Validation of Hourly Global Horizontal Irradiance for Two Satellite-Derived Datasets in Northeast Iraq
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Ground Data
2.2. Quality Controal of GHI Measurments
2.3. Satellite-Derived Datasets
2.3.1. HelioClim-3 (HC3)
2.3.2. Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), Radiation Service (CRS)
2.4. Validation Criteria
- Clear-sky conditions: 0.65 < Kt ≤ 1
- Intermediate sky conditions: 0.3 < Kt ≤ 0.65
- Cloudy-sky conditions: 0 < Kt ≤ 0.3
3. Results
3.1. All-Sky Conditions
3.2. Clear-Sky and Cloudy-Sky Conditions
4. Discussion
4.1. All-Sky Conditions
4.2. Clear-Sky and Cloudy-Sky Conditions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station | Coordinates (Degrees) | Elevation a.s.l (m) | Period | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Batufa | 37.1764 N | 43.0236 E | 947 | 01/01/2011–31/12/2013 |
P1-Batufa | 37.1952 N | 42.9478 E | 854 | |
P2-Batufa | 37.1689 N | 43.1042 E | 885 | |
Enjaksor | 37.0603 N | 42.4353 E | 509 | 01/01/2011–31/12/2014 |
P1-Enjaksor | 37.0642 N | 42.3544 E | 433 | |
P2-Enjaksor | 37.0533 N | 42.4936 E | 520 | |
Hojava | 37.0075 N | 43.0369 E | 933 | 01/01/2011–31/12/2013 |
P1-Hojava | 37.0331 N | 42.9803 E | 856 | |
P2-Hojava | 37.0061 N | 43.0883 E | 940 | |
Jazhnikan | 36.3564 N | 43.9556 E | 430 | 01/01/2011–31/10/2013 |
P1-Jazhnikan | 36.3672 N | 43.8936 E | 376 | |
P2-Jazhnikan | 36.3347 N | 44.0294 E | 467 | |
Tarjan | 36.1258 N | 43.7353 E | 276 | 01/01/2011–31/12/2013 |
P1W-Tarjan | 36.1297 N | 43.6686 E | 263 | |
P2-Tarjan | 36.1208 N | 43.7931 E | 308 |
Station | Coordinates (Degrees) | Elevation a.s.l (m) | Period | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Halsho | 36.2097 N | 45.2598 E | 1105 | 01/01/2013–31/12/2016 |
P1-Halsho | 36.2201 N | 45.2235 E | 1119 | |
P2-Halsho | 36.2058 N | 45.3000 E | 1395 | |
Bazian | 35.6021 N | 45.1376 E | 892 | 01/04/2014–30/12/2016 |
P1-W Bazian | 35.6059 N | 45.0689 E | 872 | |
P2-E Bazian | 35.5796 N | 45.1817 E | 828 | |
Maydan | 34.9194 N | 45.6224 E | 330 | 01/01/2014–31/12/2016 |
P1-Maydan | 34.9203 N | 45.5656 E | 388 | |
P2-Maydan | 34.9182 N | 45.6716 E | 396 | |
Kalar | 34.6244 N | 45.3049 E | 218 | 01/01/2014–31/12/2016 |
P1-Kalar | 34.6220 N | 45.1768 E | 230 | |
P2-Kalar | 34.6237 N | 45.4103 E | 210 |
Stations | Number of Data | Mean | HC3v5 | CRSv3 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | Bias | % | RMSE | % | r | Bias | % | RMSE | % | |||
Batufa | 10,218 | 511 | 0.96 | −6 | −1.2 | 74 | 14 | 0.95 | −27 | −5.3 | 92 | 18 |
P1 | 10,218 | 511 | 0.95 | −15 | −2.9 | 72 | 14 | 0.94 | −28 | −5.5 | 100 | 20 |
P2 | 10,218 | 511 | 0.96 | −16 | −3.1 | 77 | 15 | 0.95 | −29 | −5.7 | 93 | 18 |
Enjkasor | 13,622 | 518 | 0.97 | −4 | −0.8 | 64 | 12 | 0.95 | −20 | −3.9 | 85 | 16 |
P1 | 13,622 | 518 | 0.96 | −9 | −1.7 | 75 | 14 | 0.94 | −19 | −3.7 | 90 | 17 |
P2 | 13,622 | 518 | 0.97 | −6 | −1.2 | 64 | 12 | 0.95 | −21 | −4.1 | 86 | 17 |
Hojava | 10,195 | 503 | 0.96 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 15 | 0.95 | −19 | −3.8 | 89 | 18 |
P1 | 10,195 | 503 | 0.95 | 0 | 0 | 83 | 17 | 0.94 | −20 | −4 | 96 | 19 |
P2 | 10,195 | 503 | 0.96 | 3 | 0.6 | 78 | 16 | 0.94 | −16 | −3.2 | 91 | 18 |
Jazhnikan | 9856 | 518 | 0.96 | −13 | −2.5 | 73 | 14 | 0.95 | −20 | −3.9 | 82 | 16 |
P1 | 9856 | 518 | 0.96 | −14 | −2.7 | 77 | 15 | 0.95 | −21 | −4.1 | 84 | 16 |
P2 | 9856 | 518 | 0.96 | −12 | −2.3 | 73 | 14 | 0.95 | −21 | −4.1 | 83 | 16 |
Tarjan | 10,261 | 521 | 0.96 | −20 | −3.8 | 74 | 14 | 0.95 | −26 | −5 | 81 | 16 |
P1 | 10,261 | 521 | 0.96 | −21 | −4 | 78 | 15 | 0.95 | −26 | −5 | 83 | 16 |
P2 | 10,261 | 521 | 0.96 | −20 | −3.8 | 73 | 14 | 0.95 | −26 | −5 | 80 | 15 |
Halsho | 13,183 | 503 | 0.96 | 1 | 0.2 | 81 | 16 | 0.95 | 7 | 1.4 | 89 | 18 |
P1 | 13,183 | 503 | 0.95 | 6 | 1.2 | 84 | 17 | 0.95 | 7 | 1.4 | 90 | 18 |
P2 | 13,183 | 503 | 0.94 | 1 | 0.2 | 93 | 18 | 0.95 | 5 | 1 | 90 | 18 |
Bazian | 8884 | 515 | 0.96 | −8 | −1.6 | 69 | 13 | 0.96 | −2 | −0.4 | 76 | 15 |
P1 | 8884 | 515 | 0.96 | −6 | −1.2 | 74 | 14 | 0.95 | −4 | −0.8 | 79 | 15 |
P2 | 8884 | 515 | 0.97 | −8 | −1.6 | 68 | 13 | 0.96 | −2 | −0.4 | 76 | 15 |
Maydan | 9089 | 514 | 0.97 | −5 | −1 | 68 | 13 | 0.96 | 3 | 0.6 | 73 | 14 |
P1 | 9089 | 514 | 0.96 | −6 | −1.2 | 72 | 14 | 0.96 | 1 | 0.2 | 75 | 15 |
P2 | 9089 | 514 | 0.97 | −3 | −0.6 | 65 | 13 | 0.96 | 6 | 1.2 | 71 | 14 |
Kalar | 7979 | 474 | 0.95 | 20 | 4.2 | 84 | 18 | 0.94 | 19 | 4 | 84 | 18 |
P1 | 7979 | 474 | 0.94 | 19 | 4 | 88 | 19 | 0.93 | 19 | 4 | 88 | 19 |
P2 | 7979 | 474 | 0.95 | 21 | 4.4 | 84 | 18 | 0.92 | 25 | 5.3 | 97 | 20 |
Stations | Number of Data | Mean | HC3v5 Clearness Index | CRSv3 Clearness Index | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | Bias | % | RMSE | % | r | Bias | % | RMSE | % | |||
Batufa | 10,218 | 0.602 | 0.89 | −0.009 | −1.5 | 0.102 | 16.94 | 0.85 | −0.038 | −6.3 | 0.121 | 20.1 |
Enjkasor | 13,622 | 0.611 | 0.89 | −0.01 | −1.64 | 0.089 | 14.57 | 0.83 | −0.032 | −5.2 | 0.117 | 19.1 |
Hojava | 10,195 | 0.592 | 0.87 | −0.004 | −0.68 | 0.1 | 16.89 | 0.85 | −0.03 | −5.0 | 0.116 | 19.5 |
Jazhnikan | 9856 | 0.602 | 0.86 | −0.024 | −3.99 | 0.1 | 16.61 | 0.85 | −0.031 | −5.1 | 0.107 | 17.7 |
Tarjan | 10,261 | 0.612 | 0.85 | −0.034 | −5.56 | 0.103 | 16.83 | 0.84 | −0.04 | −6.5 | 0.109 | 17.8 |
Halsho | 13,183 | 0.584 | 0.87 | −0.003 | −0.51 | 0.109 | 18.66 | 0.84 | 0.008 | 1.3 | 0.12 | 20.5 |
Bazian | 8884 | 0.593 | 0.87 | −0.014 | −2.36 | 0.093 | 15.68 | 0.85 | −0.006 | −1.0 | 0.098 | 16.5 |
Maydan | 9089 | 0.594 | 0.87 | −0.016 | −2.69 | 0.091 | 15.32 | 0.86 | −0.003 | −0.5 | 0.092 | 15.4 |
