The Effect of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Selected Hematological Indices, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Parameters of Jumbo Quail
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Diet Formulation
2.2. Nutritional Composition of the Diets
2.3. Experimental Design and Bird Management
2.4. Measurements of Feed Intake and Growth Performance
2.5. Slaughter Procedures and Blood Analyses
2.6. Carcass Characteristics and Internal Organs
2.7. Meat Quality Measurements
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feed Intake and Physiological Responses
3.2. Carcass Characteristics and Internal Organs
3.3. Meat Quality Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Feed Intake and Physiological Responses
4.2. Carcass Characteristics and Internal Organs
4.3. Meat Quality Parameters
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 Experimental Diets | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients | PosCon | NegCon | GT10 | GT25 | GT50 |
Green tea leaf powder | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 25.0 | 50.0 |
Soya oil cake 47% | 213.9 | 213.9 | 210.8 | 206.2 | 219.9 |
Extra soya oil cake 40% | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 |
Sunflower 38% | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
Canola oil cake 34% | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 70.0 |
Yellow maize | 550.6 | 550.6 | 543.8 | 533.5 | 523.8 |
Soya oil | 33.1 | 33.1 | 33.0 | 33.0 | 31.5 |
Salt (fine) | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 |
Limestone | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
Valine | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 2.50 |
Lysine HCL | 3.30 | 3.30 | 3.30 | 3.30 | 3.30 |
Methionine-DL | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.60 | 2.50 | 2.60 |
Threonine | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
2 Vitamin premix | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Quantum blue phytase | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
Zinc-Bacitracin | 0.50 | - | - | - | - |
1 Experimental Diets | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Composition | PosCon | NegCon | GT10 | GT25 | GT50 |
Dry matter | 894.6 | 894.6 | 894.9 | 895.4 | 896.6 |
Crude protein | 226.0 | 226.0 | 226.0 | 226.0 | 226.0 |
Ether extract | 66.80 | 66.80 | 67.32 | 68.29 | 65.60 |
Crude fiber | 35.80 | 35.80 | 40.20 | 42.73 | 44.80 |
Ash | 19.70 | 19.70 | 20.71 | 22.20 | 22.70 |
2 AMEn (MJ/kg) | 12.56 | 12.56 | 12.56 | 12.56 | 12.56 |
Calcium | 5.70 | 5.70 | 6.10 | 6.80 | 7.80 |
Phosphorus | 6.90 | 6.90 | 7.10 | 7.20 | 7.40 |
Sodium | 2.40 | 2.40 | 2.35 | 2.40 | 2.40 |
Chloride | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.51 | 3.50 |
Total soluble phenolics (g TAE/kg) | 18.53 | 16.31 | 24.37 | 32.28 | 53.43 |
Soluble condensed tannins (AU) | 0.056 | 0.079 | 0.163 | 0.229 | 0.351 |
1 Experimental Diets | p Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PosCon | NegCon | GT10 | GT25 | GT50 | 2 SEM | Linear | Quadratic | |
Week 2 | 52.36 c | 51.05 b,c | 47.73 a,b | 46.39 a | 45.20 a | 0.989 | 0.006 | 0.070 |
