Next Article in Journal
Genotypic Analysis of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus from Patients with Kaposi’s Sarcoma in Xinjiang, China
Next Article in Special Issue
Immune Memory to Sudan Virus: Comparison between Two Separate Disease Outbreaks
Previous Article in Journal
KSHV Targeted Therapy: An Update on Inhibitors of Viral Lytic Replication
Previous Article in Special Issue
Euthanasia Assessment in Ebola Virus Infected Nonhuman Primates
 
 
viruses-logo
Article Menu

Article Menu

Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Letter

Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014

by Jens H. Kuhn 1,*, Kristian G. Andersen 2, Sylvain Baize 3, Yīmíng Bào 4, Sina Bavari 5, Nicolas Berthet 6, Olga Blinkova 4, J. Rodney Brister 4, Anna N. Clawson 1, Joseph Fair 7, Martin Gabriel 8, Robert F. Garry 9, Stephen K. Gire 2, Augustine Goba 10, Jean-Paul Gonzalez 11, Stephan Günther 8, Christian T. Happi 12, Peter B. Jahrling 1, Jimmy Kapetshi 13, Gary Kobinger 14, Jeffrey R. Kugelman 5, Eric M. Leroy 6, Gael Darren Maganga 6, Placide K. Mbala 13, Lina M. Moses 9, Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum 13, Magassouba N'Faly 15, Stuart T. Nichol 16, Sunday A. Omilabu 17, Gustavo Palacios 5, Daniel J. Park 18, Janusz T. Paweska 19, Sheli R. Radoshitzky 5, Cynthia A. Rossi 5, Pardis C. Sabeti 2, John S. Schieffelin 9, Randal J. Schoepp 5, Rachel Sealfon 20, Robert Swanepoel 21, Jonathan S. Towner 16, Jiro Wada 1, Nadia Wauquier 11, Nathan L. Yozwiak 2,18 and Pierre Formenty 22add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
2
FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
3
Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, Lyon, France
4
Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
5
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
6
Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, B. P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
7
Fondation Mérieux, Washington, DC 20036, USA
8
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, 20259 Hamburg, Germany
9
Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
10
Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
11
Metabiota, Inc., San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
12
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, and African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Mowe, Ogun State, Nigeria
13
Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa-Gombe BP 1197, Republic of the Congo
14
Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
15
Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des fièvres hémorragiques en Guinée, Hôpital National Donka, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, BP 5680, Conakry, Guinea
16
Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
17
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Private Mail Bag 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
18
The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
19
Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg 2192, Gauteng, South Africa
20
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
21
Zoonoses Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Private bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
22
World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2014, 6(11), 4760-4799; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v6114760
Submission received: 16 November 2014 / Accepted: 20 November 2014 / Published: 24 November 2014
(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus, and Cuevavirus Research)

Abstract

:
In 2014, Ebola virus (EBOV) was identified as the etiological agent of a large and still expanding outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa and a much more confined EVD outbreak in Middle Africa. Epidemiological and evolutionary analyses confirmed that all cases of both outbreaks are connected to a single introduction each of EBOV into human populations and that both outbreaks are not directly connected. Coding-complete genomic sequence analyses of isolates revealed that the two outbreaks were caused by two novel EBOV variants, and initial clinical observations suggest that neither of them should be considered strains. Here we present consensus decisions on naming for both variants (West Africa: “Makona”, Middle Africa: “Lomela”) and provide database-compatible full, shortened, and abbreviated names that are in line with recently established filovirus sub-species nomenclatures.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