Kalar | 7979 | 0.565 | 0.83 | 0.013 | 2.3 | 0.099 | 17.52 | 0.82 | 0.017 | 3.0 | 0.097 | 17.1 |
Station | Condition | Number of Data | Mean | HC3v5 | CRSv3 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | Bias | % | RMSE | % | r | Bias | % | RMSE | % | ||||
Batufa | Clear-sky | 5937 | 679 | 0.97 | −32 | −4.7 | 58 | 9 | 0.95 | −45 | −6.6 | 86 | 13 |
Cloudy-sky | 1448 | 106 | 0.68 | 89 | 84 | 114 | 108 | 0.63 | 47 | 44.3 | 91 | 86 | |
Enjkasor | Clear-sky | 7955 | 672 | 0.97 | −18 | −2.7 | 53 | 8 | 0.95 | −33 | −4.9 | 78 | 12 |
Cloudy-sky | 1507 | 113 | 0.68 | 55 | 48.7 | 85 | 75 | 0.64 | 33 | 29.2 | 77 | 68 | |
Hojava | Clear-sky | 5669 | 672 | 0.97 | −23 | −3.4 | 56 | 8 | 0.95 | −34 | −5.1 | 77 | 11 |
Cloudy-sky | 1365 | 113 | 0.64 | 81 | 71.7 | 113 | 99 | 0.59 | 45 | 39.8 | 101 | 89 | |
Jazhnikan | Clear-sky | 5513 | 681 | 0.97 | −21 | −3.1 | 54 | 8 | 0.96 | −33 | −4.8 | 69 | 10 |
Cloudy-sky | 1018 | 117 | 0.63 | 44 | 37.6 | 84 | 72 | 0.69 | 39 | 33.3 | 83 | 71 | |
Tarjan | Clear-sky | 5983 | 666 | 0.97 | −29 | −4.4 | 62 | 9 | 0.96 | −41 | −6.2 | 72 | 11 |
Cloudy-sky | 965 | 120 | 0.68 | 39 | 32.5 | 73 | 61 | 0.68 | 39 | 32.5 | 85 | 71 | |
Halsho | Clear-sky | 7498 | 677 | 0.97 | −25 | −3.7 | 56 | 8 | 0.97 | −26 | −3.8 | 61 | 9 |
Cloudy-sky | 2083 | 106 | 0.61 | 65 | 61.3 | 102 | 96 | 0.6 | 90 | 84.9 | 127 | 120 | |
Bazian | Clear-sky | 4673 | 690 | 0.97 | −16 | −2.3 | 54 | 8 | 0.96 | −15 | −2.2 | 64 | 9 |
Cloudy-sky | 937 | 115 | 0.64 | 55 | 47.8 | 90 | 78 | 0.65 | 53 | 46.1 | 93 | 81 | |
Maydan | Clear-sky | 4729 | 678 | 0.97 | 2 | 0.3 | 55 | 8 | 0.96 | 2 | 0.3 | 62 | 9 |
Cloudy-sky | 813 | 127 | 0.51 | 30 | 23.6 | 88 | 69 | 0.65 | 39 | 30.7 | 88 | 69 | |
Kalar | Clear-sky | 2755 | 659 | 0.96 | 19 | 2.9 | 57 | 9 | 0.95 | 7 | 1.1 | 60 | 9 |
Cloudy-sky | 686 | 133 | 0.64 | 22 | 16.5 | 74 | 56 | 0.72 | 39 | 29.3 | 81 | 61 |
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Ameen, B.; Balzter, H.; Jarvis, C.; Wey, E.; Thomas, C.; Marchand, M. Validation of Hourly Global Horizontal Irradiance for Two Satellite-Derived Datasets in Northeast Iraq. Remote Sens. 2018, 10, 1651. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10101651
Ameen B, Balzter H, Jarvis C, Wey E, Thomas C, Marchand M. Validation of Hourly Global Horizontal Irradiance for Two Satellite-Derived Datasets in Northeast Iraq. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10(10):1651. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10101651
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmeen, Bikhtiyar, Heiko Balzter, Claire Jarvis, Etienne Wey, Claire Thomas, and Mathilde Marchand. 2018. "Validation of Hourly Global Horizontal Irradiance for Two Satellite-Derived Datasets in Northeast Iraq" Remote Sensing 10, no. 10: 1651. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/rs10101651