Morphological Study of Bio-Based Polymers in the Consolidation of Waterlogged Wooden Objects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Freeze-Drying Protocol
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Freeze-Drying Behaviour of Chitosan, Alginate and CNCs
3.2. Comparison of Polymer Structure as a Function of Drying
3.2.1. Drying Ex Situ
3.2.2. Polysaccharide Treatment of Whole Wood Samples
3.2.3. Drying Behaviour in the Wood Cells
3.3. Thermal Stability of Fresh and Archaeological Woods as a Function of Treatment
3.4. Effect of the Biological Activity of the Polymer
3.5. Sensitivity of the Structuration to Environmental Influences
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Examination of Freeze-Drying Behaviour In Situ with a Freeze-Drying Microscope
Appendix A.2. Preparation of Polymer Films for Scanning Electron and Optical Microscopy
Appendix A.3. Treatment of the Wood Samples with Biopolymer Solutions and PEG
Appendix A.4. Visual Observation of Anti-Bacterial Properties of Treatment Solutions
Samples | Treatment | Presence and Degree of Biological Activity |
---|---|---|
1–3 | H2O | (d) Small bacterial filaments (i) Mild biological activity (l) Moderate biological activity |
4–6 | 50 wt.% PEG400 | (b) Does not sink, no biological activity (e) Does not sink, no biological activity (j) Sinks, no biological activity |
7–9 | 0.5 wt.% chitosan | (a) No biological activity (g) No biological activity (k) No biological activity |
10–12 | 0.5 wt.% CNCs | (c) Moderate biological activity (h) Moderate biological activity (n) High biological activity |
13–15 | 0.5 wt.% alginate | (f) Low biological activity (m) Mild biological activity (o) Mild biological activity |
Appendix A.5. Protocols for Biological Testing
Appendix A.6. Testing the Effect of the Biological Activity of the Polymer
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Polymer | Concentration (wt.%) | Viscosity (mm2/s) |
---|---|---|
PEG (400 g/mol) | 50 | 11.27 |
Sodium alginate (100,000 g/mol) | 1 | 68.68 |
Chitosan (60,000 g/mol) | 1 | 12.62 |
CNCs (5 nm × 100 nm) | 1 | 1.95 |
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Walsh-Korb, Z.; Stelzner, I.; dos Santos Gabriel, J.; Eggert, G.; Avérous, L. Morphological Study of Bio-Based Polymers in the Consolidation of Waterlogged Wooden Objects. Materials 2022, 15, 681. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15020681
Walsh-Korb Z, Stelzner I, dos Santos Gabriel J, Eggert G, Avérous L. Morphological Study of Bio-Based Polymers in the Consolidation of Waterlogged Wooden Objects. Materials. 2022; 15(2):681. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15020681
Chicago/Turabian StyleWalsh-Korb, Zarah, Ingrid Stelzner, Juliana dos Santos Gabriel, Gerhard Eggert, and Luc Avérous. 2022. "Morphological Study of Bio-Based Polymers in the Consolidation of Waterlogged Wooden Objects" Materials 15, no. 2: 681. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15020681