exploiting reservoirs to their maximum potential. In order to investigate microscopic residual oil during the carbon dioxide (CO2) huff-and-puff process in tight oil reservoirs, several CO2 huff-and-puff tests with tight [...] Read more.
The determination of microscopic residual oil distribution is beneficial for exploiting reservoirs to their maximum potential. In order to investigate microscopic residual oil during the carbon dioxide (CO2) huff-and-puff process in tight oil reservoirs, several CO2 huff-and-puff tests with tight sandstone cores were conducted at various conditions. Then, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine the microscopic residual oil distribution of the cores. The experiments showed that the oil recovery factor increased from 27.22% to 52.56% when injection pressure increased from 5 MPa to 13 MPa. The oil recovery was unable to be substantially enhanced as the injection pressure further increased beyond the minimum miscible pressure. The lower limit of pore distribution where the oil was recoverable corresponded to relaxation times of 2.68 ms, 1.29 ms, and 0.74 ms at an injection pressure of 5 MPa, 11 MPa, and 16 MPa, respectively. Longer soaking time also increased the lower limit of the oil-recoverable pore distribution. However, more cycles had no obvious effect on expanding the interval of oil-recoverable pore distribution. Therefore, higher injection pressure and longer soaking time convert the residual oil in smaller and blind pores into recoverable oil. This investigation provides some technical ideas for oilfields in design development programs for optimizing the production parameters during the CO2 huff-and-puff process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CO2 EOR and CO2 Storage in Oil Reservoirs)
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13 pages, 4170 KiB  
Article
Effects of Aerodynamic Interactions of Closely-Placed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Pairs
by Jifeng Peng
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2842; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102842 - 21 Oct 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2715
Abstract
In this study, a numerical model was developed to study the effects of aerodynamic interactions between a pair of counter-rotating vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in close proximity. In this model, the rotor rotation is not prescribed as a constant as in most [...] Read more.
In this study, a numerical model was developed to study the effects of aerodynamic interactions between a pair of counter-rotating vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in close proximity. In this model, the rotor rotation is not prescribed as a constant as in most other studies, but is determined by the moment of inertia and the total torque of the rotor, including the aerodynamic torque, generator torque, and a torque representing friction. This model enables study of the behavior of the rotor under an arbitrary ambient wind profile. The model was applied to an isolated rotor with five straight J-blades and pairs of identical rotors placed in close proximity. Compared with an isolated rotor, the aerodynamic interactions between the pair of rotors enhance the aerodynamic torques on the rotors and significantly increase the turbine power output on a per unit basis. The enhancement in turbine power output due to aerodynamic enhancement decreases with the distance between the pair of rotors. Full article
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26 pages, 1636 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Performance Assessment on Various Battery Energy Storage Systems
by Haoran Zhao, Sen Guo and Huiru Zhao
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2841; https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102841 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4074
Abstract
With the increasing development of renewable resources-based electricity generation and the construction of wind-photovoltaic-energy storage combination exemplary projects, the intermittent and fluctuating nature of renewable resources exert great challenges for the power grid to supply electricity reliably and stably. An energy storage system [...] Read more.
With the increasing development of renewable resources-based electricity generation and the construction of wind-photovoltaic-energy storage combination exemplary projects, the intermittent and fluctuating nature of renewable resources exert great challenges for the power grid to supply electricity reliably and stably. An energy storage system (ESS) is deemed to be the most valid solution to deal with these challenges. Considering the various types of ESSs, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive assessment framework for selecting appropriate energy storage techniques in establishing exemplary projects combining renewable resources-based electricity generation and an ESS. This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model combining a fuzzy-Delphi approach to establish the comprehensive assessment indicator system, the entropy weight determination method, and the best-worst method (BWM) to calculate weights of all sub-criteria, and a Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) comprehensive evaluation model to choose the optimal battery ESS. In accordance with the comprehensive evaluation results, the Li-ion battery is the optimal battery ESS to apply to wind-photovoltaic-energy storage combination exemplary projects. Based on the discussion on the comprehensive evaluation results, policy implications are suggested to improve the applicability of battery ESSs and provide some references for decision makers in related fields. Full article
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19 pages, 3481 KiB  
Article
Densities for Ternary System of CaCl2–H2O–CO2 at Elevated P-T: An Experimental and Modeling Approach
by Alireza Bastami, Peyman Pourafshary and Ali Shafiei
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2840; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102840 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2766
Abstract
Very few thermodynamic models exist for estimation of density alteration due to solution of CO2 in a pure H2O and CaCl2–H2O system. All of these models require density of CaCl2 solution to estimate density of [...] Read more.
