Towards a Future Scenario for Offshore Wind Energy in Chile: Breaking the Paradigm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Data
3.1. Data from ERA5 and CMIP5
3.2. Technical and Economic Data
4. Methodology
4.1. Wind Energy Estimators from CMIP5 Data
- V = Wind speed (m s−1)
- k = Shape Weibull parameter (–)
- c = Scale Weibull parameter (m s−1)
- WPD = Wind Power density (W m−2)
- WP = Wind Power (W)
- ρ = Air density (Kg m−3)
- = Rotor area of the wind turbine (m−2)
- V = Wind speed (m s−1)
- k = Shape Weibull parameter (-)
- Γ = Gamma function
- WEG = Wind Energy Generation (MWh)
- P* = Average annual power of the Vestas V-164 9.5 MW wind turbine (W)
- T = Period of generation time (hours)
4.2. Spatial Trends of WEG
4.3. Inter-Annual Variability of WEG
- IAV = Inter Annual Variability (-)
- σ = Standard Deviation of WEG (MWh)
- WEGm = Mean of WEG (MWh)
4.4. Economic Analysis
- LCOE: Levelized cost of energy (USD/MWh)
- I: Initial investment (USD)
- FCR: Fixed-charge rate
- Q: Annual output (MWh)
- O&M: Annual operation and maintenance costs (USD)
4.5. Economic Variability
5. Results and Analysis
5.1. Inter-Annual Variability (IAV) of WEG
5.2. Spatial Trends of WEG
5.3. LCOE and the Energy Legal Framework
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cost Category | Category | Cost (USD/kW) | Note |
---|---|---|---|
Turbine | CapEx | 1583 | - |
Development | CapEx | 196 | - |
Ports and Staging | CapEx | 25 | - |
Operations | OpEx | 31 | - |
Substructure | CapEx | Variable | Dependent on water depth |
Assembly and installation | CapEx | Variable | Dependent on the distance to land and water depth |
Electric System | CapEx | Variable | Dependent on the distance to land |
Maintenance | OpEx | Variable | Dependent on on-site specific features |
Engineering and Management | CapEx | Multiplier | 3.5% multiplier applied to the total value of CapEx |
Insurance during Construction | CapEx | Multiplier | 1% multiplier applied to the total value of CapEx |
Commissioning | CapEx | Multiplier | 1% multiplier applied to the total value of CapEx |
Installation Contingency | CapEx | Multiplier | 30% applied to installation CapEx and 5% to non-installation CapEx |
Procurement Contingency | CapEx | Multiplier | 5% of non-installation CapEx |
Decommission | CapEx | Multiplier | 65% of installation CapEx |
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Mattar, C.; Cabello-Españon, F.; Alonso-de-Linaje, N.G. Towards a Future Scenario for Offshore Wind Energy in Chile: Breaking the Paradigm. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7013. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13137013
Mattar C, Cabello-Españon F, Alonso-de-Linaje NG. Towards a Future Scenario for Offshore Wind Energy in Chile: Breaking the Paradigm. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7013. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13137013
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattar, Cristian, Felipe Cabello-Españon, and Nicolas G. Alonso-de-Linaje. 2021. "Towards a Future Scenario for Offshore Wind Energy in Chile: Breaking the Paradigm" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7013. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13137013