On 10 March 2014, a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) outbreak was reported among humans in Guinea, West Africa [1]. Ebola virus (EBOV), the sole member of the species Zaire ebolavirus (genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales [2]), was identified as the etiological agent. Consequently, the VHF was identified as Ebola virus disease (EVD) [1,3,4]. At the time of writing, this EVD outbreak has spread from Guinea into Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Mali, with individual case exportations or transport of patients to France, Germany, Norway, Spain, UK, and US. At least 15351 human infections and 5459 deaths (proportion of fatal cases ≈36%) have been recorded as of 21 November 2014, making this outbreak the largest EVD outbreak in history [5]. Through conventional Sanger [1] and next-generation sequencing [6], 102 coding-complete EBOV genome sequences have been assembled (complete genome sequences with the exception of the ultimate 3’ and 5’ untranslated regions [7]) originating from three patients from Guinea and 78 patients from Sierra Leone [1,6]. Evolutionary analyses combined with epidemiological data demonstrate that all cases are directly epidemiologically linked, tracing back to a single introduction of EBOV into the human population [1,6] as has been found for most past EVD outbreaks [8].
On 24 August 2014, another EVD outbreak was reported from Boende District, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Middle Africa [9]. A total of 66 cases and 49 deaths (proportion of fatal case ≈74%) have been recorded [5]. As in Guinea, epidemiological analyses point towards a single introduction of EBOV from its unknown natural reservoir into the human population, with subsequent spread among humans by direct person-to-person transmission [9]. Thus far, two partial L (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) gene sequences have been deposited into GenBank, and the coding-complete sequence of one isolate has been determined [9]. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Guinea and Democratic Republic of Congo EVD outbreaks were not related. The EBOV variants causing both outbreaks were distinct from each other and from variants known from previous EVD outbreaks [1,3,4,6,9].
Next-generation sequencing techniques enable the determination of coding-complete EBOV genomes in dozens and theoretically hundreds of clinical samples in parallel in the absence of classical virus culture [6]. The rapid accumulation of sequence data challenges sequence database curators and end users when novel sequences are not uniquely named according to common standards. Here, we assign final designations to the two EBOV variants causing the 2014 Guinea and Democratic Republic of Congo EVD outbreaks and update the current GenBank sequence entries accordingly.

2. Ebola Virus Strain, Variant, and Isolate Naming

In 2013, a consortium of filovirologists and sequence database experts working at the US National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) established a consistent and prospective filovirus nomenclature below the species level [10]. This nomenclature, which already has been applied to all filovirus entries in NCBI’s RefSeq database [11], is based on the template:
<virus name>(/<strain>)/<isolation host-suffix>/<country of sampling>/<year of sampling>/<genetic variant designation>-<isolate designation>. [Note: the “/” between the <virus name> and the <isolation host-suffix> field was missing in the full name template outlined in [10], but is necessary for computational purposes. It is therefore introduced here and already implemented filovirus full names [11] will be retrospectively corrected.]
The <virus name> field should contain a filovirus name as outlined in [10]. Currently, the accepted filovirus names and abbreviations are Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Lloviu virus (LLOV), Marburg virus (MARV), Ravn virus (RAVV), Reston virus (RESTV), Sudan virus (SUDV), and Taï Forest ebolavirus (TAFV), Table 1 [2,12].
Table 1. Summary of the current filovirus taxonomy endorsed by the 2012–2014 ICTV Filoviridae Study Group and accepted by the ICTV [2,12,13,14,15].
Table 1. Summary of the current filovirus taxonomy endorsed by the 2012–2014 ICTV Filoviridae Study Group and accepted by the ICTV [2,12,13,14,15].
Current Taxonomy and Nomenclature (Ninth ICTV Report and Updates)
Order Mononegavirales
 Family Filoviridae
  Genus Marburgvirus
   Species Marburg marburgvirus
    Virus 1: Marburg virus (MARV)
    Virus 2: Ravn virus (RAVV)
  Genus Ebolavirus
   Species Taï Forest ebolavirus
    Virus: Taï Forest virus (TAFV)
   Species Reston ebolavirus
    Virus: Reston virus (RESTV)
   Species Sudan ebolavirus
    Virus: Sudan virus (SUDV)
   Species Zaire ebolavirus
    Virus: Ebola virus (EBOV)
   Species Bundibugyo ebolavirus
    Virus: Bundibugyo virus (BDBV)
  Genus Cuevavirus
   Species Lloviu cuevavirus
    Virus: Lloviu virus (LLOV)
The <strain> field should contain a unique strain name in case the virus in question fulfills the criteria for being a strain (see [10]). The <isolation host-suffix> field should be provided in one word in the format “first letter of host genus name.full name of species descriptor” (e.g., “H.sapiens”) followed by suffix that denotes whether the sequence stems from an unpassaged sample (“-wt”), from virus isolated in tissue culture (“-tc”), or is a genomic fragment (“-frag). The <country of sampling> and <year of sampling> fields should contain the alpha-3 three-letter ISO 3166-1 code for the country where the virus was isolated and the year in which it was isolated, respectively. Finally, the <variant designation> and <isolate designation> fields should contain a unique variant name (i.e., a name for the virus variant that was introduced into the human population that caused an outbreak) and unique isolate name (i.e., the name for a particular representative of the variant), respectively [10]. To simplify manuscript writing, shortened and abbreviated virus designations are also defined [10]. For instance, the designations
full:Ebola virus/H.sapiens-tc/COD/1976/Yambuku-Ecran
shortened:EBOV/H.sap/COD/76/Yam-Ecr
abbreviated:EBOV/Yam-Ecr
specify an isolate “Ecran” of Ebola virus as a representative of the variant “Yambuku” (not a strain) that originated from a human in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976 and was isolated/sequenced using tissue culture [16].

