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Materials, Volume 13, Issue 1 (January-1 2020) – 253 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Hydrogen energy has been great interest as the solution for the looming environmental crisis. The hydrogen energy can be produced through water splitting without any polluting byproducts, such as CO2. Owing to its low-cost, abundancy, and excellent catalytic properties, the carbon materials have shown great aspect towards the water splitting reactions. Especially, low-dimensional carbon-based materials, such as graphene, graphitic carbon nitride, and their derivatives, possess favorable catalytic properties and are engaged to employ in various water splitting systems. Furthermore, the light-absorbing capability of graphene oxides and graphene quantum dots have opened to the solar-induced method of hydrogen production. Therefore, carbon-based materials with their inspiring performances can effectually enhance the efficiency of water splitting systems for eco-friendly hydrogen production. View this paper.
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13 pages, 7121 KiB  
Article
In Situ Experimental Study on the Behavior of UHPC Composite Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck
by Li Su, Shilei Wang, Yan Gao, Jianlei Liu and Xudong Shao
Materials 2020, 13(1), 253; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010253 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4446
Abstract
A novel ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) layer composite orthotropic steel deck was adopted in the construction of a new bridge in China to improve the fatigue performance of the orthotropic steel deck plate and reduce the disease of surface wearing layer. In [...] Read more.
A novel ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) layer composite orthotropic steel deck was adopted in the construction of a new bridge in China to improve the fatigue performance of the orthotropic steel deck plate and reduce the disease of surface wearing layer. In situ experiments were conducted to study the UHPC layer’s impact on the behavior of the orthotropic steel deck. The test vehicle loads were applied on the deck plate before and after UHPC layer paving, the stresses where fatigue cracks usually occur and the deflections of critical sections were measured. The test results verified that the UHPC composite steel deck system could significantly reduce the stress of the rib-to-deck connection region and the stress at the bottom toe of rib-to-diaphragm weld. In addition, it slightly influenced the performance of U shape rib, girder web-to-deck and diaphragm cutout. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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12 pages, 4014 KiB  
Article
IMCs Microstructure Evolution Dependence of Mechanical Properties for Ni/Sn/Ni Micro Solder-Joints
by Ning Ren, Heng Fang, Dong Wang, Chenyi Hou, Yatao Zhao, Fan Chen, Ye Tian, Kyung-Wook Paik and Yiping Wu
Materials 2020, 13(1), 252; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010252 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3408
Abstract
The current miniaturization trend of microelectronic devices drives the size of solder joints to continually scale down. The miniaturized joints considerably increase intermetallic compounds (IMCs) volume fraction to trigger mechanical reliability issues. This study investigated precise relationships between varying IMC volumes and mechanical [...] Read more.
The current miniaturization trend of microelectronic devices drives the size of solder joints to continually scale down. The miniaturized joints considerably increase intermetallic compounds (IMCs) volume fraction to trigger mechanical reliability issues. This study investigated precise relationships between varying IMC volumes and mechanical properties of Ni/Sn(20μm)/Ni micro-joints. A designed method that followed the IMC volume as the only variable was used to prepare micro-joint samples with different IMC volumes. The continuously thickened Ni3Sn4 IMCs exhibited a noticeable morphology evolution from rod-like to chunky shape. The subsequent tensile tests showed unexpected tensile strength responses as increasing Ni3Sn4 volume, which was strongly associated with the Ni3Sn4 morphological evolutions. Fractographic analysis displayed that the ductile fracture dominates the 20%–40% IMC micro-joints, whereas the brittle fracture governs the 40%–80% IMC micro-joints. For the ductile fracture-dominated joints, an abnormal reduction in strength occurred as increasing IMCs volume from 20% to 40%. This is primarily due to severe stress concentrations caused by the transformed long rod-typed morphology of the Ni3Sn4. For the brittle fracture-dominated joints, the strength appeared a monotonous increase as the Ni3Sn4 volume increased. This may be attributed to the increased crack resistance resulting from continuous coarsening of the chunky Ni3Sn4 without any voids. Moreover, the finite element analysis was provided to further understand the joint failure mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
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16 pages, 5885 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Waste Polysilicon Sludge in Concrete
by Abdul Qudoos, In Kyu Jeon, Seong Soo Kim, Jeong Bae Lee and Hong Gi Kim
Materials 2020, 13(1), 251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010251 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3095
Abstract
Increasing use of cement in the construction industry is causing an alarming increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which is a serious environmental threat, it can be reduced by the addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The commonly used SCMs like [...] Read more.
Increasing use of cement in the construction industry is causing an alarming increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which is a serious environmental threat, it can be reduced by the addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The commonly used SCMs like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA) have been successfully used to replace the cement partially or completely. Polysilicon sludge obtained from the photovoltaic industry is also a type of waste material that can be used as SCM because it has high content of reactive SiO2. This study investigates the effects of replacing cement with polysilicon sludge in concrete. Different concrete specimens were made by replacing varying proportions of cement with polysilicon sludge and their properties, such as, fresh properties, compressive strength, heat release, chloride penetration, freeze/thaw resistance and microstructural investigations were determined. The results demonstrate that the polysilicon sludge can be used effectively to replace cement, and environmental threats associated with its disposal can be reduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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12 pages, 4752 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Alumina HDPE Composites
by Mohamed Saleh, Zainab Al-Hajri, Anton Popelka and Syed Javaid Zaidi
Materials 2020, 13(1), 250; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010250 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3414
Abstract
In this study, effects of two different types of porous alumina nanoparticles have been incorporated into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to study their impact on the properties of the HDPE composite. The dispersion of fillers in the HDPE matrix was evaluated by scanning electron [...] Read more.
