Inadequate Intake of Energy and Nutrients Is Common in Older Family Caregivers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Nutritional Status
3.1.1. Determinants of MNA Scores
3.1.2. Determinants of Plasma Albumin Concentration
3.1.3. Determinants of Plasma Prealbumin Concentration
3.1.4. Determinants of Blood Hemoglobin Concentration
3.2. Dietary Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Nutritional Status and Determinants
4.2. Dietary Intake
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean ± SDor n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Demographics | Age (year) | 74.6 ± 7.3 |
Female, n (%) | 90 (72.0) | |
Clinical Characteristics | FCI | 1.9 ± 1.5 |
Number of medications | 5.3 ± 3.6 | |
P-Alb (g/L) 1 | 37.6 ± 2.4 | |
P-Alb 34 (g/L) or more, n (%) 1 | 118 (95.2) | |
P-Prealb (g/L) | 0.25 ± 0.04 | |
P-Prealb females 0.18 (g/L) or more, males 0.20 or more, n (%) | 114 (91.2) | |
B-Hb (g/L) 3 | 135 ± 10 | |
MNA scores | 25.5 ± 1.9 | |
17–23.5 points, n (%) | 25 (20.0) | |
˃23.5 points, n (%) | 100 (80.0) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.4 ± 5.6 | |
23–29 kg/cm2, n (%) | 63 (50.4) | |
>29 kg/cm2, n (%) | 45 (36.0) | |
MAC (cm) | 32.5 ± 4.5 | |
CC (cm) | 38.5 ± 3.9 | |
Functional Characteristics | MMSE | 26.4 ± 3.0 |
GDS-15 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | |
GHQ-12 | 12.5 ± 5.2 | |
WHOQOL-BREF 1 | 93.4 ± 9.4 | |
ADL | 98.0 ± 3.5 | |
IADL | 6.8 ± 0.5 | |
HGS (kg) | 24.8 ± 8.4 | |
5 times chair stand test (s) 1 | 13.1 ± 4.3 | |
Other Characteristics | SOC-13 | 61.7 ± 6.7 |
NPI 2 | 3.5 ± 2.7 | |
Dietary intake characteristics | Energy intake (kcal/day) 1 | 1712 ± 433 |
Protein intake (g/day) 1 | 69.6 ± 19.3 |
Univariate | Multivariate 3 | |
---|---|---|
Variables | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) |
FCI | −0.430 (−0.648, −0.211) | −0.283 (−0.492, −0.073) |
Number of medications | −0.143 (−0.235, −0.051) | |
GDS-15 | −0.243 (−0.380, −0.107) | |
GHQ-12 | −0.087 (−0.152, −0.022) | |
WHOQOL-BREF 1 | 0.055 (0.027, 0.083) | 0.045 (0.018, 0.072) |
ADL | 0.102 (0.005, 0.199) | |
B-Hb (g/L) 2 | 0.043 (0.010, 0.075) | |
5 times chair stand test (s) 1 | −0.104 (−0.182, −0.026) | |
Self-reported problems in mouth | −0.529 (−0.893, −0.164) | |
Energy intake (kcal/day) 1 | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) | 0.001 (0.000, 0.002) |
Protein intake (g/day) 1 | 0.022 (0.005, 0.040) |
Univariate | Multivariate 1 | |
---|---|---|
Variables | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) |
GDS-15 | 0.195 (0.022, 0.368) | 0.234 (0.063, 0.405) |
HGS (kg) | 0.055 (0.005, 0.105) | 0.067 (0.017, 0.116) |
Univariate | Multivariate 1 | |
---|---|---|
Variables | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) |
Age (year) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0.000) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.003 (0.001, 0.004) | |
MAC (cm) | 0.004 (0.002, 0.005) | 0.003 (0.002, 0.005) |
CC (cm) | 0.003 (0.001, 0.005) | |
HGS (kg) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.003) | 0.001 (0.001, 0.002) |
Self-reported problems in mouth | −0.011 (−0.019, −0.002) | −0.008 (−0.016, −0.001) |
Univariate | Multivariate 1 | |
---|---|---|
Variables | B (95% CI) | B (95% CI) |
Age (year) | −0.406 (−0.651, −0.162) | −0.492 (−0.719, −0.264) |
Gender | 5.707 (1.736, 9.678) | 6.871 (3.192, 10.550) |
FCI | −1.554 (−2.757, −0.352) | |
Number of medications | −0.512 (−1.019, −0.005) | |
MNA scores | 1.246 (0.298, 2.193) | 1.144 (0.255, 2.033) |
HGS (kg) | 0.420 (0.212, 0.627) | |
5 times chair stand test (s) | −0.533 (−0.962, −0.103) 2 | |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 0.006 (0.002, 0.011) 2 | 0.005 (0.001, 0.009) |
Protein intake (g/day) | 0.128 (0.033, 0.224) 2 |
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Koponen, S.; Nykänen, I.; Savela, R.-M.; Välimäki, T.; Suominen, A.L.; Schwab, U. Inadequate Intake of Energy and Nutrients Is Common in Older Family Caregivers. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2763. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082763
Koponen S, Nykänen I, Savela R-M, Välimäki T, Suominen AL, Schwab U. Inadequate Intake of Energy and Nutrients Is Common in Older Family Caregivers. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2763. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082763
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoponen, Sohvi, Irma Nykänen, Roosa-Maria Savela, Tarja Välimäki, Anna Liisa Suominen, and Ursula Schwab. 2021. "Inadequate Intake of Energy and Nutrients Is Common in Older Family Caregivers" Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2763. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nu13082763