Very few thermodynamic models exist for estimation of density alteration due to solution of CO2 in a pure H2O and CaCl2–H2O system. All of these models require density of CaCl2 solution to estimate density of CaCl2–H2O–CO2 system. Similarly, models presented to calculate CaCl2 solution density need pure H2O density in advance. The main approach to model density of CaCl2–H2O–CO2 system is based on estimation of density alteration of CaCl2–H2O system due to the solution of CO2 mole fraction. Hence, to estimate CO2–CaCl2–H2O system density, density of CaCl2 solution is necessary, and to estimate density of CaCl2–H2O system, density of pure H2O is required in advance. Firstly in this paper, density of 0, 1.91, and 4.85 mol/kg CaCl2 solutions saturated with CO2 at 328.15 to 375.15 °K and 68.9 to 206.8 Bar were measured through laboratory experiments. Then, a new model is developed to estimate the density of CaCl2 solutions containing CO2 based on the experiments conducted in this study. The average and maximum absolute deviations of the new model from the experimental data are 0.0047 and 0.0177, respectively. Hence, the new model combined with other existing models to separately calculate density of the CaCl2 solution can be used to accurately predict density of the CaCl2–H2O–CO2 system in a wide range of P-T applicable for subsurface reservoirs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section L: Energy Sources)
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12 pages, 414 KiB  
Article
Estimation of Cement Thermal Properties through the Three-Phase Model with Application to Geothermal Wells
by Adonis Ichim, Catalin Teodoriu and Gioia Falcone
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2839; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102839 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4606
Abstract
Geothermal energy has been used by mankind since ancient times. Given the limited geographical distribution of the most favorable resources, exploration efforts have more recently focused on unconventional geothermal systems targeting greater depths to reach sufficient temperatures. In these systems, geothermal well performance [...] Read more.
Geothermal energy has been used by mankind since ancient times. Given the limited geographical distribution of the most favorable resources, exploration efforts have more recently focused on unconventional geothermal systems targeting greater depths to reach sufficient temperatures. In these systems, geothermal well performance relies on efficient heat transfer between the working fluid, which is pumped from surface, and the underground rock. Most of the wells designed for such environments require that the casing strings used throughout the well construction process be cemented in place. The overall heat transfer around the wellbore may be optimized through accurate selection of cement recipes. This paper presents the application of a three-phase analytical model to estimate the cement thermal properties. The results show that cement recipes can be designed to enhance or minimize heat transfer around wellbore, extending the application of geothermal exploitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geothermal Energy: Utilization and Technology 2018)
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24 pages, 5473 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Control Variables and Design of Management Strategy for Hybrid Hydraulic Vehicle
by Branimir Škugor and Joško Petrić
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2838; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102838 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4339
Abstract
The article deals with optimization of control variables and design of management strategy for a hybrid hydraulic vehicle in parallel configuration. Conventionally driven delivery truck with experimentally verified data from the previous research is taken as a starting base and benchmark for comparison [...] Read more.