3. The 2014 Ebola Virus Variant Originating in Guinea

At the end of 2013, EVD broke out around Guéckédou, Kissidougou, and Macenta, Guinea [1] and consequently spread to at least five additional West African countries. Epidemiological and phylogenetic studies indicate that this large EVD outbreak was caused by a single introduction of one particular ebolavirus, Ebola virus (EBOV), into humans (Homo sapiens) from an unknown reservoir and therefore that all subsequent human cases (over 15,000 cases) are derived from one unnamed variant [1,6]. Preliminary clinical observations among EVD patients in West Africa do not contradict past descriptions of EVD [17,18,19,20,21,22], i.e., this novel unnamed EBOV variant is not a strain as defined in standardized filovirus nomenclature [10]. Here we propose the name “Makona” (IPA: [mɑ'kɔnə] or [məˈkoʊnə]; English phonetic notation: mah-kaw-nuh or muh-koh-nuh) after the Makona River close to the border between Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone (Figure 1) as the variant name for this West African virus. The general name for the 2014 West African virus is therefore:
Viruses 06 04760 i002
Figure 1. Location of the Makona River.
Figure 1. Location of the Makona River.
Viruses 06 04760 g001
At the time of writing, 102 coding-complete genomic sequences of EBOV/Mak have been deposited into GenBank, all of which were obtained directly from clinical samples (“p0”) [1,6]. Following the rules laid out in filovirus standardized nomenclature [10], the names for these sequences therefore should contain the <suffix> “-wt”. In addition, one fragment of the L gene of one isolate of EBOV/Mak was deposited. Based on definitions described in standardized nomenclature [10], the corresponding <suffix> field should therefore be filled with “-frag”. All currently deposited sequences stem from either Guinean, Sierra Leonean, or Nigerian samples. The 3-letter country codes to be used the <country> field [10] for all countries that have thus far handled patients infected with EBOV/Mak are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes for countries with recorded cases connected to the 2014 EVD epidemic that started in Guinea [23]:
Table 2. ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country codes for countries with recorded cases connected to the 2014 EVD epidemic that started in Guinea [23]:
Official short country name in English (geographical name)Official country name in English (protocol name)ISO 3166-1 3-letter abbreviation
FranceFrench RepublicFRA
GermanyFederal Republic of GermanyDEU
GuineaRepublic of GuineaGIN
LiberiaMaliNigeriaRepublic of LiberiaRepublic of MaliFederal Republic of NigeriaLBRMLINGA
NorwaySenegalKingdom of NorwayRepublic of SenegalNORSEN
Sierra LeoneRepublic of Sierra LeoneSLE
SpainKingdom of SpainESP
United KingdomUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandGBR
United StatesUnited States of AmericaUSA
Three replicating isolates (C05, C07, and C15) of EBOV/Mak have been reported [1]. The 102 coding-complete genomes (including those of C05, C07, and C15) and the one fragmented L gene sequence that have been deposited into GenBank all already have assigned unique <isolate designation> descriptors. Accordingly, in all currently deposited sequences of EBOV/Mak, the definition line will be adjusted to “Zaire ebolavirus isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-<suffix>/<country>/2014/Makona-<isolate designation>, [coding-]complete genome, with the <suffix>, <country>, and <isolate designation> fields will be filled according to their origin. The GenBank <strain> field will be cleared throughout; the Genbank <isolate> field will be filled with “Ebola virus/H.sapiens-<suffix>/<country>/2014/Makona-<isolate designation>”, and the <organism> field will be corrected, if necessary, to “Zaire ebolavirus” (Table 3).
Table 3. EBOV isolates from the West African EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank fields and final names
Table 3. EBOV isolates from the West African EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank fields and final names
GenBank Accession Number<GenBank field> = Updated/corrected information
Final names
KJ660346
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C15, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C15
Viruses 06 04760 i003
KJ660347
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C07, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C07
Viruses 06 04760 i004
KJ660348
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C05, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C05
Viruses 06 04760 i005
KM034549
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095B, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095B
Viruses 06 04760 i006
KM034550
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM095
Viruses 06 04760 i007
KM034551
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM096, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM096
Viruses 06 04760 i008
KM034552
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM098, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM098
Viruses 06 04760 i009
KM034553
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3670.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3670.1
Viruses 06 04760 i010
KM034554
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.1
Viruses 06 04760 i011
KM034555
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3676.2
Viruses 06 04760 i012
KM034556
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.1
Viruses 06 04760 i013
KM034557
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3677.2
Viruses 06 04760 i014
KM034558
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3679.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3679.1
Viruses 06 04760 i015
KM034559
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3680.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3680.1
Viruses 06 04760 i016
KM034560
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3682.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3682.1
Viruses 06 04760 i017
KM034561