Week 3 | 58.75 | 59.14 | 58.07 | 56.38 | 56.32 | 1.136 | 0.107 | 0.440 |
Week 4 | 44.74 a,b | 43.48 a | 43.00 a | 51.15 b | 49.19 a,b | 1.750 | 0.012 | 0.191 |
Week 5 | 26.36 | 24.92 | 28.32 | 27.91 | 26.37 | 2.283 | 0.828 | 0.220 |
Week 6 | 22.84 | 17.17 | 27.99 | 23.59 | 26.44 | 2.936 | 0.120 | 0.410 |
1 Experimental Diets | p Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PosCon | NegCon | GT10 | GT25 | GT50 | 2 SEM | Linear | Quadratic | |
Week 2 | 0.525 c | 0.514 c | 0.503 b,c | 0.463 a,b | 0.436 a | 0.010 | 0.0001 | 0.292 |
Week 3 | 0.413 b | 0.416 b | 0.415 b | 0.404 b | 0.383 a | 0.005 | 0.0001 | 0.413 |
Week 4 | 0.269 a,b | 0.263 a,b | 0.261 a | 0.299 b | 0.277 a,b | 0.009 | 0.070 | 0.118 |
Week 5 | 0.144 | 0.137 | 0.154 | 0.150 | 0.139 | 0.012 | 0.666 | 0.254 |
Week 6 | 0.106 | 0.083 | 0.130 | 0.110 | 0.119 | 0.012 | 0.165 | 0.382 |
1 Experimental Diets | p Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 Parameters | PosCon | NegCon | GT10 | GT25 | GT50 | 3 SEM | Linear | Quadratic |
Erythrocytes (×1012/L) | 4.26 | 4.75 | 4.71 | 4.49 | 4.59 | 0.433 | 0.886 | 0.057 |
Hematocrits (%) | 25.89 | 30.43 | 30.16 | 24.43 | 29.56 | 4.685 | 0.751 | 0.008 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 9.143 | 11.04 | 9.94 | 9.94 | 11.10 | 0.880 | 0.942 | 0.051 |
MCV (fL) | 60.57 | 63.35 | 62.75 | 55.89 | 63.29 | 4.823 | 0.487 | 0.028 |
MCH (fL) | 38.90 | 24.31 | 21.75 | 24.47 | 24.81 | 10.47 | 0.924 | 0.345 |
MCHC (g/dL) | 31.95 | 31.11 | 28.55 | 34.85 | 30.30 | 2.487 | 0.790 | 0.406 |
RDW (%) | 24.02 | 25.14 | 25.09 | 23.54 | 24.37 | 2.467 | 0.557 | 0.283 |
Reticulocytes (%) | 168.5 | 132.2 | 148.4 | 72.78 | 89.09 | 36.56 | 0.802 | 0.288 |
White blood cells (×109/L) | 122.9 | 131.0 | 126.3 | 83.82 | 108.4 | 29.38 | 0.338 | 0.569 |
Neutrophils (%) | 11.42 | 8.39 | 12.57 | 6.98 | 6.57 | 2.132 | 0.143 | 0.548 |
Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 107.0 | 121.5 | 109.0 | 75.96 | 100.9 | 28.02 | 0.380 | 0.522 |
Monocytes (×109/L) | 1.68 | 1.66 | 1.64 | 1.32 | 1.38 | 0.348 | 0.573 | 0.565 |
Eosinophils (×109/L) | 1.37 | 1.21 | 1.33 | 0.841 | 0.673 | 0.318 | 0.060 | 0.975 |
Platelets (K/µL) | 1455 | 1387 | 1251 | 1161 | 1350 | 291.3 | 0.600 | 0.673 |
PDW (%) | 22.24 | 21.15 | 20.99 | 16.34 | 21.03 | 2.028 | 0.890 | 0.282 |
MPV (fL) | 3.91 | 3.71 | 3.77 | 6.07 | 3.99 | 1.007 | 0.531 | 0.162 |
1 Experimental Diets | p Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 Parameters | PosCon | NegCon | GT10 | GT25 | GT50 | 3 SEM | Linear | Quadratic |
Carcass yield (%) | 65.64 | 64.28 | 63.74 | 66.61 | 67.38 | 0.959 | 0.004 | 0.974 |
Final weight (g) | 262.3 | 251.1 | 260.1 | 261.9 | 260.1 | 4.884 | 0.288 | 0.281 |
HCW (g) | 172.0 | 161.4 | 165.9 | 174.5 | 175.2 | 4.103 | 0.021 | 0.403 |
CCW (g) | 165.7 | 154.7 | 159.5 | 168.0 | 167.1 | 3.973 | 0.032 | 0.272 |
Drumstick | 4.40 | 4.48 | 4.49 | 4.38 | 4.30 | 0.095 | 0.090 | 0.951 |
Thigh | 6.04 | 6.17 | 6.31 | 6.31 | 6.40 | 0.131 | 0.626 | 0.587 |
Wing | 4.20 | 4.32 | 4.37 | 4.32 | 4.35 | 0.079 | 0.983 | 0.967 |
Breast | 22.89 | 21.41 | 26.79 | 24.82 | 25.50 | 1.170 | 0.690 | 0.613 |
Liver | 2.85 a | 2.89 a | 3.45 b | 3.01 a,b | 3.20 a,b | 0.126 | 0.704 | 0.471 |
Gizzard | 2.18 | 2.28 | 2.31 | 2.21 | 2.39 | 0.055 | 0.948 | 0.297 |
Proventriculus | 0.558 | 0.524 | 0.593 | 0.571 | 0.634 | 0.040 | 0.147 | 0.770 |
Spleen | 0.130 | 0.126 | 0.142 | 0.119 | 0.113 | 0.011 | 0.133 | 0.591 |
Small intestine | 4.00 | 3.94 | 4.47 | 4.28 | 5.02 | 0.266 | 0.240 | 0.286 |
Caecum | 0.938 a,b | 0.901 a | 1.117 a,b | 1.264 b,c | 1.552 c | 0.085 | 0.0001 | 0.779 |
Colon | 0.249 a | 0.401 a,b | 0.270 a | 0.503 a,b | 0.689 b | 0.074 | 0.035 | 0.617 |
1 Experimental Diets | p Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | PosCon | NegCon | GT10 | GT25 | GT50 | 3 SEM | Linear | Quadratic |
pH1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.97 | 5.94 | 5.94 | 0.035 | 0.259 | 0.471 |
pH24 | 5.87 | 5.89 | 5.86 | 5.87 | 5.80 | 0.055 | 0.390 | 0.851 |
Lightness (L*1) | 43.55 | 39.86 | 41.53 | 47.28 | 43.55 | 2.234 | 0.507 | 0.048 |
Lightness (L*24) | 45.22 | 47.45 | 47.39 | 50.71 | 49.30 | 2.156 | 0.751 | 0.324 |
Redness (a*1) | 2.85 | 2.80 | 3.16 | 2.42 | 2.85 | 0.348 | 0.435 | 0.817 |
Redness (a*24) | 5.21 | 5.51 | 5.32 | 4.62 | 5.15 | 0.421 | 0.701 | 0.184 |
Yellowness (b*1) | 7.64 | 6.47 | 7.24 | 7.42 | 7.64 | 0.799 | 0.570 | 0.557 |
Yellowness (b*24) | 5.91 | 5.31 | 6.10 | 6.20 | 6.27 | 0.777 | 0.179 | 0.810 |
Hue angle1 | 1.21 a,b | 1.15 a | 1.16 a | 1.25 b | 1.24 a,b | 0.027 | 0.012 | 0.175 |
Hue angle24 | 0.807 | 0.754 | 0.831 | 0.914 | 0.875 | 0.062 | 0.073 | 0.216 |
Chroma1 | 8.17 | 7.06 | 7.91 | 7.82 | 7.60 | 0.848 | 0.700 | 0.628 |
Chroma24 | 8.03 | 7.70 | 8.22 | 7.78 | 8.17 | 0.744 | 0.409 | 0.725 |
2 WHC (%) | 90.72 | 89.88 | 90.38 | 91.47 | 91.37 | 0.760 | 0.197 | 0.407 |
Cooking loss (%) | 37.80 a | 39.92 a | 39.04 a | 38.93 a | 45.03 b | 0.943 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
Shear force (N) | 2.26 | 2.27 | 2.30 | 2.25 | 2.24 | 0.021 | 0.221 | 0.922 |
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Mahlake, S.K.; Mnisi, C.M.; Lebopa, C.; Kumanda, C. The Effect of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Selected Hematological Indices, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Parameters of Jumbo Quail. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7080. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13137080
Mahlake SK, Mnisi CM, Lebopa C, Kumanda C. The Effect of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Selected Hematological Indices, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Parameters of Jumbo Quail. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7080. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13137080
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahlake, Steve Kgotlelelo, Caven Mguvane Mnisi, Cornelia Lebopa, and Cebisa Kumanda. 2021. "The Effect of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaf Powder on Growth Performance, Selected Hematological Indices, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality Parameters of Jumbo Quail" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7080. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su13137080