Journal of Xenobiotics

J. Xenobiot., Volume 11, Issue 3 (September 2021) – 2 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants used in aqueous film-forming foams and the manufacture of surfactants. PFASs are known as “forever chemicals” because they are highly persistent in the environment and biological matrices. The epidemiological literature assessing the relationship between PFAS exposures and metabolic outcomes such as obesity and diabetes has been growing, but the state of the science warranted further investigation. In this article, we systematically review the literature examining the relationship between PFAS exposures and diabetes, including type I diabetes, type II diabetes, gestational diabetes, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. View this paper

Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.

You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.

PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.

15 pages, 668 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Associations between Exposures to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Diabetes, Hyperglycemia, or Insulin Resistance: A Scoping Review

by Rachel Margolis and Karilyn E. Sant

J. Xenobiot. 2021, 11(3), 115-129; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jox11030008 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5303

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent environmental pollutants that are commonly found in the human body due to exposures via drinking water, surfactants used in consumer materials, and aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). PFAS exposure has been linked to adverse health effects such as low infant birth weights, cancer, and endocrine disruption, though increasingly studies have demonstrated that they may perturb metabolic processes and contribute to dysfunction. This scoping review summarizes the chemistry of PFAS exposure and the epidemiologic evidence for associations between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the development of diabetes, hyperglycemia, and/or insulin resistance. We identified 11 studies on gestational diabetes mellitus, 3 studies on type 1 diabetes, 7 studies on type 2 diabetes, 6 studies on prediabetes or unspecified diabetes, and 15 studies on insulin resistance or glucose tolerance using the SCOPUS and PubMed databases. Approximately 24 reported positive associations, 9 negative associations, 2 non-linear associations, and 2 inverse associations, and 8 reported no associations found between PFAS and all diabetes search terms. Cumulatively, these data indicate the need for further studies to better assess these associations between PFAS exposure and diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Chemicals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3539 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Central Role of Cytochrome P450 in Xenobiotic Metabolism—A Brief Review on a Fascinating Enzyme Family

by Francisco Esteves, José Rueff and Michel Kranendonk

J. Xenobiot. 2021, 11(3), 94-114; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jox11030007 - 22 Jun 2021

Cited by 155 | Viewed by 16598

Abstract

Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes constitute a superfamily of membrane-bound hemoproteins that are responsible for the metabolism of a wide variety of clinically, physiologically, and toxicologically important compounds. These heme-thiolate monooxygenases play a pivotal role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, participating in the metabolism of many structurally diverge compounds. This short-review is intended to provide a summary on the major roles of CYPs in Phase I xenobiotic metabolism. The manuscript is focused on eight main topics that include the most relevant aspects of past and current CYP research. Initially, (I) a general overview of the main aspects of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of xenobiotics are presented. This is followed by (II) a background overview on major achievements in the past of the CYP research field. (III) Classification and nomenclature of CYPs is briefly reviewed, followed by (IV) a summary description on CYP’s location and function in mammals. Subsequently, (V) the physiological relevance of CYP as the cornerstone of Phase I xenobiotic metabolism is highlighted, followed by (VI) reviewing both genetic determinants and (VI) nongenetic factors in CYP function and activity. The last topic of the review (VIII) is focused on the current challenges of the CYP research field. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

J. Xenobiot., Volume 11, Issue 3 (September 2021) – 2 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI