The Educational Motivation of Religious Journeys
The religious journey in contemporary tourism has gradually expanded to involve an educational process [
31,
32]. This comes from the feelings of brotherhood among pilgrims [
4], the impacts on hosts [
53], and the management of their representation of religious heritage [
54,
55]. It is evident that tourism and religion are well-interconnected [
21] (p. 87); believers can enliven their religiosity during the journey [
26] through an active process of learning.
Scholars [
56,
57] have categorized tourists based on their motivations and experiences rather than extrapolating the complexities of a phenomenon that goes beyond strict categories [
21] (pp. 272–273). These components—motivations and experiences—may collectively provide a conceptual framework to better understand what motivates travellers to visit sacred sites [
58].
For many travellers, both tourists and pilgrims, the knowledge gained through travelling occurs parallel to formal or lifelong education [
59]. Travelling for cognitive purposes is evident in religious tourism, where it offers the potential for cathartic experiences evoking learning and understanding. On the one hand, those experiences in Christian society remain mostly within the framework of the spiritual life of saints; that is, the inter-personal relationships which visitors establish with the legacy of saints by submerging themselves in spiritual experiences that spiritually approach the experiences of saints [
31]. On the other hand, tourists also seek to gain knowledge for hedonistic purposes [
42,
43,
44,
45,
46,
47,
48,
49,
50,
51,
52,
53,
54,
55,
56,
57,
58,
59,
60,
61]. In other words, the educational motivation is related not only to religious but also cultural tourism.
Hence, from this perspective, visiting a religious place does not transform cultural tourists into religious ones [
61]. Educational motivations can link both perspectives toward the same touristic destiny. Some researchers have addressed this phenomenon [
32,
57] mostly from experiences viewed from sociological and functional perspectives, highlighting not only spiritual but also the tourist elements [
62] (pp. 3–4). Nonetheless, the answers to many research questions still remain unclear.
Delving into the answers based on that connection, religious tourism attracts tourists (believers of different faiths) that learn not only from religious topics but also from the historical, cultural, and artistic heritage of the areas they visit, resulting in enrichment with new knowledge [
63]. Those experiences nurture them. Hence, tourists who explore monuments from different historical periods discover in them religious elements and look for an explanation of their meaning.
That is why, according to some authors [
23,
57,
64], it is almost impossible to distinguish between ‘religious travellers’ and ordinary ‘vacationers’, since both are often linked to one another in a shared space of learning [
65]. Along this line, Weidenfeld [
64] supports the idea that there is no obvious dichotomy between pilgrims and tourists, other than the importance of pilgrim places in being able to fulfil religious obligations of pilgrims without hindrances while the tourist travels for hedonistic purposes.
This paper is essentially focused on eight hypotheses outlined to measure the impact of religious, cultural, environmental and rural, educational, and social motivation on religious tourism. Among the touristic motivations the paper highlights the relevance of educational ones as a crucial factor to promote religious tourism at the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe. Is the process of learning an important factor that determines whether or not people come to this sacred place, either as pilgrims or tourists? Sharing experiences (whether along the Twelve Ancient Pilgrimage Paths of Guadalupe or within the Royal Monastery) as well as being part of religious events may represent other forms of touristic motivation. In the context of the recent inter-territorial Itinere 1337 project, do environmental and rural motivations contribute to promoting religious tourism in this sacred place? The hypotheses are:
Hypothesis 1—Educational motivations (EDMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Hypothesis 2—Educational motivations (EDMs) positively influence religious motivations (RMs)
Hypothesis 3—Educational motivations (EDMs) positively influence cultural motivations (CMs)
Hypothesis 4—Religious motivations (RMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Hypothesis 5—Cultural motivations (CMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Hypothesis 6—Environmental and rural motivations (ERMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Hypothesis 7—Social motivations (SMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Hypothesis 8—Educational motivations (EDMs) positively influence environmental and rural motivations (ERMs)
Hypothesis 1 (H1)—Educational motivations (EDMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Religious tourism acts as a unique kind of cognitive tourism since it satisfies the gnoseological interest of travellers or tourists [
66]. Observing, participating in religious processes, ceremonies, and rituals, and purchasing religious attributes or souvenirs are common elements nurturing the learning process for either pilgrims or tourists. Visitors can also educate themselves through conversations with monks, many of whom are highly educated. This is the case of the Royal Monastery´s religious dwellers. Monks fulfil their pedagogical role by giving tours inside and along the borders of monasteries, explaining not only how Our Lady of Guadalupe was founded in 1337, but also the history of the Royal Monastery through religious stories. Moreover, they also try to outline the importance of repentance, prayer, fasting, and celibacy. Thus, for religiously motivated visitors their experience is primarily an opportunity to learn about Christianity, and, for many, to listen to esteemed monks that are identified as having ‘charisma’, this being a main reason for visiting the shrine.