In this study, effects of two different types of porous alumina nanoparticles have been incorporated into high-density polyethylene (HDPE) to study their impact on the properties of the HDPE composite. The dispersion of fillers in the HDPE matrix was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) integrated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were applied to investigate the calorimetric behavior and thermal stability and to analyze the polymer decomposition, respectively. The dielectric properties were determined by a broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The effect of filler loading on the tensile properties and melt flow index was also examined. A homogenous distribution of the fillers was observed at low loading of alumina particles (below 5 wt. %). However, agglomerates of sub-micro size were formed extensively on samples with high loading of fillers (above 7 wt. %). A significant improvement of the thermo-oxidation stability of the composite was observed. The permittivity values of the prepared composites also increased with the addition of the fillers. The incorporation of fillers also increased the electrical conductivity values of the prepared composites at high frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
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20 pages, 17196 KiB  
Article
Reducing Yield Asymmetry between Tension and Compression by Fabricating ZK60/WE43 Bimetal Composites
by Kangning Zhao, Dexing Xu, Xiao Song, Yingzhong Ma, Hongxiang Li, Jishan Zhang and Daolun Chen
Materials 2020, 13(1), 249; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010249 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3121
Abstract
In this study ZK60/WE43 bimetal composite rods were manufactured by a special method of hot diffusion and co-extrusion. Interface microstructure, deformation mechanism, and yield asymmetry between tension and compression for the composite rods were systematically investigated. It was observed that the salient deformation [...] Read more.
In this study ZK60/WE43 bimetal composite rods were manufactured by a special method of hot diffusion and co-extrusion. Interface microstructure, deformation mechanism, and yield asymmetry between tension and compression for the composite rods were systematically investigated. It was observed that the salient deformation mechanism of the ZK60 constituent was {10-12}<−1011> extension twinning in compression and prismatic slip in tension, and different deformation modes resulted in yield asymmetry between tension and compression. In contrast, the WE43 constituent tends to be more isotropic due to grain refinement, texture weakening, solid-solution and precipitation strengthening, which were deformed via basal slip, prismatic slip, and {10-12}<−1011> extension twinning in both tension and compression. Surprisingly, it was found that yield asymmetry between tension and compression for the ZK60/WE43 composite rods along the extrusion direction was effectively reduced with a compression-to-tension ratio of ~0.9. The strongly bonded interface acting as a stress transfer medium for the ZK60 sleeve and WE43 core exhibited the coordinated deformation behavior. This finding provides an effective method to decrease the yield asymmetry between tension and compression in the extruded magnesium alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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2 pages, 883 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Lin. et al. Effects of Substrate-Coating Materials on the Wound-Healing Process. Materials 2019, 12, 2775
by Jin-Young Lin, Kai-Yin Lo and Yung-Shin Sun
Materials 2020, 13(1), 248; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010248 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1736
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper [...] Full article
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21 pages, 9040 KiB  
Article
Damage Tolerance Evaluation of E-PBF-Manufactured Inconel 718 Strut Geometries by Advanced Characterization Techniques
by Daniel Kotzem, Tizian Arold, Thomas Niendorf and Frank Walther
Materials 2020, 13(1), 247; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010247 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3200
Abstract
By means of electron beam powder bed fusion (E-PBF), highly complex lightweight structures can be manufactured within short process times. Due to the increasing complexity of producible components and the entangled interplay of damage mechanisms, common bulk material properties such as ultimate tensile [...] Read more.
By means of electron beam powder bed fusion (E-PBF), highly complex lightweight structures can be manufactured within short process times. Due to the increasing complexity of producible components and the entangled interplay of damage mechanisms, common bulk material properties such as ultimate tensile or fatigue strength are not sufficient to guarantee safe and reliable use in demanding applications. Within this work, the damage tolerance of E-PBF-manufactured Ni-based alloy Inconel 718 (IN 718) strut geometries under uniaxial cyclic loading was investigated supported by several advanced measurement techniques. Based on thermal and electrical measurements, the failure of single struts could reliably be detected, revealing that continuous monitoring is applicable for such complex geometries. Process-induced surface roughness was found to be the main reason for early failure during cyclic loading. Thus, adequate post-processing steps have to be established for complex geometries to significantly improve damage tolerance and, eventually, in-service properties. Full article
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21 pages, 13866 KiB  
Article
Au-WO3 Nanocomposite Coatings for Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing
by Nuno M. Figueiredo, Filipe Vaz, Luís Cunha and Albano Cavaleiro
Materials 2020, 13(1), 246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010246 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3284
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) gas sensors are gaining increasing importance due to their unique tuneable functional properties. Au-WO3−x nanocomposite coatings, in particular, can be outstandingly sensitive to many different gases. However, a proper understanding of their optical properties and the way [...] Read more.
Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) gas sensors are gaining increasing importance due to their unique tuneable functional properties. Au-WO3−x nanocomposite coatings, in particular, can be outstandingly sensitive to many different gases. However, a proper understanding of their optical properties and the way in which those properties are correlated to their structure/microstructure, is still needed. In this work, Au-WO3 nanocomposite coatings, with Au contents between 0–11 atomic percent, were grown using reactive magnetron co-sputtering technique and were characterized concerning their optical response. The precipitation of Au nanoparticles in the oxide matrix was promoted through thermal annealing treatments until 500 °C. Along with the Au nanoparticles’ morphological changes, the annealing treatments stimulated the crystallization of WO3, together with the appearance of oxygen-deficient WO3−x phases. Through theoretical simulations, we have related the LSPR effect with the different structural and morphological variations (namely, size and distribution of the nanoparticles and their local environment), which were a function of the Au content and annealing temperature. Our results suggest that local voids were present in the vicinity of the Au nanoparticles, for all temperature range, and that they should be present in a wide variety of Au-WO3 nanocomposites. A theoretical study concerning the refractive index sensitivity was carried out in order to predict the optimal coating design parameters for gas sensing experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Sensing Applications)
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37 pages, 18601 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Effect of 5 at.% Sn on the Micro-Structure and Isothermal Oxidation at 800 and 1200 °C of Nb-24Ti-18Si Based Alloys with Al and/or Cr Additions
by Zhen Xu, Claire Utton and Panos Tsakiropoulos
Materials 2020, 13(1), 245; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010245 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2367
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a systematic study of Nb-24Ti-18Si based alloys with 5 at.% Sn addition. Three alloys of nominal compositions (at.%), namely Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Cr-5Sn (ZX4), Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Sn (ZX6), and Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Cr-5Sn (ZX8), were studied to understand how the increased Sn concentration improved oxidation [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of a systematic study of Nb-24Ti-18Si based alloys with 5 at.% Sn addition. Three alloys of nominal compositions (at.%), namely Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Cr-5Sn (ZX4), Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Sn (ZX6), and Nb-24Ti-18Si-5Al-5Cr-5Sn (ZX8), were studied to understand how the increased Sn concentration improved oxidation resistance. In all three alloys there was macrosegregation, which was most severe in ZX8 and the primary βNb5Si3 transformed completely to αNb5Si3 after heat treatment. The Nbss was not stable in ZX6, the Nb3Sn was stable in all three alloys, and the Nbss and C14-NbCr2 Laves phase were stable in ZX4 and ZX8. The 5 at.% Sn addition suppressed pest oxidation at 800 °C but not scale spallation at 1200 °C. At both temperatures, a Sn-rich area with Nb3Sn, Nb5Sn2Si, and NbSn2 compounds developed below the scale. This area was thicker and continuous after oxidation at 1200 °C and was contaminated by oxygen at both temperatures. The contamination of the Nbss by oxygen was most severe in the bulk of all three alloys. Nb-rich, Ti-rich and Nb and Si-rich oxides formed in the scales. The adhesion of the latter on ZX6 at 1200 °C was better, compared with the alloys ZX4 and ZX8. At both temperatures, the improved oxidation was accompanied by a decrease and increase respectively of the alloy parameters VEC (Valence Electron Concentration) and δ, in agreement with the alloy design methodology NICE (Niobium Intermetallic Composite Elaboration). Comparison with similar alloys with 2 at.% Sn addition showed (a) that a higher Sn concentration is essential for the suppression of pest oxidation of Nb-24Ti-18Si based alloys with Cr and no Al additions, but not for alloys where Al and Cr are in synergy with Sn, (b) that the stability of Nb3Sn in the alloy is “assured” with 5 at.% Sn addition, which improves oxidation with/out the presence of the Laves phase and (c) that the synergy of Sn with Al presents the “best” oxidation behaviour with improved scale adhesion at high temperature. Full article
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10 pages, 3269 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Fracture Toughness of Pure Tungsten Using a Small-Sized Compact Tension Specimen
by Byeong Seo Kong, Ji Ho Shin, Changheui Jang and Hyoung Chan Kim
Materials 2020, 13(1), 244; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010244 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3007
Abstract
The evaluation of fracture toughness of pure tungsten is essential for the structural integrity analysis in a fusion reactor. Therefore, the accurate quantification of fracture toughness of tungsten alloys is needed. However, due to the inherent brittleness of tungsten, it is difficult to [...] Read more.
The evaluation of fracture toughness of pure tungsten is essential for the structural integrity analysis in a fusion reactor. Therefore, the accurate quantification of fracture toughness of tungsten alloys is needed. However, due to the inherent brittleness of tungsten, it is difficult to introduce a sharp fatigue pre-crack needed for the fracture toughness test. In this study, a novel fatigue pre-cracking method was developed and applied to the small-sized disc-type compact tension (DCT) specimens of double-forged pure tungsten. To overcome the brittleness and poor oxidation resistance, a low-frequency tensile fatigue pre-cracking was performed at 600 °C in Ar environment, which resulted in the introduction of a sharp pre-crack to DCT specimens. Then, fracture toughness tests were conducted at room temperature (RT), 400 °C, and 700 °C in air and Ar gas environments using as-machined and pre-cracked DCT specimens. At RT and 400 °C, the test environment and crack tip radius did not affect the fracture toughness measurement. However, at 700 °C, the Ar gas environment and the presence of a sharp fatigue pre-crack resulted in a decrease in the measured fracture toughness. Thus, it was suggested that, for the conservative fracture toughness measurement of pure tungsten, fatigue pre-cracking and fracture toughness test should be performed in an inert environment, especially for high-temperature tests. Full article
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13 pages, 4013 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Al2O3-CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskites towards Avoiding Toxic Solvents
by Eurig Wyn Jones, Peter James Holliman, Leon Bowen, Arthur Connell, Christopher Kershaw and Diana Elizabeth Meza-Rojas
Materials 2020, 13(1), 243; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010243 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3149
Abstract
We report the synthesis of organometal halide perovskites by milling CH3NH3I and PbI2 directly with an Al2O3 scaffold to create hybrid Al2O3-CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites, without the use [...] Read more.
We report the synthesis of organometal halide perovskites by milling CH3NH3I and PbI2 directly with an Al2O3 scaffold to create hybrid Al2O3-CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites, without the use of organic capping ligands that otherwise limit the growth of the material in the three dimensions. Not only does this improve the ambient stability of perovskites in air (100 min versus 5 min for dimethylformamide (DMF)-processed material), the method also uses much fewer toxic solvents (terpineol versus dimethylformamide). This has been achieved by solid-state reaction of the perovskite precursors to produce larger perovskite nanoparticles. The resulting hybrid perovskite–alumina particles effectively improve the hydrophobicity of the perovskite phase whilst the increased thermal mass of the Al2O3 increases the thermal stability of the organic cation. Raman data show the incorporation of Al2O3 shifts the perovskite spectrum, suggesting the formation of a hybrid 3D mesoporous stack. Laser-induced current mapping (LBIC) and superoxide generation measurements, coupled to thermogravimetric analysis, show that these hybrid perovskites demonstrate slightly improved oxygen and thermal stability, whilst ultra-fast X-ray diffraction studies using synchrotron radiation show substantial (20×) increase in humidity stability. Overall, these data show considerably improved ambient stability of the hybrid perovskites compared to the solution-processed material. Full article
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10 pages, 1129 KiB  
Article
Femtosecond Pump Probe Reflectivity Spectra in CdTe and GaAs Crystals at Room Temperature
by Hao Sun, Hong Ma and Jiancai Leng
Materials 2020, 13(1), 242; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010242 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3345
Abstract
Ultrafast pump probe reflectivity (PPR) signal near band edge is modeled by taking into account band filling (BF) and band gap renormalization (BGR) effects with the carrier density of ~1017/cm3 in GaAs crystal at room temperature. The calculated results indicate [...] Read more.
Ultrafast pump probe reflectivity (PPR) signal near band edge is modeled by taking into account band filling (BF) and band gap renormalization (BGR) effects with the carrier density of ~1017/cm3 in GaAs crystal at room temperature. The calculated results indicate that the transient reflectivity ΔR/R is determined by BF and BGR effects. The most interesting feature is that ΔR/R signal experiences a sign change from photo-bleaching (PB) to photo-absorption (PA) due to the competition between BF and BGR effects. We experimentally measured ΔR as a function of photon energy across band edge with carrier density of ~1017/cm3 in GaAs and CdTe crystals, which has a similar trend as that calculated according to our model. In addition, the reflectivity is very sensitive to electron spin orientation, which is well confirmed by the corresponding experiments with 100 fs pump probe reflectivity spectroscopy in bulk CdTe. Our research in this work provides a method to study optoelectronic properties of conventional semiconductors at moderate carrier density excited by ultrafast laser pulse. Importantly, this model can be used for other novel semiconductor materials beyond GaAs and will provide new insights into the underlying spin dependent photophysics properties for new materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Semiconductors for Photonics and Electronics)
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11 pages, 2449 KiB  
Article
Production and Heat Properties of an X-ray Reflective Anode Based on a Diamond Heat Buffer Layer
by Xinwei Li, Xin Wang, Ye Li and Yanyang Liu
Materials 2020, 13(1), 241; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010241 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2750
Abstract
This paper introduces an X-ray reflective anode with a diamond heat buffer layer, so as to improve heat dissipation of micro-focus X-ray sources. This also aids in avoiding the destruction of the anode target surface caused by the accumulation of heat generated by [...] Read more.
This paper introduces an X-ray reflective anode with a diamond heat buffer layer, so as to improve heat dissipation of micro-focus X-ray sources. This also aids in avoiding the destruction of the anode target surface caused by the accumulation of heat generated by the electron beam bombardment in the focal spot area. In addition to the description of the production process of the new reflective anode, this study focuses more on the research of the thermal conductivity and compounding ability. This paper also introduces a method that combines finite element analysis (FEA) in conjunction with thermal conductivity experiments, and subsequently demonstrates the credibility of this method. It was found that due to diamonds having a high thermal conductivity and melting point, high heat flux produced in the micro-focus spot region of the anode could be conducted and removed rapidly, which ensured the thermal stability of the anode. Experiments with the power parameters of the radiation source were also completed and showed an improvement in the power limit twice that of the original. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
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12 pages, 2367 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Corrosion Behavior of CLF-1 in Liquid Lithium Using Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Depth Profile Analysis
by Zhi Cao, Yongtao An, Xianglin Wang, Chang’an Chen and Ying Li
Materials 2020, 13(1), 240; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010240 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2360
Abstract
It is important to get fast and quantitative compositional depth profiles for the boundary layer of the corroded specimen in order to understand the corrosion process and mechanism due to liquid lithium induced corrosion problems to structural material of fusion reactors. In this [...] Read more.
It is important to get fast and quantitative compositional depth profiles for the boundary layer of the corroded specimen in order to understand the corrosion process and mechanism due to liquid lithium induced corrosion problems to structural material of fusion reactors. In this work, calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) is introduced to investigate the compatibility of CLF-1(China low-activation Ferritic steel) exposed in liquid lithium at 500 °C for 500 h. The results show that CF-LIBS constitutes an effective technique to observe the corrosion layer of specimens which are non-uniform and the elements of matrix show gradient distribution from the boundary to the inner layer. The concentration was 82–95 wt.% Fe, 5–12 wt.% Cr, 0.45–0.85 wt.% Mn, 1.6–1.1 wt.% W, 0.11–0.16 wt.% V, and <0.2 wt.% Li along the longitudinal corrosion depth for the corrode CLF-1. The results reveal the quantitative elemental variation trend of CLF-1 in the lithium corrosion process and indicate that the CF-LIBS approach can be applied to the analysis of composition in multi-element materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications)
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10 pages, 4100 KiB  
Article
Aluminum/Stainless Steel Clad Materials Fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering
by Kwangjae Park, Dasom Kim, Kyungju Kim and Hansang Kwon
Materials 2020, 13(1), 239; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010239 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3017
Abstract
Aluminum (Al)/stainless steel (SUS) clad materials were fabricated via the process of spark plasma sintering (SPS) using Al powder/bulk and an SUS sheet. Three Al/SUS clad types were fabricated: powder/bulk (P/B), bulk/bulk (B/B), and bulk/powder/bulk (B/P/B). During the SPS, Al and SUS reacted [...] Read more.
Aluminum (Al)/stainless steel (SUS) clad materials were fabricated via the process of spark plasma sintering (SPS) using Al powder/bulk and an SUS sheet. Three Al/SUS clad types were fabricated: powder/bulk (P/B), bulk/bulk (B/B), and bulk/powder/bulk (B/P/B). During the SPS, Al and SUS reacted with each other, and intermetallic compounds were created in the clads. The thermal conductivity and thermal-expansion coefficient were measured using a laser flash analyzer and dynamic mechanical analyzer, respectively. The Al/SUS (P/B) clad had a thermal conductivity of 159.5 W/mK and coefficient of thermal expansion of 15.3 × 10−6/°C. To analyze the mechanical properties, Vickers hardness and three-point bending tests were conducted. The Al/SUS (P/B) clad had a flexural strength of about 204 MPa. The Al/SUS clads fabricated via SPS in this study are suitable for use in applications in various engineering fields requiring materials with high heat dissipation and high heat resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Processing)
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9 pages, 2350 KiB  
Article
Fatigue Limit of Custom 465 with Surface Strengthening Treatment
by Gang An, Ren-jing Liu and Guang-qiang Yin
Materials 2020, 13(1), 238; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010238 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2531
Abstract
In order to study the effect of nitriding or shot peening on the surface modification and fatigue properties of martensitic stainless-steel Custom 465, the residual stress and micro-hardness of the strengthened layer are determined by X-ray and micro-hardness tester, respectively. The up-and-down method [...] Read more.