The article deals with optimization of control variables and design of management strategy for a hybrid hydraulic vehicle in parallel configuration. Conventionally driven delivery truck with experimentally verified data from the previous research is taken as a starting base and benchmark for comparison of the benefits of hybridization. Optimization of control variables is carried out using dynamic programming (DP) algorithm to gain insight into optimum operation of the driveline and minimum possible fuel consumption for five different driving cycles. Two rule based management strategies are given and compared, one of which is improved and innovative, based on the knowledge gained from DP results. Hybrid driveline can reduce fuel consumption from 5% to 30% depending on the driving cycle. More dynamic cycles with lot of "stop-and-go" events score greater reduction. Innovative management strategy has achieved a similar distribution of internal combustion engine (ICE) operating points as DP optimization but this did not result in a consistent reduction of fuel consumption compared to basic management strategy for all cycles. That is explained by the state of charge (SoC) behaviour and reducing the potential for recovery of regenerative braking energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10 Years Energies - Horizon 2028)
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19 pages, 5635 KiB  
Article
Consequences of the National Energy Strategy in the Mexican Energy System: Analyzing Strategic Indicators with an Optimization Energy Model
by Antonio Rodríguez-Martínez, Yolanda Lechón, Helena Cabal, David Castrejón, Marco Polo Flores and R.J. Romero
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102837 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3368
Abstract
This paper presents an approach to the assessment of the Mexican energy system’s evolution under the climate and energy objectives set by the National Climate Change Strategy using an energy optimization model. Some strategic indicators have been chosen to analyze the performance of [...] Read more.
This paper presents an approach to the assessment of the Mexican energy system’s evolution under the climate and energy objectives set by the National Climate Change Strategy using an energy optimization model. Some strategic indicators have been chosen to analyze the performance of three integration elements: sustainability, efficiency, and energy security. Two scenarios have been defined in the medium and long-term: the business as usual scenario, with no energy or climate targets, and the National Climate Change Strategy scenario, where clean energy technologies and CO2 emissions objectives are considered. The aim of this work is the analysis of some of those strategic indicators’ evolution using the EUROfusion Times Model. Results show that reaching the strategy targets leads to improvements in the integration elements in the medium and long term. Besides, meeting the CO2 emission limits is achievable in terms of technologies and resources availability but at a high cost, while clean technologies targets are met with no extra costs even in the business as usual scenario. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Systems)
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16 pages, 3184 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Displacement Effects of Different Injection Media in Tight Oil Sandstone by Online Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
by Ting Chen, Zhengming Yang, Yutian Luo, Wei Lin, Jiaxiang Xu, Yunhong Ding and Jialiang Niu
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2836; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102836 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3651
Abstract
In order to evaluate the displacement effect of four kinds of injection media in tight oil sandstone, water, active water, CO2, N2 flooding experiments were carried out in laboratory. Online Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometers combine the advantages of NMR [...] Read more.
In order to evaluate the displacement effect of four kinds of injection media in tight oil sandstone, water, active water, CO2, N2 flooding experiments were carried out in laboratory. Online Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometers combine the advantages of NMR technology and core displacement experiments. In the displacement experiment, NMR data of different injection volumes were obtained and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out. The results showed that micro and sub-micropores provided 62–97% of the produced crude oil. The enhanced oil recovery ratio of active water flooding was higher than that of conventional water flooding up to 10%. The recovery ratio of gas flooding in micro and sub-micropores was 60–70% higher than that of water flooding. The recovery ratio of CO2 flooding was 10% higher than that of N2 flooding. The remaining oil was mainly distributed in pores larger than 0.1 μm. Under the same permeability level, the remaining oil saturation of cores after gas flooding was 10–25% lower than water flooding. From MRI images, the displacement effects from good to bad were as follows: CO2 flooding, N2 flooding, active water flooding, and conventional water flooding. Full article
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17 pages, 5899 KiB  
Article
Influence of Input Climatic Data on Simulations of Annual Energy Needs of a Building: EnergyPlus and WRF Modeling for a Case Study in Rome (Italy)
by Virgilio Ciancio, Serena Falasca, Iacopo Golasi, Gabriele Curci, Massimo Coppi and Ferdinando Salata
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2835; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102835 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 4078
Abstract
The simulation of the energy consumptions in an hourly regime is necessary in order to perform calculations on residential buildings of particular relevance for volume or for architectural features. In such cases, the simplified methodology provided by the regulations may be inadequate, and [...] Read more.
The simulation of the energy consumptions in an hourly regime is necessary in order to perform calculations on residential buildings of particular relevance for volume or for architectural features. In such cases, the simplified methodology provided by the regulations may be inadequate, and the use of software like EnergyPlus is needed. To obtain reliable results, usually, significant time is spent on the meticulous insertion of the geometrical inputs of the building, together with the properties of the envelope materials and systems. Less attention is paid to the climate database. The databases available on the EnergyPlus website refer to airports located in rural areas near major cities. If the building to be simulated is located in a metropolitan area, it may be affected by the local heat island, and the database used as input to the software should take this phenomenon into account. To this end, it is useful to use a meteorological model such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to construct an appropriate input climate file. A case study based on a building located in the city center of Rome (Italy) shows that, if the climatic forcing linked to the heat island is not considered, the estimated consumption due to the cooling is underestimated by 35–50%. In particular, the analysis and the seasonal comparison between the energy needs of the building simulated by EnergyPlus, with the climatic inputs related to two airports in the rural area of Rome and with the inputs provided by the WRF model related to the center of Rome, show discrepancies of about (i) WRF vs. Fiumicino (FCO): Δ = −3.48% for heating, Δ = 49.25% for cooling; (ii) WRF vs. Ciampino (CIA): Δ = −7.38% for heating, Δ = +35.52% for cooling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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18 pages, 4563 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Energy Management for the MultiEnergy Carriers System with Different Interest Bodies
by Yu Huang, Kai Yang, Weiting Zhang and Kwang Y. Lee
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2834; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102834 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2832
Abstract
Multi-energy carriers system (MECS), in which diverse energy carriers and different energy systems interact together, has drawn the interest of many researchers in recent years. However, the optimal economic operational model of the MECS is a nonlinear, multi-variable, and multi-period problem, of which [...] Read more.
Multi-energy carriers system (MECS), in which diverse energy carriers and different energy systems interact together, has drawn the interest of many researchers in recent years. However, the optimal economic operational model of the MECS is a nonlinear, multi-variable, and multi-period problem, of which it is difficult to find the solution because several different energy flows are integrated in the system. To this end, three interest bodies in the MECS were investigated, which included the energy provider, the energy facilitator, and the energy consumer, and a hierarchical optimal economic operation strategy was then presented. A hybrid optimization strategy combining the swarm intelligence algorithm and interior point method was developed taking advantage of the merits of each method. Case studies were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchical optimal economic operation strategy, whereby demonstrating that the proposed strategy can achieve rational energy allocation and decrease the energy cost in the MECS compared with traditional energy systems. Full article
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25 pages, 439 KiB  
Article
Co-Optimization of Energy and Reserve Capacity Considering Renewable Energy Unit with Uncertainty
by Muhammad Wajahat Hassan, Muhammad Babar Rasheed, Nadeem Javaid, Waseem Nazar and Muhammad Akmal
Energies 2018, 11(10), 2833; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en11102833 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4793
Abstract
This paper proposes a system model for optimal dispatch of the energy and reserve capacity considering uncertain load demand and unsteady power generation. This implicates uncertainty in managing the power demand along with the consideration of utility, user and environmental objectives. The model [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a system model for optimal dispatch of the energy and reserve capacity considering uncertain load demand and unsteady power generation. This implicates uncertainty in managing the power demand along with the consideration of utility, user and environmental objectives. The model takes into consideration a day-ahead electricity market that involves the varying power demand bids and generates a required amount of energy in addition with reserve capacity. The lost opportunity cost is also considered and incorporated within the context of expected load not served. Then, the effects of combined and separate dispatching the energy and reserve are investigated. The nonlinear cost curves have been addressed by optimizing the objective function using robust optimization technique. Finally, various cases in accordance with underlying parameters have been considered in order to conduct and evaluate numerical results. Simulation results show the effectiveness of proposed scheduling model in terms of reduced cost and system stability. Full article
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