Group discussions are initiated by monks where participants can ask questions concerning the history of the place, theology, and other related topics. This offers an experience that is educational in nature. In fact, some monks are considered well-experienced tour guides—they are able to provide interesting accounts about the history of the monasteries, and they can direct visitors to explore other relevant sites. Apart from visitors who are primarily motivated by specific research interests, visitors usually state that they learned a great deal about themselves when asked what they had learned from their visit. Although the experience of visiting the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe does not have a life-changing effect on all visitors, it certainly has a significant impact on personal growth and offers a highly educational experience.
Hypothesis 2 (H2)—Educational motivations (EDMs) positively influence religious motivations (RMs)
Educational motivations can also be linked to religious motivations. This is when religion plays a central role in shaping human behaviour. It is transmitted across generations as a pivotal issue in family life or school or becomes relevant to individuals as a result of mystical experiences. Thus, religious motivation is what defines visitors’ spiritual identities. Travellers’ religious motivation is understood as a way of increasing their faith by being involved in ceremonies, cults, and prayers, led by inner desires and supernatural experiences during religious performances. A set of religious doctrines is considered the key knowledge to create the link to the divine, and these doctrines encourage their adherents to travel to religious sites that are perceived to be spiritual landmarks [
67]. Hence, from this perspective, educational motivation nurtures religious identity, preserving religious motivations over other types of motivations. That can explain why travellers are not really interested in acquiring general knowledge about the sacred setting or in developing skills and abilities by meeting new and diverse people. Rather, religious motivations enhance a new perspective on life through religious personal experience, which goes beyond personal satisfaction, attitudes, trust, perceived happiness, and affective emotions [
68,
69,
70,
71,
72]. In other words, such internal factors turn into religious motivation when they allow the traveller to delve deeper into God´s divine life.
Religious motivation offers the potential for broad religious experiences evoking learning and understanding. Such experiences in Christian society remain mostly within the lens of the spiritual life of saints and the inter-personal relationships of visitors with God. This is established by immersion in experiences that represent a deeply spiritual approach to religion [
31].
Hypothesis 3 (H3)—Educational motivations (EDMs), positively influence cultural motivations (CMs)
Cultural tourism is related to monuments, building complexes, and sites that carry universal value in terms of history, art, religion, beliefs, everyday human attitudes and behavior, and/or science. In the religious framework it supposes visiting religious centers, functioning or memorable cults, and also museums and exhibitions.
Tourism scholars have found that religious tourists may visit sacred places for reasons such as educational and cultural enrichment [
61]. This enrichment emerges throughout the religious tourists’ experience as the cultural, social, and material worlds interact [
73]. Trips usually have mixed secular and religious motivations, and can occur due to cult acts, holidays, and festivals taking place in a certain season. The relationship between cultural tourism and education also describe why tourists travel across countries to expand their knowledge through learning educational services. New touristic experiences can be obtained through visiting picturesque places, ancient cultures, or modern and attractive destinations. In the heart of those cultural travelling, education is a strong motivator.