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-G3683.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-G3683.1
Viruses 06 04760 i018
KM034562
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-G3686.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3686.1
Viruses 06 04760 i019
KM034563
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3687.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3687.1
Viruses 06 04760 i020
KM233035
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM104, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM104
Viruses 06 04760 i021
KM233036
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM106, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM106
Viruses 06 04760 i022
KM233037
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM110, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM110
Viruses 06 04760 i023
KM233038
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM111, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM111
Viruses 06 04760 i024
KM233039
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM112, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM112
Viruses 06 04760 i025
KM233040
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM113, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM113
Viruses 06 04760 i026
KM233041
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM115, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM115
Viruses 06 04760 i027
KM233042
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM119, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM119
Viruses 06 04760 i028
KM233043
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM120, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM120
Viruses 06 04760 i029
KM233044
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM121, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM121
Viruses 06 04760 i030
KM233045
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.1
Viruses 06 04760 i031
KM233046
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.2
Viruses 06 04760 i032
KM233047
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.3
Viruses 06 04760 i033
KM233048
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.4, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-EM124.4
Viruses 06 04760 i034
KM233049
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3707, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3707
Viruses 06 04760 i035
KM233050
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.2
Viruses 06 04760 i036
KM233051
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.3
Viruses 06 04760 i037
KM233052
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.4, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3713.4
Viruses 06 04760 i038
KM233053
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3724, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3724
Viruses 06 04760 i039
KM233054
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3729, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3729
Viruses 06 04760 i040
KM233055
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3734.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3734.1
Viruses 06 04760 i041
KM233056
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.1
Viruses 06 04760 i042
KM233057
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3735.2
Viruses 06 04760 i043
KM233058
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.1
Viruses 06 04760 i044
KM233059
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.2
Viruses 06 04760 i045
KM233060
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3750.3
Viruses 06 04760 i046
KM233061
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3752, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3752
Viruses 06 04760 i047
KM233062
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3758, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3758
Viruses 06 04760 i048
KM233063
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3764, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3764
Viruses 06 04760 i049
KM233064
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3765.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3765.2
Viruses 06 04760 i050
KM233065
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.1
Viruses 06 04760 i051
KM233066
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.2
Viruses 06 04760 i052
KM233067
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.3
Viruses 06 04760 i053
KM233068
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.4, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3769.4
Viruses 06 04760 i054
KM233069
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.1
Viruses 06 04760 i055
KM233070
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3770.2
Viruses 06 04760 i056
KM233071
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3771, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3771
Viruses 06 04760 i057
KM233072
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3782, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3782
Viruses 06 04760 i058
KM233073
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3786, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3786
Viruses 06 04760 i059
KM233074
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3787, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3787
Viruses 06 04760 i060
KM233075
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3788, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3788
Viruses 06 04760 i061
KM233076
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3789.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3789.1
Viruses 06 04760 i062
KM233077
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3795, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3795
Viruses 06 04760 i063
KM233078
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3796, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3796
Viruses 06 04760 i064
KM233079
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3798, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3798
Viruses 06 04760 i065
