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Energies, Volume 14, Issue 20 (October-2 2021) – 415 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): An assessment of a nurse led, energy conservation behavioral intervention, in hospital wards of an NHS (National Health Service) community hospital. Longitudinal control: intervention study over a nine-month period achieving a 13% reduction in electricity consumption. Electricity savings are primarily from preventing nursing staff in the intervention group from using prohibited secondary space heaters at night during the heating season and the introduction of a “quiet time” where lights are turned off to encourage patient rest. View this paper
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13 pages, 88628 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Temperature on Degradation of Oil and Gas Tubing Made of L80-1 Steel
by Dariusz Bęben
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206855 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2410
Abstract
Corrosion in the oil and gas industry is very common due to the simultaneous action of a chemically active environment, temperature, and other non-chemical factors, for example, mechanical erosion by friction, and for these reasons corrosion is a very complex process. Corrosion at [...] Read more.
Corrosion in the oil and gas industry is very common due to the simultaneous action of a chemically active environment, temperature, and other non-chemical factors, for example, mechanical erosion by friction, and for these reasons corrosion is a very complex process. Corrosion at higher temperatures is an important aspect when extracting natural gas from a field with high temperatures (120 °C in the Lubiatow deposit and 180 °C in the gas well in Kutno). Water in the reservoir is often in the form of steam, with a pressure of about 25 MPa; as a result of its extraction, it cools down, which causes condensation. Condensed water in contact with the acid components of the gas causes corrosion, especially in the presence of aggressive gases, such as CO2 and H2S. Therefore, the aim of the work was to conduct research on the influence of water condensation, as a result of temperature changes in gasses containing CO2 and H2S on the corrosion of L80-1 steel at the junction of extraction pipes with casing pipes. The tests are carried out at temperatures of 65–95 °C, under a pressure of 7.5 MPa, so in quite aggressive conditions. The duration of the studies was 720 h (within a month). The results of the research allowed an answer to be provided for the question of what influence temperature, gas components, and pressure have on the corrosion of the well construction material. Moreover, the results clearly showed the selection of the material for the well, in order to prevent corrosion in aggressive environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals of Enhanced Oil Recovery)
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16 pages, 1689 KiB  
Article
Mission-Oriented Policies and Technological Sovereignty: The Case of Climate Mitigation Technologies
by Serenella Caravella, Valeria Costantini and Francesco Crespi
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6854; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206854 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2279
Abstract
The rapid decarbonization of the global economy represents the main challenge for the next decades to combat climate change. The European Union (EU) is leading the negotiation process under the Paris Agreement and recently approved an ambitious unilateral mitigation strategy known as the [...] Read more.
The rapid decarbonization of the global economy represents the main challenge for the next decades to combat climate change. The European Union (EU) is leading the negotiation process under the Paris Agreement and recently approved an ambitious unilateral mitigation strategy known as the European Green Deal (EGD). In this paper, we present a novel approach based on the analysis of patent data related to climate change and mitigation technologies (CCMTs) with the aim of describing the evolutionary pattern of the EU in green technology. Based on our analysis, two of our main results deserve attention. First, at the global level, the pace of generation of new green technologies as measured by patent data is slowing down in recent years. This trend, if not inverted, casts some doubts on the economic sustainability of the ambitious environmental targets set by the EC. Second, the current EU technological positioning with respect to green areas appears to be problematic in terms of technological sovereignty, with serious risks of potential technological dependences from other countries. Given the radical technological shift required for the implementation of a full decarbonization pattern, the EU must realize a mission-oriented technology policy with additional and directed investments to ensure technological independence, together with a low-carbon and energy secure economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industry and Tertiary Sectors towards Clean Energy Transition)
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17 pages, 70805 KiB  
Article
Modern Solution for Fast and Accurate Inventorization of Open-Pit Mines by the Active Remote Sensing Technique—Case Study of Mikoszów Granite Mine (Lower Silesia, SW Poland)
by Jaroslaw Wajs, Paweł Trybała, Justyna Górniak-Zimroz, Joanna Krupa-Kurzynowska and Damian Kasza
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6853; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206853 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2708
Abstract
Mining industry faces new technological and economic challenges which need to be overcome in order to raise it to a new technological level in accordance with the ideas of Industry 4.0. Mining companies are searching for new possibilities of optimizing and automating processes, [...] Read more.
Mining industry faces new technological and economic challenges which need to be overcome in order to raise it to a new technological level in accordance with the ideas of Industry 4.0. Mining companies are searching for new possibilities of optimizing and automating processes, as well as for using digital technology and modern computer software to aid technological processes. Every stage of deposit management requires mining engineers, geologists, surveyors, and environment protection specialists who are involved in acquiring, storing, processing, and sharing data related to the parameters describing the deposit, its exploitation and the environment. These data include inter alia: geometries of the deposit, of the excavations, of the overburden and of the mined mineral, borders of the support pillars and of the buffer zones, mining advancements with respect to the set borders, effects of mining activities on the ground surface, documentation of landslide hazards and of the impact of mining operations on the selected elements of the environment. Therefore, over the life cycle of a deposit, modern digital technological solutions should be implemented in order to automate the processes of acquiring, sharing, processing and analyzing data related to deposit management. In accordance with this idea, the article describes the results of a measurement experiment performed in the Mikoszów open-pit granite mine (Lower Silesia, SW Poland) with the use of mobile LiDAR systems. The technology combines active sensors with automatic and global navigation system synchronized on a mobile platform in order to generate an accurate and precise geospatial 3D cloud of points. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mining Technologies Innovative Development)
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20 pages, 5360 KiB  
Article
A New Modeling Framework for Geothermal Operational Optimization with Machine Learning (GOOML)
by Grant Buster, Paul Siratovich, Nicole Taverna, Michael Rossol, Jon Weers, Andrea Blair, Jay Huggins, Christine Siega, Warren Mannington, Alex Urgel, Jonathan Cen, Jaime Quinao, Robbie Watt and John Akerley
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206852 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3720
Abstract
Geothermal power plants are excellent resources for providing low carbon electricity generation with high reliability. However, many geothermal power plants could realize significant improvements in operational efficiency from the application of improved modeling software. Increased integration of digital twins into geothermal operations will [...] Read more.
Geothermal power plants are excellent resources for providing low carbon electricity generation with high reliability. However, many geothermal power plants could realize significant improvements in operational efficiency from the application of improved modeling software. Increased integration of digital twins into geothermal operations will not only enable engineers to better understand the complex interplay of components in larger systems but will also enable enhanced exploration of the operational space with the recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) tools. Such innovations in geothermal operational analysis have been deterred by several challenges, most notably, the challenge in applying idealized thermodynamic models to imperfect as-built systems with constant degradation of nominal performance. This paper presents GOOML: a new framework for Geothermal Operational Optimization with Machine Learning. By taking a hybrid data-driven thermodynamics approach, GOOML is able to accurately model the real-world performance characteristics of as-built geothermal systems. Further, GOOML can be readily integrated into the larger AI and ML ecosystem for true state-of-the-art optimization. This modeling framework has already been applied to several geothermal power plants and has provided reasonably accurate results in all cases. Therefore, we expect that the GOOML framework can be applied to any geothermal power plant around the world. Full article
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17 pages, 3010 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Temperature of the Tripping Thresholds of Intrusion Detection System Detection Circuits
by Jarosław Łukasiak, Adam Rosiński and Michał Wiśnios
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6851; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206851 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1857
Abstract
This research paper discusses issues regarding the impact of temperature on the tripping thresholds of intrusion detection system detection circuits. The objective of conducted studies was the verification of a hypothesis assuming that the variability of an intrusion detection system’s (considered as a [...] Read more.
This research paper discusses issues regarding the impact of temperature on the tripping thresholds of intrusion detection system detection circuits. The objective of conducted studies was the verification of a hypothesis assuming that the variability of an intrusion detection system’s (considered as a whole) operating environment temperature can impact the electrical parameters of its detection circuits significantly enough so that it enables a change in the interpretation of the state observed within a given circuit fragment from the state of “no circuit violation” to “circuit violation”. The research covered an intrusion detection system placed in a climatic chamber with adjusted temperature (−25.1 ÷ +60.0 [°C]). The analysis of the obtained results enabled determining the relationships that allow selecting detection circuit resistor values. It is important since it increases the safety level of protected facilities through proper resistor selection, thus, correct interpretation of a detection circuit state. Full article
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19 pages, 3843 KiB  
Article
Tackling Dissipative Components Based on the SPECO Approach: A Cryogenic Heat Exchanger Used in Natural Gas Liquefaction
by Eduardo J. C. Cavalcanti and Monica Carvalho
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6850; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206850 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
The cryogenic industry has been experiencing continuous progress in recent years, primarily due to the global development of oil and gas activities. Natural gas liquefaction is a cryogenic process, with the refrigeration system being crucial to the overall process. The objective of the [...] Read more.
The cryogenic industry has been experiencing continuous progress in recent years, primarily due to the global development of oil and gas activities. Natural gas liquefaction is a cryogenic process, with the refrigeration system being crucial to the overall process. The objective of the study presented herein is to carry out an exergoeconomic assessment for a dual nitrogen expander process used to liquefy natural gas, employing the SPecific Exergy COsting (SPECO) methodology. The air coolers and throttling valve are dissipative components, which present fictitious unit cost rates that are reallocated to the final product (Liquefied Natural Gas). The liquefaction process has an exergy efficiency of 41.89%, and the specific cost of liquefied natural gas is 292.30 US$/GJ. It was verified that this cost increased along with electricity. The highest exergy destruction rates were obtained for Expander 1 and Air cooler 2. The highest average cost per exergy unit of fuel was obtained for the vertical separator, followed by Air coolers 1 and 2. An assessment of the exergoeconomic factor indicated that both expanders could benefit from a decrease in exergy destruction, improving the exergoeconomic performance of the overall system. Regarding the relative cost difference, all compressors presented high values and can be enhanced with low efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Exergy Analysis and Its Applications)
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33 pages, 129927 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of Advanced Nonoverlapping Winding Induction Machines for EV/HEV Applications
by Tayfun Gundogdu, Zi-Qiang Zhu and Jean-Claude Mipo
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6849; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206849 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3494
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed analysis and design guidelines for advanced nonoverlapping winding induction machines (AIMs) with coil-pitch of two slot-pitches by considering some vital empirical rules and flux-weakening characteristics. The aim of the study is to develop a type of new winding [...] Read more.
This paper presents a detailed analysis and design guidelines for advanced nonoverlapping winding induction machines (AIMs) with coil-pitch of two slot-pitches by considering some vital empirical rules and flux-weakening characteristics. The aim of the study is to develop a type of new winding and stator topology for induction machines (IMs) that will lead to a decrease in total axial length without sacrificing torque, power, and efficiency. The key performance characteristics of the improved AIMs are investigated by 2D time-stepping finite element analysis (FEA) and compared with those of IMs having fractional and conventional overlapping and nonoverlapping windings. Compared with the conventional overlapping winding counterpart of the AIM, a ~25% shorter axial length without sacrificing torque, output power, and efficiency is achieved. In addition, the influences of major design parameters, such as stator slot, rotor slot and pole numbers, stack length, number of turns per phase, machine geometric parameters, etc., on the flux-weakening characteristics are investigated. It has been concluded that the major design parameters have a considerable effect on the electromagnetic performance. However, among those parameters, the influences of pole number and stack length together with the number of turns on flux-weakening characteristics are significant. Full article
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17 pages, 1192 KiB  
Article
Active Damping Injection Output Voltage Control with Dynamic Current Cut-Off Frequency for DC/DC Buck Converters
by Sun Lim, Seok-Kyoon Kim and Yonghun Kim
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6848; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206848 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1744
Abstract
With regard to DC/DC buck converter applications, the objective of this study is to expand the admissible range of the output voltage cut-off frequency while lowering the steady-state current cut-off frequency as possible. This study fortifies the inner loop by incorporating the novel [...] Read more.
With regard to DC/DC buck converter applications, the objective of this study is to expand the admissible range of the output voltage cut-off frequency while lowering the steady-state current cut-off frequency as possible. This study fortifies the inner loop by incorporating the novel subsystems such as an auto-tuner (for the dynamic current cut-off frequency) and active damping injection invoking the pole-zero cancellation nature with the particular designed feedback gain structure. The outer loop active damping control renders the closed-loop speed transfer function to be a first-order low-pass filter with the cooperation of the specially structured design parameters; in addition, it provides time-varying disturbance attenuation. The experimental results obtained for a 3-kW buck converter validate the feasibility of the proposed technique by showing a 34% performance enhancement (at least) compared with the recent active damping controller. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Frontiers for Power Electronics in Energy Conversion)
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26 pages, 4748 KiB  
Review
Development of Thermochemical Heat Storage Based on CaO/CaCO3 Cycles: A Review
by Ying Yang, Yingjie Li, Xianyao Yan, Jianli Zhao and Chunxiao Zhang
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6847; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206847 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3525
Abstract
Due to the inconsistency and intermittence of solar energy, concentrated solar power (CSP) cannot stably transmit energy to the grid. Heat storage can maximize the availability of CSP plants. Especially, thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) based on CaO/CaCO3 cycles has broad application prospects [...] Read more.
Due to the inconsistency and intermittence of solar energy, concentrated solar power (CSP) cannot stably transmit energy to the grid. Heat storage can maximize the availability of CSP plants. Especially, thermochemical heat storage (TCHS) based on CaO/CaCO3 cycles has broad application prospects due to many advantages, such as high heat storage density, high exothermic temperature, low energy loss, low material price, and good coupling with CSP plants. This paper provided a comprehensive outlook on the integrated system of CaO/CaCO3 heat storage, advanced reactor design, heat storage conditions, as well as the performance of CaO-based materials. The challenges and opportunities faced by current research were discussed, and suggestions for future research and development directions of CaO/CaCO3 heat storage were briefly put forward. Full article
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32 pages, 14342 KiB  
Article
Design and Performance Investigation of a Pilot Micro-Grid in the Mediterranean: MCAST Case Study
by Vibhu Jately, Balaji Venkateswaran V., Stefan Azzopardi and Brian Azzopardi
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6846; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206846 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2223
Abstract
This paper discusses the simulation framework developed for an in-campus pilot micro-grid at MCAST, Malta, to enhance its efficiency and reliability. One year of real-time metered data were used to arrive at the load curves, categorize the loads as essential and non-essential ones, [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the simulation framework developed for an in-campus pilot micro-grid at MCAST, Malta, to enhance its efficiency and reliability. One year of real-time metered data were used to arrive at the load curves, categorize the loads as essential and non-essential ones, and decide the micro-grid domain within MCAST. The potential scenarios were modeled to observe the behavior of the present status of the micro-grid, with an increased photovoltaic (PV) generation capacity, by using an optimum battery storage system with a diesel generator of suitable capacity and finally integrating electric vehicles (EVs) to discuss the potential of vehicle to grid (V2G) operation modes. The existing building management system (BMS) of MCAST was interfaced within the micro-grid to introduce the geographic information system (GIS) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) for developing an intelligent 3D model of the micro-grid. The results of the simulation framework for various potential case scenarios were obtained in a MATLAB/Simulink environment to assess the performance of the micro-grid. Previously formulated key performance indices (KPIs) that describe the financial aspects of micro-grid operation and ecological benefits of the investigated micro-grid were evaluated. A sensitivity analysis of these KPIs shows encouraging results with the potential of cost-competitiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Integration of Photovoltaic Systems)
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8 pages, 12410 KiB  
Article
A First-Principles Study on Titanium-Decorated Adsorbent for Hydrogen Storage
by Kai Ma, Erfei Lv, Di Zheng, Weichun Cui, Shuai Dong, Weijie Yang, Zhengyang Gao and Yu Zhou
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6845; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206845 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1639
Abstract
Based on density functional theory calculation, we screened suitable Ti-decorated carbon-based hydrogen adsorbent structures. The adsorption characteristics and adsorption mechanism of hydrogen molecules on the adsorbent were also discussed. The results indicated that Ti-decorated double vacancy (2 × 2) graphene cells seem to [...] Read more.
Based on density functional theory calculation, we screened suitable Ti-decorated carbon-based hydrogen adsorbent structures. The adsorption characteristics and adsorption mechanism of hydrogen molecules on the adsorbent were also discussed. The results indicated that Ti-decorated double vacancy (2 × 2) graphene cells seem to be an efficient material for hydrogen storage. Ti atoms are stably embedded on the double vacancy sites above and below the graphene plane, with binding energy higher than the cohesive energy of Ti. For both sides of Ti-decorated double vacancy graphene, up to six H2 molecules can be adsorbed around each Ti atom when the adsorption energy per molecule is −0.25 eV/H2, and the gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity is 6.67 wt.%. Partial density of states (PDOS) analysis showed that orbital hybridization occurs between the d orbital of the adsorbed Ti atom and p orbital of C atom in the graphene layer, while the bonding process is not obvious during hydrogen adsorption. We expect that Ti-decorated double vacancy graphene can be considered as a potential hydrogen storage medium under ambient conditions. Full article
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16 pages, 4555 KiB  
Article
A Case Study on the Water-Oil Interface of Shunbei Oilfield Based on Dynamic Data
by Hailong Liu and Fengpeng Lai
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6844; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206844 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1107
Abstract
Shunbei Oilfield is characterized by substantial heterogeneity and a complex oil–water relationship. The water-oil interface is dynamically changing, and it is a crucial parameter for reserve calculation and evaluation. The main purpose is to analyze the effect of fluid flow in multi-scale media [...] Read more.
Shunbei Oilfield is characterized by substantial heterogeneity and a complex oil–water relationship. The water-oil interface is dynamically changing, and it is a crucial parameter for reserve calculation and evaluation. The main purpose is to analyze the effect of fluid flow in multi-scale media on the water-oil interface. It is well known that the fracture-cavity reservoirs have well-developed fractures and karst caves, and their distribution is complex in Shunbei Oilfield. This paper presents a way to simplify the fracture-cavity system first, then uses a unit of oil wells as a system to study the water-oil interface, which avoids impact on the water-oil interface due to oil production. A detailed step by step procedure for solving the semi-analytical solution of water-oil interface in a fracture-cavity reservoir by using an explicit algorithm and a successive steady-state method is presented. The solution can be used to investigate water-oil interface behavior. In this paper, we validated this method with the actual data for a relatively similar actual reservoir. Sensitivity analyses about the effects of the main parameters including production rates, cave volume and initial oil–water volume ratio on interfacial migration velocity are also presented in detail. The water breaking time of oil wells is fully investigated. The water-oil interface movement chart under different development conditions is established to predict the water-oil interface in the late stage of oil well production and extend the waterless developing period. Being based on this chart, a water breakthrough warning can be realized, and oil recovery can be improved. The findings of the research have led to the conclusion that the rising speed of water-oil interface is proportional to the production rate, on the contrary, it is inversely proportional to cave volume and initial oil–water volume ratio. As well production goes on, the water-oil interface rises at different rates. After the well is put into production for one year, the water-oil interface rises by 16.38%, 12.56% and 4.24% according to the condition that production rate is 10%, the initial oil–water volume ratio is 0.7, and the cave volume is 100 × 104 m3. This method is not only suitable for any period and any well type in the development of Shunbei Oilfield; it also has the function of calculating the real-time water-oil interface of a single well and multi-wells. This new method has the characteristics of easy calculation and high accuracy. The method in this paper can be further developed as it has great applicability in fracture-cavity reservoirs. Full article
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13 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
Molecular Dynamics Study on Water Flow Behaviour inside Planar Nanochannel Using Different Temperature Control Strategies
by Gediminas Skarbalius, Algis Džiugys, Edgaras Misiulis, Robertas Navakas, Paulius Vilkinis, Justas Šereika and Nerijus Pedišius
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6843; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206843 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1896
Abstract
In the present paper, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the influence of two temperature control strategies on water flow behaviour inside planar nanochannel. In the simulations, the flow was induced by the force acting on each water molecule in the channel. [...] Read more.
In the present paper, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the influence of two temperature control strategies on water flow behaviour inside planar nanochannel. In the simulations, the flow was induced by the force acting on each water molecule in the channel. Two temperature control strategies were considered: (a) frozen wall simulations, in which the dynamics of confining wall atoms was not solved and the thermostat was applied to the water, and (b) dynamic wall simulations, in which the dynamics of confining wall atoms was solved, and the thermostat was applied to walls while water was simulated in the microcanonical ensemble. The simulation results show that the considered temperature control strategies has no effect on the shape of the water flow profile, and flow behaviour in the channel is well described by the Navier–Stokes equation solution with added slip velocity. Meanwhile, the slip velocity occurring at the boundaries of the channel is linearly dependent on the magnitude of the flow inducing force in both frozen wall and dynamic wall simulations. However, the slip velocity is considerably greater in simulations when the wall dynamics are solved in contrast to the frozen wall simulations. Full article
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4 pages, 177 KiB  
Editorial
Green Energy Technology
by Wei-Hsin Chen, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Shih-Hsin Ho and Pau Loke Show
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6842; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206842 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1758
Abstract
Our environment is facing several serious challenges from energy utilization, such as fossil fuel exhaustion, air pollution, deteriorated atmospheric greenhouse effect, global warming, climate change, etc [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Technology)
22 pages, 31578 KiB  
Article
Accuracy of Simplified Modelling Assumptions on External and Internal Driving Forces in the Building Energy Performance Simulation
by Giovanna De Luca, Franz Bianco Mauthe Degerfeld, Ilaria Ballarini and Vincenzo Corrado
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6841; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206841 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1895
Abstract
The recently issued EN ISO 52016-1 technical standard provides a new simplified dynamic method for the building energy performance assessment. Since an extensive validation of the EN ISO 52016-1 hourly method is still missing, the present work investigates the effect of the main [...] Read more.
The recently issued EN ISO 52016-1 technical standard provides a new simplified dynamic method for the building energy performance assessment. Since an extensive validation of the EN ISO 52016-1 hourly method is still missing, the present work investigates the effect of the main modelling assumptions—related to the heat balance on the outdoor and the indoor envelope surfaces—on the building thermal behaviour. The model validation was carried out by assessing the accuracy variation consequent to the application of the EN ISO 52016-1 modelling assumptions to a detailed dynamic calculation tool (EnergyPlus). To guarantee a general validity of the outcomes, two buildings, two levels of thermal insulation, and two Italian climatic zones were considered, for a total of eight case studies. To explore different applications of the standard method, the analysis was performed both under a free-floating condition—to evaluate the accuracy of the model in predicting the indoor operative temperatures—and to assess the annual energy needs for space heating and cooling. Results show that the assumptions related to the definition of the external convective and the shortwave (solar) radiation heat transfer lead to non-negligible inaccuracies in the EN ISO 52016-1 hourly model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Research Trends of Building Energy Performance)
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12 pages, 1596 KiB  
Article
Risk-Adjusted Discount Rate and Its Components for Onshore Wind Farms at the Feasibility Stage
by Piotr W. Saługa, Krzysztof Zamasz, Zdzisława Dacko-Pikiewicz, Katarzyna Szczepańska-Woszczyna and Marcin Malec
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6840; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206840 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 2798
Abstract
The concept of risk is well known in the energy sector. It is normally recognized when it comes to price and cost forecasting, annual production calculation, or evaluating project lifetime. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the quantitative evaluation of risk is [...] Read more.
The concept of risk is well known in the energy sector. It is normally recognized when it comes to price and cost forecasting, annual production calculation, or evaluating project lifetime. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the quantitative evaluation of risk is usually difficult. The discount rate is the only parameter reflecting risk in the discounted cash flow analysis. Therefore, knowledge of the discount rate along with the major components affecting its level is of fundamental significance for making investment decisions, capital budgeting, and project management. By referring to the standard coal-fired power generation projects the authors of the paper tackle the analysis of the composition of discount rate for onshore wind farm technologies in the Polish conditions. The study was carried out on the basis of a typical (hypothetical) onshore wind farm project assessed at the feasibility stage. To enable comparisons and discussions, it was assumed that the best reference point for such purposes is the real risk-adjusted discount rate, RADR, after-tax, in all equity evaluations (the ‘bare bones’ assumption); that is because such a rate reflects the inherent characteristics of the project risk. The study methodology involves the a priori application of the discount rate level and subsequently—in an analytical way—calculation of its individual components. The starting point for the analysis of the RADR’s composition was the definition of risk, understood as the product of uncertainty and consequences. Then, the risk factors were adopted and level of uncertainty assessed. Subsequently, using the classical sensitivity analysis of IRR, the consequences (as slopes of sensitivity lines) were calculated. Consequently, risk portions in percentage forms were received. Eventually, relative risks and risk components within cost of equity were assessed. Apart from the characteristics of the discount rate at the feasibility stage, in the discussion section the study was supplemented with an analogous analysis of the project’s cost of equity at the operating stage. Full article
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14 pages, 4621 KiB  
Article
Ray Effects and False Scattering in Improved Discrete Ordinates Method
by Yong Cheng, Shuihua Yang and Zhifeng Huang
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6839; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206839 - 19 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1437
Abstract
The improved discrete ordinates method (IDOM) developed in our previous paper is extended to solve radiative transfer in three-dimensional radiative systems with anisotropic scattering medium. In IDOM, radiative intensities in a large number of new discrete directions are calculated by direct integration of [...] Read more.
The improved discrete ordinates method (IDOM) developed in our previous paper is extended to solve radiative transfer in three-dimensional radiative systems with anisotropic scattering medium. In IDOM, radiative intensities in a large number of new discrete directions are calculated by direct integration of the conventional discrete ordinates method (DOM) results, and radiative heat flux is obtained by integrating radiative intensities in these new discrete directions. Ray effects and false scattering, which tend to compensate each other, are investigated together in IDOM. Results show that IDOM can mitigate both of them effectively with high computation efficiency. Finally, the effect of scattering phase function on radiative transfer is studied. Results of radiative heat flux at boundaries containing media with different scattering phase functions are compared and analyzed. This paper indicates that the IDOM can overcome the shortages of the conventional DOM well while inheriting its advantages such as high computation efficiency and easy implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiative Heat Transfer and Radiative Cooling)
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11 pages, 39918 KiB  
Article
Aging Characteristics of Contact Electrodes of Low Voltage DC Switches
by Hyosung Kim
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6838; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206838 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1971
Abstract
With the present state of the direct current (DC) distribution market, securing the safety of the DC distribution system is emerging as a major issue. Like AC distribution systems, DC switches and circuit breakers are one of the main means to ensure safety. [...] Read more.
With the present state of the direct current (DC) distribution market, securing the safety of the DC distribution system is emerging as a major issue. Like AC distribution systems, DC switches and circuit breakers are one of the main means to ensure safety. However, in the DC system, since there is no current zero point in the load current, the phenomenon occurring when the circuit is cut off is different from that of the AC system, so technical research is required to cope with this. In this study, the aging characteristics of the contact electrode of a 400 V class low voltage DC (LVDC) switch is studied for the development of wall-mount switches or circuit breakers for residential houses. As an arc extinguishing method to break DC load current, a prototype experimental circuit breaker that uses a magnetic extinguishing method that is effective for blocking low voltage low power DC is invented, and an automated experiment system is established. The DC switch test repeats the operation of turning it on and off 13,000 times, and continuously evaluates the performance of the electric contacts by calculating the voltage drop between the electrode contacts and the corresponding Ohmic resistance value when conducting every 500 times. This paper tests six contact materials to compare the aging characteristics of them by evaluating contact resistance during the test period. AW18-Cu composite material showed the most stable and excellent contact performance for LVDC switches during the entire test operation period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DC Circuit Breaker Technologies State of Art)
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16 pages, 4111 KiB  
Article
Time-Domain Circuit Modelling for Hybrid Supercapacitors
by Fabio Corti, Michelangelo-Santo Gulino, Maurizio Laschi, Gabriele Maria Lozito, Luca Pugi, Alberto Reatti and Dario Vangi
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206837 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 1948
Abstract
Classic circuit modeling for supercapacitors is limited in representing the strongly non-linear behavior of the hybrid supercapacitor technology. In this work, two novel modeling techniques suitable to represent the time-domain electrical behavior of a hybrid supercapacitor are presented. The first technique enhances a [...] Read more.
Classic circuit modeling for supercapacitors is limited in representing the strongly non-linear behavior of the hybrid supercapacitor technology. In this work, two novel modeling techniques suitable to represent the time-domain electrical behavior of a hybrid supercapacitor are presented. The first technique enhances a well-affirmed circuit model by introducing specific non-linearities. The second technique models the device through a black-box approach with a neural network. Both the modeling techniques are validated experimentally using a workbench to acquire data from a real hybrid supercapacitor. The proposed models, suitable for different supercapacitor technologies, achieve higher accuracy and generalization capabilities compared to those already presented in the literature. Both modeling techniques allow for an accurate representation of both short-time domain and steady-state simulations, providing a valuable asset in electrical designs featuring supercapacitors. Full article
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15 pages, 32241 KiB  
Article
Clarifying the Effect of Clay Minerals on Methane Adsorption Capacity of Marine Shales in Sichuan Basin, China
by Hongyan Wang, Shangwen Zhou, Jiehui Zhang, Ziqi Feng, Pengfei Jiao, Leifu Zhang and Qin Zhang
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6836; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206836 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1701
Abstract
The effect of clay minerals on the methane adsorption capacity of shales is a basic issue that needs to be clarified and is of great significance for understanding the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of shale gas. In this study, a variety of experimental [...] Read more.
The effect of clay minerals on the methane adsorption capacity of shales is a basic issue that needs to be clarified and is of great significance for understanding the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of shale gas. In this study, a variety of experimental methods, including XRD, LTNA, HPMA experiments, were conducted on 82 marine shale samples from the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation of 10 evaluation wells in the southern Sichuan Basin of China. The controlling factors of adsorption capacities were determined through a correlation analysis with pore characteristics and mineral composition. In terms of mineral composition, organic matter (OM) is the most key methane adsorbent in marine shale, and clay minerals have little effect on methane adsorption. The ultra-low adsorption capacity of illite and chlorite and the hydrophilicity and water absorption ability of clay minerals are the main reasons for their limited effect on gas adsorption in marine shales. From the perspective of the pore structure, the micropore and mesopore specific surface areas (SSAs) control the methane adsorption capacity of marine shales, which are mainly provided by OM. Clay minerals have no relationship with SSAs, regardless of mesopores or micropores. In the competitive adsorption process of OM and clay minerals, OM has an absolute advantage. Clay minerals become carriers for water absorption, due to their interlayer polarity and water wettability. Based on the analysis of a large number of experimental datasets, this study clarified the key problem of whether clay minerals in marine shales control methane adsorption. Full article
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15 pages, 7287 KiB  
Article
Optimal Modulation of Regenerative Braking in Through-The-Road Hybridized Vehicles
by Gianfranco Rizzo, Francesco Antonio Tiano, Valerio Mariani and Matteo Marino
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6835; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206835 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2315
Abstract
Regenerative braking can significantly improve the energy efficiency of hybrid and electric vehicles, and many studies have been carried out in order to improve and optimize the energy recovery of the braking energy. In the paper, the optimization of regenerative braking by means [...] Read more.
Regenerative braking can significantly improve the energy efficiency of hybrid and electric vehicles, and many studies have been carried out in order to improve and optimize the energy recovery of the braking energy. In the paper, the optimization of regenerative braking by means of braking force modulation is analysed, with specific application to the case of cars converted into Through-the-road (TTR) hybrid vehicles, and an optimal modulation strategy is also proposed. Car hybridization is an emerging topic since it may be a feasible, low-cost, intermediate step toward the green transition of the transport system with a potential positive impact in third-world countries. In this case, the presence of two in-wheel-motors installed on the rear axle and of the original mechanical braking system mounted on the vehicle can result in limited braking energy recovery in the absence of proper braking management strategies. A vehicle longitudinal model has been integrated with an algorithm of non-linear constrained optimization to maximize the energy recovery for various starting speed and stopping time, also considering the efficiency map and power limitations of the electric components. In the best conditions, the recovery can reach about 40% of the vehicle energy, selecting the best deceleration at each speed and proper modulation, and with a realistic estimate of the grip coefficient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Control of Hybrid Vehicles)
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16 pages, 36097 KiB  
Article
Performance of Parallel Connected SiC MOSFETs under Short Circuits Conditions
by Ruizhu Wu, Simon Mendy, Nereus Agbo, Jose Ortiz Gonzalez, Saeed Jahdi and Olayiwola Alatise
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6834; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206834 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2069
Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of parameter variation between parallel connected SiC MOSFETs on short circuit (SC) performance. SC tests are performed on parallel connected devices with different switching rates, junction temperatures and threshold voltages (VTH). The results show that [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the impact of parameter variation between parallel connected SiC MOSFETs on short circuit (SC) performance. SC tests are performed on parallel connected devices with different switching rates, junction temperatures and threshold voltages (VTH). The results show that VTH variation is the most critical factor affecting reduced robustness of parallel devices under SC. The SC current conducted per device is shown to increase under parallel connection compared to single device measurements. VTH shift from bias–temperature–instability (BTI) is known to occur in SiC MOSFETs, hence this paper combines BTI and SC tests. The results show that a positive VGS stress on the gate before the SC measurement reduces the peak SC current by a magnitude that is proportional to VGS stress time. Repeating the measurements at elevated temperatures reduces the time dependency of the VTH shift, thereby indicating thermal acceleration of negative charge trapping. VTH recovery is also observed using SC measurements. Similar measurements are performed on Si IGBTs with no observable impact of VGS stress on SC measurements. In conclusion, a test methodology for investigating the impact of BTI on SC characteristics is presented along with key results showing the electrothermal dynamics of parallel devices under SC conditions. Full article
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20 pages, 1513 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Human Factor in Industry 4.0 Based on the Automotive Industry
by Mariusz J. Ligarski, Barbara Rożałowska and Krzysztof Kalinowski
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6833; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206833 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2944
Abstract
Human factor plays an important role in the implementation of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). The concept of Industry 4.0 is poorly researched, particularly the social aspect. The authors have conducted a study to determine the level of preparation of employees for [...] Read more.
Human factor plays an important role in the implementation of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0). The concept of Industry 4.0 is poorly researched, particularly the social aspect. The authors have conducted a study to determine the level of preparation of employees for the introduction of technological changes. This study involved conducting a survey on a sample of 453 employees based in four organizations within the automotive industry. The respondents were thereafter divided into groups based on age and positions held. The employees’ knowledge of the Industry 4.0 technology was examined, and their openness to change and readiness to increase competence was determined. A causal relationship was found between knowledge and trust in technology. Employees’ fears associated with production automation were discussed. A group of production workers was found to be the least prepared to implement technology changes. Actions to improve the situation and potential consequences of inadequate implementation of this technology were indicated. The findings from this study were compared with the results obtained in other countries. Special attention was paid to the limitations of this study, and we identified the necessity to conduct international comparative research on small, medium and large enterprises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management: Economic, Social, and Ecological Aspects)
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10 pages, 714 KiB  
Article
Separation of 3He Isotope from Liquid Helium with the Use of Entropy Filter Composed of Carbon Nanotubes
by Jakub Niechciał, Wojciech Kempiński, Leszek Stobiński, Zbigniew Trybuła, Piotr Banat, Maciej Chorowski, Jarosław Poliński, Katarzyna Chołast and Andrzej Kociemba
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6832; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206832 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1830
Abstract
The 3He isotope finds applications in many areas of science and industry, the most important of which are cryogenics, where 3He allows for achieving millikelvins in dilution refrigerators, and public security with 3He detectors of radioactive materials at airports and [...] Read more.
The 3He isotope finds applications in many areas of science and industry, the most important of which are cryogenics, where 3He allows for achieving millikelvins in dilution refrigerators, and public security with 3He detectors of radioactive materials at airports and important buildings. 3He is also used in medicine for lung tomography. One of the most extraordinary future applications is the use of 3He in fusion reactors for clean energy. 3He is currently very expensive, with prices reaching USD 2750 for 1 liter of gas in normal conditions; thus, more effort is put into finding economically viable methods to acquire this isotope. The article shows research results of acquiring the 3He isotope from liquid helium by a quantum separation method with the use of entropy filters based on new carbon nanomaterials: purified multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and purified multiwall carbon nanotubes decorated with ZrO2 nanoparticles. MWCNTs were bundled and applied in the form of pressed tablets with fixed sizes. The research was conducted at the low-temperature region, where helium exhibits its quantum properties by undergoing a phase transition to the superfluid phase at the lambda temperature: Tλ= 2.18 K. Entropy filters work below this temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage Systems and Conversion Processes)
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14 pages, 3627 KiB  
Article
Design of a Pendulum Prototype for Dynamic Testing of Material Removal Using Picks
by María-Belén Prendes-Gero, Celestino González-Nicieza, Covadonga Betegón-Biempica and Martina-Inmaculada Álvarez-Fernández
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6831; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206831 - 19 Oct 2021
Viewed by 1428
Abstract
The need for large and fast excavations, together with noise and vibration limitations, means that mechanical removal is increasingly used rather than blasting. In mechanical removal, the cutting tools hit the rock and penetrate it, and then move in the direction of cutting, [...] Read more.
The need for large and fast excavations, together with noise and vibration limitations, means that mechanical removal is increasingly used rather than blasting. In mechanical removal, the cutting tools hit the rock and penetrate it, and then move in the direction of cutting, dragging and detaching a portion of rock called chip. Most research on mechanical removal approaches it as a static process without taking into account the speed at which the cutting element impacts the rock. This work presents the design of a pendulum equipment capable of simulating the impact of a cutting element, specifically a pick, against a rock, reproducing the removal in a similar way to how it is carried out in real excavations. Cutting tests are carried out with concrete samples with a cement/sand ratio of 1:1 and 3:1, the volume of material that is removed is calculated using a 3D scanner and images of the tests are collected with a high-speed video camera to facilitate the interpretation of the results. The results confirm the direct relationship between impact energy, chip size and cutting depth, prove the formation of an affected zone that allows to reduce the cutting energy, and empirically obtain the optimum cutting energy with which the maximum performance in mechanical removal would be achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Techniques in Underground Excavation)
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25 pages, 3522 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Risk Management in Passive Buildings Projects
by Maria Krechowicz and Jerzy Zbigniew Piotrowski
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206830 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2320
Abstract
Nowadays, we can observe a growing interest in passive buildings due to global climate change, environmental concerns, and growing energy costs. However, developing a passive building is associated with meeting many Passive House requirements, which results in their increased complexity as well as [...] Read more.
Nowadays, we can observe a growing interest in passive buildings due to global climate change, environmental concerns, and growing energy costs. However, developing a passive building is associated with meeting many Passive House requirements, which results in their increased complexity as well as many challenges and risks which could threaten the successful completion of the project. Risk management is a key tool enabling meeting today’s challenging passive house project’s demands connected with quality, costs, deadlines, and legal issues. In this paper, a new model of risk management dedicated for passive buildings based is proposed, in which a novel Fuzzy Fault Tree integrated with risk response matrix was developed. We proposed 171 risk remediation strategies for all 16 recognized risks in passive buildings projects. We show how to apply the proposed model in practice on one passive building example. Thanks to applying the proposed risk management model an effective reduction of the risks of the basic event is enabled, leading to a significant reduction of the top event risk. The proposed model is useful for architects, installation designers, contractors, and owners who are willing to develop attainable and successful passive buildings projects that benefit all stakeholders. Full article
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21 pages, 7179 KiB  
Article
Households’ Electrical Energy Conservation and Management: An Ecological Break-Through, or the Same Old Consumption-Growth Path?
by Zbigniew Bohdanowicz, Beata Łopaciuk-Gonczaryk, Jarosław Kowalski and Cezary Biele
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6829; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206829 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2310
Abstract
We examine the motivations behind the electrical energy conservation and smart management at households to verify whether we are observing an ecological breakthrough, or a mere continuation of the well-trodden consumption-growth path. We conducted an online survey in France, Spain, Italy, and Denmark [...] Read more.
We examine the motivations behind the electrical energy conservation and smart management at households to verify whether we are observing an ecological breakthrough, or a mere continuation of the well-trodden consumption-growth path. We conducted an online survey in France, Spain, Italy, and Denmark (n = 3200) on the subject of electricity use and generation. We utilized a generalized structural equation model to simultaneously test the direct reasons behind different energy-use behaviors and intentions, as well as their motivating factors. Measures to conserve electrical energy and install renewable energy equipment are not solely driven by ecological concerns; a crucial role is played by openness to new technologies, which correlates with high financial status. Saving electrical energy and new-tech eagerness go hand-in-hand with attachment to consumption and comfort. Social environment is relevant, as it allows users to converse about electricity saving with friends, and to observe their habits. Individuals may aim not to consume less energy, but to enhance their standards of living by economizing energy to fund other purchases, which limits the reduction in carbon footprint. Increasing the popularity of energy-saving solutions, therefore, might prove insufficient in the face of environmental threats and the challenges of transforming the energy market. Full article
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10 pages, 1694 KiB  
Article
Control of WPT Transmitter Coils for Power Distribution to Two Receiver Coils without Feedback
by Jun Heo, Sungyeal Park, Sang-Won Kim, In-Kui Cho, Songnam Hong and Yong Bae Park
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6828; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206828 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1703
Abstract
This paper proposes the algorithm to control the current ratio of the transmitting (Tx) coils for proper power distribution to the two receiving (Rx) coils in wireless power transfer (WPT) system. The proposed algorithm assumes that each Rx coil appears at different times [...] Read more.
This paper proposes the algorithm to control the current ratio of the transmitting (Tx) coils for proper power distribution to the two receiving (Rx) coils in wireless power transfer (WPT) system. The proposed algorithm assumes that each Rx coil appears at different times to consider the situation where multiple users request power transmission as practically as possible. That is, suppose the second Rx coil enters the charging space later than the first Rx coil. When each coil enters the charging space, only the Tx coil is used to obtain the value required for calculation. Using the obtained result, the optimized Tx coil current is calculated by the proposed algorithm and proper power distribution to both Rx coils is achieved. Three Tx coils and two Rx coils are constructed using the ANSYS MAXWELL simulation tool. As a result of applying the proposed algorithm, it was confirmed that a similar level of power was transmitted between 40∼60%, respectively. The sum of the power transmitted to the two Rx coils also appeared as more than 75%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next Generation Wireless Charging System for Mobile Devices)
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33 pages, 3456 KiB  
Review
Prospects of Integrated Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Systems in a Hydrogen Economy: A Comprehensive Review
by Chukwuma Ogbonnaya, Chamil Abeykoon, Adel Nasser, Ali Turan and Cyril Sunday Ume
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6827; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206827 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3623
Abstract
Integrated photovoltaic-fuel cell (IPVFC) systems, amongst other integrated energy generation methodologies are renewable and clean energy technologies that have received diverse research and development attentions over the last few decades due to their potential applications in a hydrogen economy. This article systematically updates [...] Read more.
Integrated photovoltaic-fuel cell (IPVFC) systems, amongst other integrated energy generation methodologies are renewable and clean energy technologies that have received diverse research and development attentions over the last few decades due to their potential applications in a hydrogen economy. This article systematically updates the state-of-the-art of IPVFC systems and provides critical insights into the research and development gaps needed to be filled/addressed to advance these systems towards full commercialization. Design methodologies, renewable energy-based microgrid and off-grid applications, energy management strategies, optimizations and the prospects as self-sustaining power sources were covered. IPVFC systems could play an important role in the upcoming hydrogen economy since they depend on solar hydrogen which has almost zero emissions during operation. Highlighted herein are the advances as well as the technical challenges to be surmounted to realize numerous potential applications of IPVFC systems in unmanned aerial vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, agricultural applications, telecommunications, desalination, synthesis of ammonia, boats, buildings, and distributed microgrid applications. Full article
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19 pages, 3972 KiB  
Article
Influence of Selected Non-Ideal Aspects on Active and Reactive Power MRAS for Stator and Rotor Resistance Estimation
by Ondrej Lipcak, Filip Baum and Jan Bauer
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6826; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/en14206826 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1346
Abstract
Mathematical models of induction motor (IM) used in direct field-oriented control (DFOC) strategies are characterized by parametrization resulting from the IM equivalent circuit and model-type selection. The parameter inaccuracy causes DFOC detuning, which deteriorates the drive performance. Therefore, many methods for parameter adaptation [...] Read more.
Mathematical models of induction motor (IM) used in direct field-oriented control (DFOC) strategies are characterized by parametrization resulting from the IM equivalent circuit and model-type selection. The parameter inaccuracy causes DFOC detuning, which deteriorates the drive performance. Therefore, many methods for parameter adaptation were developed in the literature. One class of algorithms, popular due to their simplicity, includes estimators based on the model reference adaptive system (MRAS). Their main disadvantage is the dependence on other machines’ parameters. However, although typically not considered in the respective literature, there are other aspects that impair the performance of the MRAS estimators. These include, but are not limited to, the nonlinear phenomenon of iron losses, the effect of necessary discretization of the algorithms and selection of the sampling time, and the influence of the supply inverter nonlinear behavior. Therefore, this paper aims to study the effect of the above-mentioned negative aspects on the performance of selected MRAS estimators: active and reactive power MRAS for the stator and rotor resistance estimation. Furthermore, improved reduced-order models and MRAS estimators that consider the iron loss phenomenon are also presented to examine the iron loss influence. Another merit of this paper is that it shows clearly and in one place how DFOC, with the included effect of iron losses and inverter nonlinearities, can be modeled using simulation tools. The modeling of the IM and DFOC takes place in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Power Systems and Power Electronics)
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