Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Resources-Based Cities in Shanxi Province Based on Unascertained Measure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Construction of Evaluation Index System
2.1. Selection Principle of Evaluation Index
- (1)
- Scientific: An evaluation system of sustainable development of resources-based cities should be set up on a scientific basis, so that we can scientifically, objectively and accurately measure and reflect the level of sustainable development of such cities.
- (2)
- Completeness: A scientific evaluation index system requires that each index can be selected as an organic whole, is visible from all levels, and all angles fully, and accurately reflect and describe the level of sustainable development of resources-based cities.
- (3)
- Typicality: The index must have a typical representation that accurately reflects the level of sustainable development. Each index cannot be too complicated or overlapping, but cannot be too simple either, avoiding omissions, errors, or reflecting false phenomenon.
- (4)
- Maneuverability: Because the evaluation system of sustainable development of resources-based cities is a complex system, an index must be chosen that has strong measurability and comparability, with a focus on accessibility of index data, simple choosing, easy collecting, and being a representative index with a simple measurement method that is easy to implement.
2.2. Determination of the Evaluation Index
- (1)
- Economic indices include GDP per capita, industrial output per capita, fiscal revenue per capita, added value of the three major industries, proportion of added value of the three major industries to GDP, and fixed assets investment per capita.
- (2)
- Social indices include the total population of a city at the end of the year, employed population of a city, income per capita of a city, and residential area per capita.
- (3)
- Resources and environmental indices include resource inventory, mining scale, the level of resources utilization, output value of natural resources industries, waste disposal capacity, land reclamation and processing, frequency of an excellent air quality rating, green area per capita, and green ratio.
3. The Unascertained Measure
4. The Establishment of the Unascertained Measure Model
4.1. The Single-Index Measure
4.1.1. The Single-Index Measure Matrix
4.1.2. The Distinction Weight of Single-Index Index
4.2. The First Grade Index Measure
4.3. The Determination of First Grade Index Weight by AHP
- (1)
- Set a hierarchy for the problem including targets, alternatives to reaching those targets and criteria to evaluate the alternatives.
- (2)
- Set the alternatives and criteria by pairwise comparison (weighing).
- (3)
- Carry out pair-wise comparison of alternatives on every criterion (scoring).
- (4)
- Obtain an overall relative score of every alternative [45].
4.4. Identification
5. Case Study
5.1. The Weight Calculation of Second Grade Index
5.2. The Measure Calculation of First Grade Index
5.3. Determining the Classification Weight of First Grade Index
5.4. Confidence Level Recognition
5.5. Scores of Sustainable Development of Resources-Based Cities in Shanxi Province
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- This study comprehensively considers the many factors affecting sustainable development of resources-based cities. The index system is established from the three aspects of economic, social and resources and environment. The comprehensive evaluation is carried out using the unascertained measure model and AHP. It provides a reliable basis for developing rapid and accurate control measures and management solutions of sustainable development of resources-based cities compared with the literature [23].
- (2)
- The various evaluation factors do not all carry the same level of importance in the evaluation system of sustainable development of resources-based cities, so it is necessary to determine the weight of each factor. The modified AHP that simultaneously achieves qualitative and quantitative evaluation is used. The weights are assigned in a more scientific and rational manner and satisfy the requirement of consistency, thus fully reflecting the significance level of each evaluation index.
- (3)
- The problem of determining the level of sustainable development of resources-based cities is solved using the confidence recognition criteria. The judgment matrices are established based on the unascertained measure model, which fully represents the uncertainty in the evaluation.
- (4)
- Taiyuan City has achieved a good level of sustainable development and is currently progressing towards the goal of a comprehensive city. Taiyuan should adhere to the principle of integrated development of economy, society, and resources and environment without neglecting any aspects so as to achieve healthy economic development, increasing development of society, the efficient utilization of resources, and continuously improve the environment.
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
Overall Index | First Index | Secondary Index | Measurement Vector of Secondary Index |
---|---|---|---|
Influence factors of sustainable development | Economic | GDP per capita (CNY) | (0 0.5 0.5 0 0) |
Proportion of added value of tertiary industry to GDP (%) | (0 0.6 0.4 0 0) | ||
Proportion of added value of secondary industry to GDP (%) | (0 0 0.8 0.2 0) | ||
Increment of income per capita (ten thousand CNY) | (0 0.8 0.2 0 0) | ||
Social | Per capita disposable income of urban households (CNY) | (0 0 0 0 1) | |
Annual per capita consumption (CNY) | (0.8 0.2 0 0 0) | ||
Newly increased urban employments (ten thousand people) | (1 0 0 0 0) | ||
Tourism revenue per capita /thousand CNY | (0 0 0.4 0.6 0) | ||
Resources and environment | Area of afforestation (khm2) | (1 0 0 0 0) | |
Proportion of days with standard-satisfying air quality (%) | (0 0.6 0.4 0 0) | ||
Centralized urban sewage treatment rate (%) | (0 0 0.5 0.5 0) | ||
Garbage treatment to safe rate (%) | (0 0 0 0 1) |
X | X1 | X2 | X3 |
---|---|---|---|
X1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 |
X2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
X3 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 |
X1 | X2 | X3 | |
---|---|---|---|
wi | 0.5503 | 1.8171 | 1 |
wi0 | 0.1634 | 0.5396 | 0.2970 |
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Overall Index | First Index | Secondary Index |
---|---|---|
Evaluation of sustainable development of resources-based cities in Shanxi Province | Economic | GDP per capita (CNY) |
Proportion of added value of tertiary industry to GDP (%) | ||
Proportion of added value of secondary industry to GDP (%) | ||
Increment of income per capita (ten thousand CNY) | ||
Social | Per capita disposable income of urban households (CNY) | |
Annual per capita consumption (CNY) | ||
Newly increased urban employments (per every ten thousand people) | ||
Tourism revenue per capita (thousand CNY) | ||
Resources and environment | Area of afforestation (khm2) | |
Proportion of days with standard-satisfying air quality (%) | ||
Centralized urban sewage treatment rate (%) | ||
Garbage treated to a standard of safe rate (%) |
Weight | Description |
---|---|
1 | equal importance |
3 | moderately more important |
5 | strongly more important |
7 | very strongly more important |
9 | dominant importance |
2, 4, 6, 8 | reciprocals |
Order | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.52 | 0.86 | 1.10 | 1.26 | 1.34 | 1.40 | 1.43 | 1.49 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.56 | 1.58 |
City | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taiyuan | 95.84 | 100.00 | 61.84 | 57.46 | 99.95 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 46.48 | 61.76 | 100.00 | 80.00 |
Yangquan | 75.00 | 74.09 | 81.84 | 72.38 | 96.73 | 61.69 | 23.36 | 86.14 | 16.40 | 73.53 | 85.00 | 95.00 |
Datong | 48.72 | 86.13 | 66.81 | 37.78 | 89.24 | 51.56 | 52.62 | 58.42 | 47.38 | 88.24 | 89.20 | 90.40 |
Changzhi | 66.90 | 56.02 | 92.20 | 77.78 | 94.96 | 73.22 | 46.73 | 61.39 | 44.26 | 70.59 | 95.00 | 100.00 |
Jincheng | 76.17 | 60.95 | 88.51 | 83.49 | 96.82 | 72.01 | 39.53 | 85.15 | 11.90 | 55.88 | 87.00 | 98.00 |
Jinzhong | 52.47 | 69.53 | 74.47 | 46.35 | 98.75 | 55.59 | 44.95 | 90.10 | 57.28 | 51.47 | 93.70 | 75.30 |
Shuozhou | 100.00 | 69.34 | 79.43 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 74.60 | 37.38 | 47.52 | 32.43 | 85.29 | 98.50 | 100.00 |
Yuncheng | 37.09 | 70.26 | 62.84 | 26.35 | 86.28 | 46.42 | 54.95 | 40.59 | 59.17 | 67.65 | 92.00 | 95.00 |
Xinzhou | 35.72 | 73.54 | 70.92 | 30.16 | 84.64 | 36.30 | 35.05 | 66.34 | 85.16 | 58.82 | 90.00 | 90.00 |
Linfen | 47.36 | 60.22 | 84.96 | 48.89 | 91.35 | 46.31 | 58.97 | 43.56 | 78.31 | 66.18 | 82.15 | 100.00 |
Lvliang | 55.05 | 44.16 | 100.00 | 70.48 | 83.89 | 41.43 | 53.83 | 37.62 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 75.60 | 51.30 |
Level | Non-Sustainable Development | Weakly Sustainable Development | Moderately Sustainable Development | Good Sustainable Development | Excellent Sustainable Development |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score | 60–70 | 70–80 | 80–90 | 90–95 | ≥95 |
Overall Index | First Index | Secondary Index | Measurement Vector of Secondary Index |
---|---|---|---|
Influence factors of sustainable development | Economic | GDP per capita (CNY) | (0 0 0 0 1) |
Proportion of added value of tertiary industry to GDP (%) | (0 0 0 0 1) | ||
Proportion of added value of secondary industry to GDP (%) | (0.8 0.2 0 0 0) | ||
Increment of income per capita (ten thousand CNY) | (1 0 0 0 0) | ||
Social | Per capita disposable income of urban households (CNY) | (0 0 0 0 1) | |
Annual per capita consumption (CNY) | (0 0 0 0 1) | ||
Newly increased urban employments (ten thousand people) | (0 0 0 0 1) | ||
Tourism revenue per capita (thousand CNY) | (0 0 0 0 1) | ||
Resources and environment | Area of afforestation (khm2) | (1 0 0 0 0) | |
Proportion of days with standard-satisfying air quality (%) | (0.2 0.8 0 0 0) | ||
Centralized urban sewage treatment rate (%) | (0 0 0 0 1) | ||
Garbage treatment to safe rate (%) | (0 0 0 1 0) |
X | X1 | X2 | X3 |
---|---|---|---|
X1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 |
X2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
X3 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 |
X1 | X2 | X3 | |
---|---|---|---|
wi | 0.5503 | 1.8171 | 1 |
wi0 | 0.1634 | 0.5396 | 0.2970 |
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Chang, Y.-Z.; Dong, S.-C. Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Resources-Based Cities in Shanxi Province Based on Unascertained Measure. Sustainability 2016, 8, 585. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su8060585
Chang Y-Z, Dong S-C. Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Resources-Based Cities in Shanxi Province Based on Unascertained Measure. Sustainability. 2016; 8(6):585. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su8060585
Chicago/Turabian StyleChang, Yong-Zhi, and Suo-Cheng Dong. 2016. "Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Resources-Based Cities in Shanxi Province Based on Unascertained Measure" Sustainability 8, no. 6: 585. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/su8060585