KM233080
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3799, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3799
Viruses 06 04760 i066
KM233081
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3800, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3800
Viruses 06 04760 i067
KM233082
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.1
Viruses 06 04760 i068
KM233083
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3805.2
Viruses 06 04760 i069
KM233084
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3807, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3807
Viruses 06 04760 i070
KM233085
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3808, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3808
Viruses 06 04760 i071
KM233086
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3809, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3809
Viruses 06 04760 i072
KM233087
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.1
Viruses 06 04760 i073
KM233088
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3810.2
Viruses 06 04760 i074
KM233089
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3814, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3814
Viruses 06 04760 i075
KM233090
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3816, [coding-]complete genome2 = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3816
Viruses 06 04760 i076
KM233091
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3817, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3817
Viruses 06 04760 i077
KM233092
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3818, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3818
Viruses 06 04760 i078
KM233093
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3819, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3819
Viruses 06 04760 i079
KM233094
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3820, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3820
Viruses 06 04760 i080
KM233095
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3821, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3821
Viruses 06 04760 i081
KM233096
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3822, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3822
Viruses 06 04760 i082
KM233097
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3823, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3823
Viruses 06 04760 i083
KM233098
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.1
Viruses 06 04760 i084
KM233099
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3825.2
Viruses 06 04760 i085
KM233100
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3826, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3826
Viruses 06 04760 i086
KM233101
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3827, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3827
Viruses 06 04760 i087
KM233102
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3829, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3829
Viruses 06 04760 i088
KM233103
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3831, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona- G3831
Viruses 06 04760 i089
KM233104
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3834, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3834
Viruses 06 04760 i090
KM233105
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3838, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3838
Viruses 06 04760 i091
KM233106
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3840, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3840
Viruses 06 04760 i092
KM233107
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3841, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3841
Viruses 06 04760 i093
KM233108
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3845, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3845
Viruses 06 04760 i094
KM233109
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3846, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3846
Viruses 06 04760 i095
KM233110
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3848, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3848
Viruses 06 04760 i096
KM233111
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3850, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3850
Viruses 06 04760 i097
KM233112
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3851, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3851
Viruses 06 04760 i098
KM233113
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.1
Viruses 06 04760 i099
KM233114
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3856.3
Viruses 06 04760 i100
KM233115
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3857, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-G3857
Viruses 06 04760 i101
KM233116
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.1, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.1
Viruses 06 04760 i102
KM233117
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Mak-NM042.2, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.2
Viruses 06 04760 i103
KM233118
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.3, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-NM042.3
Viruses 06 04760 i104
KM251803
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/NGA/2014/Makona-01072014 L gene, partial CDS3
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
<strain> = [EMPTY]
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/NGA/2014/Makona-01072014
Viruses 06 04760 i105
1 Neither RefSeq nor GenBank currently can handle italics, which is why the species names are not italicized in the actual entry’s definition line and <organism> fields.2 The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) standard currently does not offer options other than “complete” or “partial,” and, in particular, does not provide a possibility for the designation “coding-complete.” We, therefore recommend using “complete” for what is actually “coding-complete” as the word “partial” implies short sequence fragments to most users.3 CDS = coding sequence.

4. The 2014 Ebola Virus Variant Originating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

In late 2014, EVD broke out in Boende District, Democratic Republic of the Congo (3-letter country code: COD), Middle Africa. Epidemiological and phylogenetic studies indicate that this limited EVD outbreak was caused by a single introduction of one particular ebolavirus, Ebola virus (EBOV), into humans (Homo sapiens) from an unknown reservoir and therefore that all subsequent several cases (almost 70) are derived from one unnamed variant [9]. Preliminary clinical observations among EVD patients in this outbreak do not contradict past descriptions of EVD [9], i.e., this novel unnamed EBOV variant is not a strain as defined in [10]. Here we propose the name “Lomela” (IPA: [lɔ'mɛlɑ] or [lɔ'mɛlə]; English phonetic notation: law-me-lah or law-me-luh) after the Lomela River that runs through COD’s Boende District (see Figure 2) as the variant name for this Middle African virus. The general name for the 2014 Middle African virus is therefore
Viruses 06 04760 i106
Figure 2. Location of the Lomela River.
Figure 2. Location of the Lomela River.
Viruses 06 04760 g002
Accordingly, in all currently deposited sequences of EBOV/Lom, the definition line will be adjusted to “Zaire ebolavirus isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-<suffix>/<COD>/2014/Lomela-<isolate designation>, with the <suffix> and <isolate designation> fields will be filled according to their origin. The GenBank <strain> field will be cleared throughout; the Genbank <isolate> field will be filled with “Ebola virus/H.sapiens-<suffix>/<COD>/2014/Lomela-<isolate designation>”, and the <organism> field will be corrected, if necessary, to “Zaire ebolavirus” (Table 4).
Table 4. EBOV isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo Boende EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank information and final names
Table 4. EBOV isolates from the Democratic Republic of the Congo Boende EVD outbreak, 2014: Updated and/or corrected GenBank information and final names
GenBank Accession Number<GenBank field> = Updated/corrected information
Final names
KM517570
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 isolate Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-C15, [coding-]complete genome2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia16
Viruses 06 04760 i107
KM517571
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 Ebola isolate virus H.sapiens-frag/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia17 L gene, partial CDS2
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-frag/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia17
Viruses 06 04760 i108
KM519951
<DEFINITION LINE> = Zaire ebolavirus1 Ebola isolate virus H.sapiens-wt/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia1, [coding-]complete genome3
<SOURCE ORGANISM> = Zaire ebolavirus1
</isolate> = Ebola virus/H.sapiens-wt/COD/2014/Lomela-Lokolia1
Viruses 06 04760 i109
1 Neither RefSeq nor GenBank currently can handle italics, which is why the species names are not italicized in the actual entry’s definition line and <organism> fields.2 CDS = coding sequence3 The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) standard currently does not offer options other than “complete” or “partial,” and, in particular, does not provide a possibility for the designation “coding-complete.” We, therefore recommend using “complete” for what is actually “coding-complete” as the word “partial” implies short sequence fragments to most users.Note: “Lokolia” – IPA: [lɔ'kɔliə] or [lə'kɔliə]; English phonetic notation: law-kaw-lee-uh or luh-kaw-lee-uh.

Acknowledgments

We thank Laura Bollinger (IRF-Frederick) for carefully editing the manuscript. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. This work was funded in part through Battelle Memorial Institute’s prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272200700016I. J.W. performed this work as an employee of Battelle Memorial Institute. Subcontractors to Battelle Memorial Institute who performed this work are: J.H.K., an employee of Tunnell Government Services, Inc. This research was further supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine (Y.B., O.B., and J.R.B.).

Author Contributions

All authors were engaged in the discussion about the best possible virus variants names and were or are involved in updating/correcting current GenBank entries for isolates of these variants. The final decisions presented in the paper were reached by consensus or simple majority voting, with the understanding that all authors will apply the final decisions reached by the entire group and enforce them in their functions as authors, peer-reviewers, and/or editors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Baize, S.; Pannetier, D.; Oestereich, L.; Rieger, T.; Koivogui, L.; Magassouba, N.; Soropogui, B.; Sow, M.S.; Keita, S.; De Clerck, H.; et al. Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 371, 1418–1425. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  2. Kuhn, J.H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T.W.; Jahrling, P.B.; Kawaoka, Y.; Netesov, S.V.; Nichol, S.T.; Peters, C.J.; Volchkov, V.E.; et al. Family Filoviridae. In Virus Taxonomy—Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses; King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Eds.; Elsevier/Academic Press: London, UK, 2011; pp. 665–671. [Google Scholar]
  3. Calvignac-Spencer, S.; Schulze, J.M.; Zickmann, F.; Renard, B.Y. Clock Rooting Further Demonstrates that Guinea 2014 EBOV is a Member of the Zaire Lineage. PLoS Curr. 2014, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Dudas, G.; Rambaut, A. Phylogenetic Analysis of Guinea 2014 EBOV Ebolavirus Outbreak. PLoS Curr. 2014, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. World Health Organization Global Alert and Response (GAR). Situation Reports: Ebola Response Roadmap; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/136508/1/roadmapsitrep15Oct2014.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on 23 November 2014).
  6. Gire, S.K.; Goba, A.; Andersen, K.G.; Sealfon, R.S.; Park, D.J.; Kanneh, L.; Jalloh, S.; Momoh, M.; Fullah, M.; Dudas, G.; et al. Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science 2014, 345, 1369–1372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Ladner, J.T.; Beitzel, B.; Chain, P.S.; Davenport, M.G.; Donaldson, E.F.; Frieman, M.; Kugelman, J.R.; Kuhn, J.H.; O’Rear, J.; Sabeti, P.C.; et al. Standards for sequencing viral genomes in the era of high-throughput sequencing. MBio 2014, 5, e01360–14. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  8. Kuhn, J.H. Filoviruses. A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplementum; SpringerWienNewYork: Vienna, Austria, 2008; Volume 20. [Google Scholar]
  9. Maganga, G.D.; Kapetshi, J.; Berthet, N.; Ilunga, B.K.; Kabange, F.; Kingebeni, P.M.; Mondonge, V.; Muyembe, J.J.; Bertherat, E.; Briand, S.; et al. Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Kuhn, J.H.; Bao, Y.; Bavari, S.; Becker, S.; Bradfute, S.; Brister, J.R.; Bukreyev, A.A.; Chandran, K.; Davey, R.A.; Dolnik, O.; et al. Virus nomenclature below the species level: A standardized nomenclature for natural variants of viruses assigned to the family Filoviridae. Arch. Virol. 2013, 158, 301–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Kuhn, J.H.; Andersen, K.G.; Bao, Y.; Bavari, S.; Becker, S.; Bennett, R.S.; Bergman, N.H.; Blinkova, O.; Bradfute, S.; Brister, J.R.; et al. Filovirus RefSeq Entries: Evaluation and Selection of Filovirus Type Variants, Type Sequences, and Names. Viruses 2014, 6, 3663–3682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Kuhn, J.H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T.W.; Johnson, K.M.; Kawaoka, Y.; Lipkin, W.I.; Negredo, A.I.; Netesov, S.V.; Nichol, S.T.; et al. Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. Arch. Virol. 2010, 155, 2083–2103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Adams, M.J.; Carstens, E.B. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012). Arch. Virol. 2012, 157, 1411–1422. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  14. Adams, M.J.; Lefkowitz, E.J.; King, A.M.; Carstens, E.B. Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2014). Arch. Virol. 2014, 159, 2831–2841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Bukreyev, A.A.; Chandran, K.; Dolnik, O.; Dye, J.M.; Ebihara, H.; Leroy, E.M.; Muhlberger, E.; Netesov, S.V.; Patterson, J.L.; Paweska, J.T.; et al. Discussions and decisions of the 2012–2014 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Filoviridae Study Group, January 2012-June 2013. Arch. Virol. 2014, 159, 821–830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Kuhn, J.H.; Lofts, L.L.; Kugelman, J.R.; Smither, S.J.; Lever, M.S.; van der Groen, G.; Johnson, K.M.; Radoshitzky, S.R.; Bavari, S.; Jahrling, P.B.; et al. Reidentification of Ebola virus E718 and ME as Ebola virus/H.sapiens-tc/COD/1976/Yambuku-Ecran. Genome Announc. 2014, 2, e01178–14. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  17. Schieffelin, J.S.; Shaffer, J.G.; Goba, A.; Gbakie, M.; Gire, S.K.; Colubri, A.; Sealfon, R.S.; Kanneh, L.; Moigboi, A.; Momoh, M.; et al. Clinical Illness and Outcomes in Patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Kreuels, B.; Wichmann, D.; Emmerich, P.; Schmidt-Chanasit, J.; de Heer, G.; Kluge, S.; Sow, A.; Renne, T.; Gunther, S.; Lohse, A.W.; et al. A Case of Severe Ebola Virus Infection Complicated by Gram-Negative Septicemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Briand, S.; Bertherat, E.; Cox, P.; Formenty, P.; Kieny, M.P.; Myhre, J.K.; Roth, C.; Shindo, N.; Dye, C. The international Ebola emergency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014, 371, 1180–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Bah, E.I.; Lamah, M.C.; Fletcher, T.; Jacob, S.T.; Brett-Major, D.M.; Sall, A.A.; Shindo, N.; Fischer, W.A.; Lamontagne, F.; Saliou, S.M.; et al. Clinical Presentation of Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry, Guinea. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Lyon, G.M.; Mehta, A.K.; Varkey, J.B.; Brantly, K.; Plyler, L.; McElroy, A.K.; Kraft, C.S.; Towner, J.S.; Spiropoulou, C.; Stroher, U.; et al. Clinical Care of Two Patients with Ebola Virus Disease in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Barry, M.; Traore, F.A.; Sako, F.B.; Kpamy, D.O.; Bah, E.I.; Poncin, M.; Keita, S.; Cisse, M.; Toure, A. Ebola outbreak in Conakry, Guinea: Epidemiological, clinical, and outcome features. Med. Mal. Infect. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Country Codes—ISO 3166. Available online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search (accessed on 24 October 2014).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kuhn, J.H.; Andersen, K.G.; Baize, S.; Bào, Y.; Bavari, S.; Berthet, N.; Blinkova, O.; Brister, J.R.; Clawson, A.N.; Fair, J.; et al. Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014. Viruses 2014, 6, 4760-4799. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v6114760

AMA Style

Kuhn JH, Andersen KG, Baize S, Bào Y, Bavari S, Berthet N, Blinkova O, Brister JR, Clawson AN, Fair J, et al. Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014. Viruses. 2014; 6(11):4760-4799. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v6114760

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kuhn, Jens H., Kristian G. Andersen, Sylvain Baize, Yīmíng Bào, Sina Bavari, Nicolas Berthet, Olga Blinkova, J. Rodney Brister, Anna N. Clawson, Joseph Fair, and et al. 2014. "Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014" Viruses 6, no. 11: 4760-4799. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/v6114760

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop