Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Ulva intestinalis Extracts and Cell-Free Filtrate on Cyanobacterial Growth
2.2. Effect of Ulva intestinalis Extracts and Cell-Free Filtrate on the Pigments Content
2.3. Effect of Ulva intestinalis Extracts and Cell-Free Filtrate on Fluorescence Parameters
2.4. Effect of Ulva intestinalis Extracts and Cell-Free Filtrate on Microcystin and Phenol Content
3. Discussion
3.1. Allelopathic Activity of the Extract Obtained from U. intestinalis
3.2. Allelopathic Activity of the Filtrate Obtained from U. intestinalis
3.3. Effects of Ulva intestinalis on Cyanobacterial MC-LR and Phenol Content
3.4. Ecological Significance of Allelopathic Effects of Baltic Macroalgae Ulva sp.
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Material and Culture Conditions
5.2. Experimental Setup
5.3. Determination of the Culture Density
5.4. Determination of the Pigments Content
5.5. Measurements of the Photosynthesis Performance
5.6. Measurements of the Microcystin and Phenol Content
5.7. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Cyanobacteria | Control | Extract | Cell-Free Filtrate |
---|---|---|---|
MC-LR (fg cell−1) | |||
Aphanizomenon sp. | ND | ND | ND |
N. spumigena | ND | ND | ND |
Nostoc sp. | 92.506 (1.238) a | 16.334 (4.288) b | 85.125 (4.540) a |
Phenols (ng cell−1) | |||
Aphanizomenon sp. | 0.329 (0.010) b | 1.322 (0.016) a | 0.125 (0.007) c |
N. spumigena | 1.180 (0.053) b | 1.958 (0.027) a | 1.887 (0.019) a |
Nostoc sp. | 0.213 (0.004) b | 1.237 (0.028) a | 0.227 (0.002) b |
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Budzałek, G.; Śliwińska-Wilczewska, S.; Klin, M.; Wiśniewska, K.; Latała, A.; Wiktor, J.M. Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals. Toxins 2021, 13, 589. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13080589
Budzałek G, Śliwińska-Wilczewska S, Klin M, Wiśniewska K, Latała A, Wiktor JM. Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals. Toxins. 2021; 13(8):589. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13080589
Chicago/Turabian StyleBudzałek, Gracjana, Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska, Marek Klin, Kinga Wiśniewska, Adam Latała, and Józef Maria Wiktor. 2021. "Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals" Toxins 13, no. 8: 589. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/toxins13080589