The learning process also requires active participation on the part of the educational tourists. The tourists and tour providers co-create the desired experiences developed by reflective practices that occur on-site or during the tourism experience. This process of educational tourism through cultural landmarks encompasses pre- (and post-) travel considerations. Therefore, educational motivation overlaps not only with religious motivations but cultural ones.
Hypothesis 4 (H4)—Religious motivations (RMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Religious tourism destinations are currently some of the most visited sites in the world [
73,
74,
75] not only for pilgrims but for tourists in general [
76]. Nolan and Nolan [
76], for instance, mention places such as Knock (Ireland), Lourdes (France), Fátima (Portugal), and Getafe (Spain) as well as other several churches in France and Germany that have relatively high value as touristic attractions. Pilgrimage existed for hundreds of years before general tourism appeared [
77]. Religiously motivated tourism is probably as old as religion itself [
21] (p. 276). This is not an exceptional feature of Christianity, but rather a worldwide phenomenon [
78]. For faith tourists, such a visit might evoke strong feelings of religious fervour, while for non-religious tourists visits to sacred sites arouse a sense of wonderment and cultural inspiration or satisfy curiosity. Certain religious centres are believed to generate a sense of magnetism in people’s consciousness [
79].
The pilgrim is portrayed as a person who finds a place of sacredness for reasons of personal piety [
80]. This personal travel to a sacred site is generally understood to be religiously motivated and has been sanctified by the present or past action of divinity [
77]. Religious motivations for spiritual tourism have largely been connected to a higher authority or deity which underlines the religious practice with outcomes beneficial to pilgrims. Spiritual motives and the observation of the rituals connect the pilgrims with their devotion to God. For them, the physical journey is secondary to the inner one and they are declared to have “pull motives” for their visit to “improve their religious faith”, “to strengthen their belief”, “to be in a sacred shrine”, “to get closer to God”, “to meditate”, “to venerate”, and “to pray”.
Hypothesis 5 (H5)—Cultural motivations (CMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Cultural heritage attracts the attention of visitors due to architectural [
81] or artistic value [
82,
83]. Rinschede [
84] considers religious tourism as a subgroup of cultural tourism that is fully connected. In fact, in the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe the visitor feels impressed not only by the frescoes, but also by the ancient arches, vaults, altarpiece, high altar, pictures, mosaics, art miniatures, old icons, ancient manuscripts, and ecclesiastic utensils. These treasures are on display in the museums of the monasteries that open only on special occasions and with proper devotion. Thus, experience of culture is a main element for most visitors.
For many visitors, the presence of monks in their monastic dress going about their day-to-day routines plus the opportunity to live their ‘authentic’ primitive life unspoiled by the ravages of the external world was a unique cultural experience. Thus, many visitors tempted to experience communal life in the shrine were critical and suspicious of anything that appeared ‘spoilt’ or ‘touristic’. The quest for authentic experiences was being fulfilled, since most respondents used the words ‘authentic’, ‘genuine’, ‘pure’, ‘virgin’, ‘original’, ‘traditional’, ‘primitive’, ‘remote’, and ‘untouched’ when recounting their experience at Royal Monastery of Guadalupe.
Hypothesis 6 (H6)—Environmental and rural motivations (ERMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
The Twelve Ancient Pilgrimage Paths of Guadalupe are combined with an environmental itinerary. Networks of roads that are both cultural and natural form part of an architectural heritage that has an immaterial oral tradition which is still present today. Therefore, these cultural itineraries must be justified in the context of a unique ancient tradition. The justification for each road lies in recovering their religious, touristic, or cultural origins.
The privileged territory and enormous natural and scenic richness can be linked to social and economic development in rural areas. The stabilization of rural heritage for touristic goals represents a viable solution to be achieved through sustainable development [
85]. Since this rural area covers a wide area with significant natural, historical, cultural, and human heritage, it is possible maintain the touristic integrity of these rural areas, contributing to the growth and progress of rural tourism as well as sustainable development. This objective can be linked to the tangible and intangible heritage allied to the ancient paths that lead to the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe. They hold numerous attractions and are rich in various touristic and cultural ways, for example through the diverse natural resources of the land and subsoil (especially in Villuercas–Ibores–Jara Geopark and other protected areas), the diverse landscape of hills, valleys, etc., and the renowned vineyards, wineries, parks and natural reservoirs, biodiversity, extended agricultural areas, etc.
In order to promote these legacies, it is important to know what can be found by the tourists and pilgrims along each of the Twelve Ancient Pilgrimage Paths of Guadalupe. Churches, environmental landmarks, educational centres, historical places, museums, shrines, caves, palaces, bridges, etc., are some of the more important landmarks to be found along the paths. All of the above landmarks give value to the rural touristic heritage of this area and can be seen in the following inventory of Twelve Ancient Pilgrimage Paths of Guadalupe.
The ancient roads of Guadalupe have the potential to expand the emotional experience based on a spectacular, artistic and visual environment. The challenge is to provide a positive emotional response for the tourist that can be provided through a mechanism of negotiation, a dialogue of ideas and concepts by religious representatives and by local and regional state experts in tourism and local culture. Therefore, the environmental motivation allied with understanding the rich heritage of this area, including the current state of many historical and religious sites in and around Guadalupe, should be fully appreciated.
Hypothesis 7 (H7)—Social motivations (SMs) positively influence religious tourism (RT)
Socialization might be another essential element for many travellers who visit sacred places. People’s emotional relationships with the place are based not only on physical and objective environments [
86], but on their experiences and on the socially constructed location [
87]. Religious tourism is closely related to other types of tourism [
63] based on the environmental and cultural heritage of each place [
84]. Hence, multiple motivations, interests, and activities that have nothing to do with religion are directly connected with holiday-making or with journeys undertaken for social and cultural reasons [
72].
Although religious events associated with saint’s days are almost the only social happenings in everyday life, staying at the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe has serious social implications. The overwhelming environment that surrounds the place and the communal nature of accommodation and monastic life encourage social interaction and visitors adapt to the communal lifestyle by being more open and talkative with strangers than they would be in their normal home environment. While visitors look at the journey as a leisurely activity, the monks receiving them should be prepared for a large influx of visitors who characteristically behave differently from them.
Hypothesis 8 (H8)—Educational motivations (EDMs) positively influence environmental and rural motivations (ERMs)
In the context of the Twelve Ancient Pilgrimage Paths of Guadalupe, the process of learning is not only encapsulated within the walls of this sacred place. The sense of being open to God through the petition to deity for blessings can not only be fulfilled at the sacred site but also along the journey within the touristic paths. Hence, pilgrimage is not limited to devotional visits and historical shrines [
88]. Spiritual learning processes can also be gradually increased along the environmental paths through petitions and venerations.
Belhassen et al. [
73] pointed out that an authentic experience for pilgrims to the Holy Land is conceptualized as a function of a belief-action-toured place, and may also be seen as being contingent on a combination of the objective environment (i.e., the countryside setting and paths) and the interactions of tourists with the setting. From this perspective, religious participants can be motivated either in part or exclusively by religious causes on the way to the sacred site [
84].
The sense of being close to God and the petition to deity for blessings is not only fulfilled at the site but also along the journey. Therefore, religious tourist experiences should be looked at from a wider perspective in order to explore the personal understandings of religion. These petitions and venerations usually culminate at the sacred site due to the religious ambience [
89] or place identity [
90]. A good example of the importance of the religion-based journeys is the
Camino de Santiago leading to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain), where the holy tomb of the Apostle Saint Jacob lies.