In order to study the effect of nitriding or shot peening on the surface modification and fatigue properties of martensitic stainless-steel Custom 465, the residual stress and micro-hardness of the strengthened layer are determined by X-ray and micro-hardness tester, respectively. The up-and-down method is used to measure the rotational bending fatigue strength at 1 × 107 cycles, and the fatigue fracture characteristic is observed by scanning electron microscopy. The relationship between surface residual stress and internal fatigue limit of surface strengthening treatment is discussed. Results show that nitriding or shot peening surface strengthening layer forms a certain depth of compressive residual stress, where in the surface compressive residual stress of the nitrided specimens is greater than the shot peened specimens. The micro-hardness of the nitrided or shot peened surface strengthening layer is significantly improved, where in the surface micro-hardness of nitriding specimens are higher than shot peening specimens. The nitriding or shot peening surface strengthening can significantly improve the fatigue limit of Custom 465, wherein the fatigue limits of nitrided and shot peened surface strengthened specimens are 50.09% and 50.66% higher than that of the un-surface strengthened specimens, respectively. That is, the effect of the two strengthening methods on fatigue limit is not very different. The fracture characteristics show that the fatigue crack of the un-surface strengthened specimens originates from the surface, while the fatigue crack of surface strengthened specimens originates from the subsurface layer under the strengthened layer. The relationship between the internal fatigue limit and the surface residual stress of the surface strengthened specimen can be used as a method for predicting the fatigue limit of the surface strengthened specimens. Full article
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13 pages, 3598 KiB  
Article
A Comparison Study on the Characteristics of Nanofibrils Isolated from Fibers and Parenchyma Cells in Bamboo
by Xiaofeng Zhang, Hanxiao Huang, Yan Qing, Hankun Wang and Xingong Li
Materials 2020, 13(1), 237; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010237 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3756
Abstract
In this study, bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells were separated by a physical water-medium method. To compare the characteristics of nanofibrils from these two types of cells, lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were prepared by different processes. Atomic force microscopy analysis [...] Read more.
In this study, bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells were separated by a physical water-medium method. To compare the characteristics of nanofibrils from these two types of cells, lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were prepared by different processes. Atomic force microscopy analysis revealed that both fibers and parenchyma cells can be separated into individual fibrils after grinding three times. However, LCNFs had a diameter of 20–40 nm, which was larger than that of CNFs (10–20 nm). Additionally, the films prepared from LCNFs had lower tensile strength, but higher hydrophobicity compared with those from CNFs. X-ray diffraction analysis and tensile test of the films showed that the nanofibrils isolated from fibers and parenchyma cells had similar crystallinity and mechanical properties. This study shows a promising application of bamboo parenchyma cells, which are usually discarded as waste in the processing of bamboo products, in the preparation of nanofibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Multi-Functional Materials and Nanocomposites)
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13 pages, 2458 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Property and Structure of Polypropylene/Aluminum Alloy Hybrid Prepared via Ultrasound-Assisted Hot-Pressing Technology
by Kunpeng Du, Jin Huang, Jing Chen, Youbing Li, Chaolong Yang and Xiaochao Xia
Materials 2020, 13(1), 236; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010236 - 06 Jan 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2428
Abstract
The polypropylene/aluminum alloy hybrid was prepared via an ultrasonic-assisted hot-pressing technology (UAHPT). The mechanical property and structure of the UAHPT processed polypropylene/aluminum alloy hybrid were explored by the tensile shear test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Prior to [...] Read more.
The polypropylene/aluminum alloy hybrid was prepared via an ultrasonic-assisted hot-pressing technology (UAHPT). The mechanical property and structure of the UAHPT processed polypropylene/aluminum alloy hybrid were explored by the tensile shear test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Prior to obtaining the UAHPT processed hybrid, the microporous structures were prepared by the anodic oxidation in a phosphoric acid solution in which the polypropylene (PP) melt flowed into and formed the micro mechanical interlocking structure at the interface of polypropylene/aluminum alloy. The effects of bonding temperature, pressing pressure, ultrasonic amplitude, and ultrasonic time on the bonding properties of the hybrids were investigated via orthogonal experiment. The UAHPT processed hybrid was strengthened and the maximal tensile shear strength reached up to 22.43 MPa for the polypropylene/aluminum alloy hybrid prepared at the optimum vibration processing parameters. Full article
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13 pages, 3610 KiB  
Article
Effects of 10-MDP Based Primer on Shear Bond Strength between Zirconia and New Experimental Resin Cement
by Francesco Valente, Luan Mavriqi and Tonino Traini
Materials 2020, 13(1), 235; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010235 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3844
Abstract
To date, numerous materials in the dental field are marketed to ensure stable adhesive cementation of zirconia ceramics (Y-TZP). The aims of this study were to assess the shear bond strength of the new experimental cement Surgi Dual Flo’ Zr to Y-TZP compared [...] Read more.
To date, numerous materials in the dental field are marketed to ensure stable adhesive cementation of zirconia ceramics (Y-TZP). The aims of this study were to assess the shear bond strength of the new experimental cement Surgi Dual Flo’ Zr to Y-TZP compared to Panavia V5 cement, and to evaluate the effect of 10-MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate) containing primer on their bond strength. Twenty composite cylinders and Y-TZP disks were adhesively luted and divided into four groups based on cement type used and application or not of 10-MDP. The groups (n = 5 each) were S 10MDP (Surgi Dual Flo’ Zr with 10-MDP); S no 10MDP (Surgi Dual Flo’ Zr without 10-MDP); P 10MDP (Panavia V5 with 10-MDP); P no 10MDP (Panavia V5 without 10-MDP). Maximum load resistance (ML) and shear bond strength (SBS) were tested and mode of failure qualitative documented via scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Holm-Sidak method, and Bayesian analysis. ML and SBS were significantly higher in S 10MDP than in S no 10MDP; and in P 10MDP than in P no 10MDP (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between S 10MDP and P 10MDP; S no 10MDP and P no 10MDP (p > 0.05). Cohesive, adhesive, and mixed failure occurred among the groups. Bond strength between the experimental resin-based cement and Y-TZP was adequate for clinical application when 10-MDP was added. 10-MDP containing primer was effective improving the bond strength to Y-TZP more than the different type of resinous cement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Regenerative and Restorative Dentistry)
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16 pages, 5168 KiB  
Article
Study on the Flexural Performance of Hybrid-Reinforced Concrete Beams with a New Cathodic Protection System Subjected to Corrosion
by Yingwu Zhou, Yaowei Zheng, Lili Sui, Biao Hu and Xiaoxu Huang
Materials 2020, 13(1), 234; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010234 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3143
Abstract
Steel corrosion is considered as the main factor for the insufficient durability of concrete structures, especially in the marine environment. In this paper, to further inhibit steel corrosion in a high chloride environment and take advantage of the dual-functional carbon fiber reinforced polymer [...] Read more.
Steel corrosion is considered as the main factor for the insufficient durability of concrete structures, especially in the marine environment. In this paper, to further inhibit steel corrosion in a high chloride environment and take advantage of the dual-functional carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) technique was applied to the hybrid-reinforced concrete beam with internally embedded CFRP bars and steel fiber reinforced polymer composite bar (SFCB) as the anode material while the steel bar was compelled to the cathode. The effect of the new ICCP system on the flexural performance of the hybrid-reinforced concrete beam subjected to corrosion was verified experimentally. First, the electricity-accelerated precorrosion test was performed for the steel bar in the hybrid-reinforced beams with a target corrosion ratio of 5%. Then, the dry–wet cycles corrosion was conducted and the ICCP system was activated simultaneously for the hybrid-reinforced concrete beam for 180 days. Finally, the three-point bending experiment was carried out for the hybrid-reinforced concrete beams. The steel bars were taken out from the concrete to quantitatively measure the corrosion ratio after flexural tests. Results showed that the further corrosion of steel bars could be inhibited effectively by the ICCP treatment with the CFRP bar and the SFCB as the anode. Additionally, the ICCP system showed an obvious effect on the flexural behavior of the hybrid-reinforced concrete beams: The crack load and ultimate load, as well as the stiffness, were enhanced notably compared with the beam without ICCP treatment. Compared with the SFCB anode, the ICCP system with the CFRP bar as the anode material was more effective for the hybrid-reinforced concrete beam to prevent the steel corrosion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics)
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17 pages, 1899 KiB  
Article
Modification Tests to Optimize Compaction Quality Control of Granite Rockfill in Highway Embankments
by Evelio Teijón-López-Zuazo, Ángel Vega-Zamanillo, Miguel Ángel Calzada-Pérez and Luis Juli-Gándara
Materials 2020, 13(1), 233; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010233 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2561
Abstract
Particle size can be a problem in terms of rockfill compaction control methods, with little practical development of these techniques. The necessary fieldwork and laboratory tests were carried out to develop new quality control procedures for granite rockfill. This involved the revision of [...] Read more.
Particle size can be a problem in terms of rockfill compaction control methods, with little practical development of these techniques. The necessary fieldwork and laboratory tests were carried out to develop new quality control procedures for granite rockfill. This involved the revision of certain tests like the wheel-tracking or topographic settlement tests. More than 1100 in-situ density and moisture content measurements were performed for this research. In addition, more than 220 topographic settlements and 250 wheel-tracking carriage tests were carried out. The quality control processes were completed with 24 plate bearing tests. The results of granite rockfills were classified according to their use in the different areas of core or crown. Possible evidence of statistical correlations between compaction control tests was identified. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. When testing proved relationships between them, the replacement of one by the other was evaluated by deduction. Finally, the study suggests new procedures for compaction quality control of granite rockfill for its application in core and crown. Full article
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15 pages, 10239 KiB  
Article
Influence of Graphite/Graphene on the Tribological Behaviors of Self-Lubricating Fabric Composite
by Fang Ren, Sha Wang, Mingming Yu, Hongyu Duan, Meng Su, Musu Ren and Jinliang Sun
Materials 2020, 13(1), 232; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010232 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2878
Abstract
Graphite/graphene particles were employed as functional fillers to modify hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene/polyisophthaloyl metaphenylene diamine (PTFE/Nomex) fabric-reinforced phenolic composites. The tribology behavior was investigated using a ball-on-disk wear tester, together with a 3D digital microscope. The graphite/graphene exhibits the synergetic effect from the results, which [...] Read more.
Graphite/graphene particles were employed as functional fillers to modify hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene/polyisophthaloyl metaphenylene diamine (PTFE/Nomex) fabric-reinforced phenolic composites. The tribology behavior was investigated using a ball-on-disk wear tester, together with a 3D digital microscope. The graphite/graphene exhibits the synergetic effect from the results, which not only reduces the friction efficient but also improves the wear resistance of the composites. Moreover, the wear mechanisms were studied by the wear surface microstructure analysis. It is proposed that the synergetic effect includes mainly the positive rolling effect from the graphene and an improved load-carrying capacity brought by graphite. In addition, in order to obtain the optimized formulation to satisfy the bearing application, the influence of graphite and graphene content on the tribological property of the composites was studied in detail. On the basis of that, the application research was carried out on the bearing oscillating wear test, which will evaluate the engineering service life of the composite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
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10 pages, 1338 KiB  
Letter
The Influencing Factor of MgAl2O4 on Heterogeneous Nucleation and Grain Refinement in Al Alloy Melts
by Lin Yang, Lu Wang and Mei Yang
Materials 2020, 13(1), 231; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010231 - 05 Jan 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2177
Abstract
Grain refinement using oxide additions is commercially feasible and ecofriendly. MgAl2O4 has a lattice structure similar to Al and small lattice misfits with Al, and it can be an effective nucleation core when it meets certain conditions. In this paper, [...] Read more.
Grain refinement using oxide additions is commercially feasible and ecofriendly. MgAl2O4 has a lattice structure similar to Al and small lattice misfits with Al, and it can be an effective nucleation core when it meets certain conditions. In this paper, the influencing factor of MgAl2O4 on heterogeneous nucleation and grain refinement in Al alloys was reviewed in terms of physical force, mass percent, particle size and distribution, heating temperature and duration, interface matching, lattice distortion, and chemical reactions at the liquid/solid interfaces. The existence of in situ MgAl2O4 was necessary for heterogeneous nucleation and grain refinement, and the content of MgAl2O4 was a crucial factor in grain refinement. Physical force highly enhanced heterogeneous nucleation and grain refinement through tuning of the wetting, size, and distribution of MgAl2O4 particles with little content. The heterogeneous nucleation of MgAl2O4 played a vital role in grain size reduction when the content was at a critical value. A single crystal of exogenous MgAl2O4 could also be a potent heterogeneous nucleation substrate for Al and Al–Mg alloys under a casting temperature or a high heating temperature with a short holding time for the small lattice misfits between nucleated-phase Al and the MgAl2O4 substrate, with limited lattice distortion. Full article
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20 pages, 12483 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation of Hybrid Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite Nanoplatelets on Rheology, Shrinkage, Mechanical, and Microstructure of SCCM
by Furqan Farooq, Arslan Akbar, Rao Arsalan Khushnood, Waqas Latif Baloch Muhammad, Sardar Kashif Ur Rehman and Muhammad Faisal Javed
Materials 2020, 13(1), 230; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010230 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 4101
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) belong to the family of graphite nanomaterials (GNMs) and are promising candidates for enhancing properties of cementitious matrix. However, the problem lies with their improper dispersion. In this paper graphite nanoplatelets are used with carbon nanotubes [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) belong to the family of graphite nanomaterials (GNMs) and are promising candidates for enhancing properties of cementitious matrix. However, the problem lies with their improper dispersion. In this paper graphite nanoplatelets are used with carbon nanotubes for dispersion facilitation of CNTs in cement mortar. The intended role is to use the GNPs particles for dispersion of CNTs and to investigate the synergistic effect of resulting nano-intruded mortar. Mechanical properties such as flexure and compressive strength have been studied along with volumetric stability, rheology, and workability. Varying dosages of CNTs to GNPs have been formulated and were analyzed. The hybrid use of CNTs-GNPs shows promise. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that hybrid CNTs/GNPs are well-suited for use in cement mortar composite performing a dual function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)
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19 pages, 5059 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Rheological Models on the Distress Prediction of Composite Pavement
by Ki Hoon Moon, Augusto Cannone Falchetto, Hae Won Park and Di Wang
Materials 2020, 13(1), 229; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010229 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
In this paper, three different rheological models including a newly developed formulation based on the current Christensen Anderson and Marateanu (CAM) model, named sigmoidal CAM model (SCM), are used to estimate the evolution of roughness, rutting, and reflective cracking in a typical composite [...] Read more.
In this paper, three different rheological models including a newly developed formulation based on the current Christensen Anderson and Marateanu (CAM) model, named sigmoidal CAM model (SCM), are used to estimate the evolution of roughness, rutting, and reflective cracking in a typical composite pavement structure currently widely adopted in South Korea. Three different asphalt mixtures were prepared and dynamic modulus tests were performed. Then, the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) was used for predicting the progression of the pavement distress and to estimate the effect of the three different models on such phenomena. It is found that the three different mathematical models provide lower and upper limits for roughness, rutting, and reflective cracking. While the CAM model may not be entirely reliable due to its inability in fitting the data in the high-temperature domain, SCM might result in moderately more conservative pavement design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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11 pages, 1798 KiB  
Article
The Stability of Hydroxyapatite/Poly-L-Lactide Fixation for Unilateral Angle Fracture of the Mandible Assessed Using a Finite Element Analysis Model
by Byungho Park, Bryan Taekyung Jung, Won Hyeon Kim, Jong-Ho Lee, Bongju Kim and Jee-Ho Lee
Materials 2020, 13(1), 228; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010228 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6103
Abstract
Recently, a hydroxyapatite particle/poly-L-lactide (HA-PLLA) composite device was introduced as an alternative to previous fixation systems. In this study, we used finite element analysis to simulate peak von Mises stress (PVMS) and deformation of bone plates and screws with the following four materials—Ti, [...] Read more.
Recently, a hydroxyapatite particle/poly-L-lactide (HA-PLLA) composite device was introduced as an alternative to previous fixation systems. In this study, we used finite element analysis to simulate peak von Mises stress (PVMS) and deformation of bone plates and screws with the following four materials—Ti, Mg alloy, PLLA, and HA-PLLA—at a unilateral mandibular fracture. A three-dimensional virtual mandibular model was constructed, and the fracture surface was designed to run from the left mandibular angle. Masticatory loading was applied on the right first molars. Stress was concentrated at the upper part and the neck of the screw. The largest PVMS was observed for Ti; that was followed by Mg alloy, HA-PLLA, and PLLA. The largest deformation was observed for PLLA; next was HA-PLLA, then Mg alloy, and finally Ti. We could rank relative superiority in terms of mechanical properties. The HA-PLLA screw and mini-plate deformed less than 0.15 mm until 300 N. Thus, we can expect good bone healing with usual masticatory loading six weeks postoperatively. HA-PLLA is more frequently indicated clinically than PLLA owing to less deformation. If the quality of HA-PLLA fixation is improved, it could be widely utilized in facial bone trauma or craniofacial surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Oral and Dentofacial Surgery)
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17 pages, 5284 KiB  
Article
Titania-Coated Alumina Foam Photocatalyst for Memantine Degradation Derived by Replica Method and Sol-Gel Reaction
by Zrinka Švagelj, Vilko Mandić, Lidija Ćurković, Martina Biošić, Irena Žmak and Mattia Gaborardi
Materials 2020, 13(1), 227; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010227 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3906
Abstract
In the present work, alumina (Al2O3) foam was prepared by the replica method where a polyurethane (PU) foam (30 pores per inch (ppi)) template was impregnated with a 60 wt.% Al2O3 suspension. Sintered Al2O [...] Read more.
In the present work, alumina (Al2O3) foam was prepared by the replica method where a polyurethane (PU) foam (30 pores per inch (ppi)) template was impregnated with a 60 wt.% Al2O3 suspension. Sintered Al2O3 foam was used as substrate for the deposition of sol-gel derived titania (TiO2) film using dip coating. For the preparation of TiO2 sol, titanium(IV) isopropoxide (Ti-iPrOH) was used as the precursor. The common problem of qualification and quantification of a crystalline coating on a highly porous 3D substrate with an uneven surface was addressed using a combination of different structural characterization methods. Using Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) and synchrotron Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) on bulk and powdered Al2O3 foam and TiO2-coated Al2O3 foam samples, it was determined Al2O3 foam crystallizes to corundum and coating to anatase, which was also confirmed by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) revealed the structural and microstructural properties of the substrate and coating. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to clarify the evolution of the porous microstructure. The Al2O3-TiO2 composite was evaluated as a photocatalyst candidate for the degradation of the micropollutant medication memantine. The degradation rate was monitored using a light-emitting diode (LED) lamp operating at electromagnetic (EM) wavelength of 365 nm. The photocatalytic activity of sol-gel-derived TiO2 film immobilized on the Al2O3 foam was compared with commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles, P25-Degussa, in the form of a suspension. The levels of memantine were monitored by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). The efficiency and rate of the memantine photodegradation by suspended TiO2 nanoparticles is higher than the TiO2-coated Al2O3 foam. But, from the practical point of view, TiO2-coated Al2O3 foam is more appropriate as a valuable photocatalytic composite material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Applications of Advanced Ceramics)
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16 pages, 3714 KiB  
Article
Properties of Concrete Containing Recycled Glass Aggregates Produced of Exploded Lighting Materials
by Tomasz Drzymała, Bartosz Zegardło and Piotr Tofilo
Materials 2020, 13(1), 226; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010226 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3952
Abstract
The paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of using glass waste from recycled lighting materials as aggregates for cement concrete. The research material was obtained from a company that utilizes electrical waste. Glass from pre-sorted elements was transported to the laboratory and [...] Read more.
The paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of using glass waste from recycled lighting materials as aggregates for cement concrete. The research material was obtained from a company that utilizes electrical waste. Glass from pre-sorted elements was transported to the laboratory and crushed in a drum crusher. In this way, the aggregate obtained was subjected to the basic tests that are carried out for aggregates traditionally used in construction. The specific density of aggregate, bulk density, absorbability, crushing index, grain shape, texture type and aggregate flatness index were examined. In the next stage of research work, concrete mixtures were made in which crushed aggregate from crushed fluorescent lamps was used as a substitute for gravel aggregate. Mixtures containing 10%, 30%, 50% and 100% aggregate were made. A mixture containing only sand and gravel aggregate was made as a comparative mixture. Basic tests of both fresh concrete mix and hardened concrete were carried out for all concrete made. The consistency of the fresh concrete mix, the air content in the concrete mix, the density of hardened concrete, absorbability, water permeability under pressure and the basic compressive and tensile (flexular) strength tests were performed. The test results showed that the greater the addition of recycled glass aggregate, the less advantageous are the features of the concrete obtained with its participation. Microscopic analyses carried out in order to explain this phenomenon indicated an unfavorable influence of the grain shape of the aggregate thus obtained. Despite this fact, recycling of lighting waste in concrete composites is recommended as a pro-ecology measure; however, attention was paid to the benefits of using only 30% by mass of said waste in relation to the weight of the traditional aggregate used. Composite with such a quantity of waste retained the characteristics of cement concrete, which qualified its use for construction concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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15 pages, 3729 KiB  
Article
Interface-Dominated Time-Dependent Behavior of Poled Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride–Trifluoroethylene)/Barium Titanate Composites
by Sara Dalle Vacche, Dragan Damjanovic, Véronique Michaud and Yves Leterrier
Materials 2020, 13(1), 225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010225 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2548
Abstract
Composites in which particles of ferroelectric ceramic phase are randomly dispersed in a polymeric matrix are of interest because of flexibility, conformability, and ease of processing. However, their piezoelectric properties are rather low, unless very high volume fractions of ceramics are used. This [...] Read more.
Composites in which particles of ferroelectric ceramic phase are randomly dispersed in a polymeric matrix are of interest because of flexibility, conformability, and ease of processing. However, their piezoelectric properties are rather low, unless very high volume fractions of ceramics are used. This brings agglomeration and porosity issues due to the large mismatch between the surface energies of the ceramics and of the polymer. Particle surface modification is a common approach for better dispersion; however, it may bring other effects on the properties of the composites, which are usually concealed by the huge improvement in performance due to the more homogenous microstructure. In this work, we compared poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene)/barium titanate composites containing 15 vol.% and 60 vol.% of pristine ceramic particles or particles modified with an aminosilane or a fluorosilane. Similar morphology, with good particle dispersion and low porosity, was achieved for all composites, owing to an efficient dispersion method. The materials were poled with two different poling procedures, and the piezoelectric coefficient d33, the relative permittivity, and the poling degree of barium titanate were followed in time. We highlighted that, although similar d33 were obtained with all types of particles, the nature of the particles surface and the poling procedure were associated with different charge trapping and influenced the evolution of d33 with time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Materials & Composites)
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21 pages, 5396 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modeling for Simulation of Compaction of Refractory Materials for Secondary Steelmaking
by Cristina Ramírez-Aragón, Joaquín Ordieres-Meré, Fernando Alba-Elías and Ana González-Marcos
Materials 2020, 13(1), 224; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13010224 - 04 Jan 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3090
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to simulate the powder compaction of refractory materials, using the discrete element method (DEM). The capability of two cohesive contact models, implemented in different DEM packages, to simulate the compaction of a mixture of two refractory materials [...] Read more.
The purpose of this work is to simulate the powder compaction of refractory materials, using the discrete element method (DEM). The capability of two cohesive contact models, implemented in different DEM packages, to simulate the compaction of a mixture of two refractory materials (dead burnt magnesia (MgO) and calcined alumina (Al2O3)) was analyzed, and the simulation results were compared with experimental data. The maximum force applied by the punch and the porosity and final shape quality of the compact were examined. As a starting point, the influence of Young’s modulus (E), the cohesion energy density (CED), and the diameter of the Al2O3 particles (D) on the results was analyzed. This analysis allowed to distinguish that E and CED were the most influential factors. Therefore, a more extensive examination of these two factors was performed afterward, using a fixed value of D. The analysis of the combined effect of these factors made it possible to calibrate the DEM models, and consequently, after this calibration, the compacts had an adequate final shape quality and the maximum force applied in the simulations matched with the experimental one. However, the porosity of the simulated compacts was higher than that of the real ones. To reduce the porosity of the compacts, lower values of D were also modeled. Consequently, the relative deviation of the porosity was reduced from 40–50% to 20%, using a value of D equal to 0.15 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Materials Modeling, Analysis and Applications)
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