Constructing g-C3N4/Cd1−xZnxS-Based Heterostructures for Efficient Hydrogen Production under Visible Light
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization of Photocatalysts Based on Cd1−xZnxS/g-C3N4
2.2. Photocatalytic Tests
- -
- Surface ratio [Cd + Zn]/[C] and [S]/[C] decreased for both photocatalysts indicating the aggregation of Cd1−xZnxS particles; for sample 20Cd0.8/Pt/CN, it was to a lesser extent;
- -
- The [Pt]/[C] surface ratio decreased slightly for the Pt/20Cd0.8/CN sample, but this ratio increased threefold for the 20Cd0.8/Pt/CN photocatalysts. This suggests that, in the first case, the metal particles were enlarged, and in the latter, they were dispersed. Please note that the ratio of [S]/[C] and [Cd + Zn]/[C] became smaller and simultaneously ratio of [Pt]/[Cd + Zn] became bigger for both samples, that is, the particles of the solid solution of sulfide aggregated, and the size of the platinum particles either practically did not grow (Pt/20Cd0.8/CN), or became smaller (20Cd0.8/Pt/CN).
- -
- Sulfur in the sulfite/sulfate state on the surface completely transformed into sulfide S2− for both samples;
- -
- An increase in the proportion of platinum in zero oxidation state was seen for sample Pt/20Cd0.8/CN; for sample 20Cd0.8/Pt/CN, metallic platinum partially transformed into Pt2+.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Photocatalyst Synthesis
3.1.1. Synthesis of g-C3N4
3.1.2. Synthesis of Photocatalysts Based on Cd1−xZnxS/g-C3N4
3.2. Photocatalysts Characterization
3.3. Photocatalytic Activity Measurement
3.4. Photoelectrochemical Experiments
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Photocatalyst | Composition | W(H2), μmol min−1 | Activity, μmol g−1 h−1 | AQE, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd0.8 | Cd0.8Zn0.2S | <0.01 | <10 | <0.3 |
Cd0.7 | Cd0.7Zn0.3S | <0.01 | <10 | <0.3 |
CN | g-C3N4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pt/Cd0.8 | 1%Pt/Cd0.8Zn0.2S | 1.10 | 1310 | 3.2 |
Pt/Cd0.7 | 1%Pt/Cd0.7Zn0.3S | 0.57 | 684 | 1.7 |
Pt/CN | 1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 0.37 | 444 | 1.1 |
Composite samples without Pt | ||||
10Cd0.8/CN | 10 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/g-C3N4 | 0.08 | 96 | 0.24 |
20Cd0.8/CN | 20 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/g-C3N4 | 0.13 | 156 | 0.38 |
50Cd0.8/CN | 50 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/g-C3N4 | 0.10 | 120 | 0.29 |
10Cd0.7/CN | 10 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/g-C3N4 | 0.09 | 108 | 0.26 |
20Cd0.7/CN | 20 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/g-C3N4 | 0.07 | 84 | 0.21 |
50Cd0.7/CN | 50 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/g-C3N4 | 0.09 | 108 | 0.26 |
Scheme 1 (Pt-sulfide-nitride) | ||||
Pt/10Cd0.8/CN | 1%Pt/10 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/g-C3N4 | 0.19 | 228 | 0.56 |
Pt/20Cd0.8/CN | 1%Pt/20 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/g-C3N4 | 0.83 | 996 | 2.4 |
Pt/50Cd0.8/CN | 1%Pt/50 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/g-C3N4 | 0.80 | 960 | 2.4 |
Pt/10Cd0.7/CN | 1%Pt/10 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/g-C3N4 | 0.19 | 228 | 0.56 |
Pt/20Cd0.7/CN | 1%Pt/20 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/g-C3N4 | 0.41 | 492 | 1.2 |
Pt/50Cd0.7/CN | 1%Pt/50 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/g-C3N4 | 0.60 | 708 | 1.8 |
Scheme 2 (sulfide-Pt-nitride) | ||||
10Cd0.8/Pt/CN | 10 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 1.50 | 1800 | 4.4 |
20Cd0.8/Pt/CN | 20 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 2.10 | 2520 | 6.2 |
50Cd0.8/Pt/CN | 50 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 1.60 | 1920 | 4.7 |
10Cd0.7/Pt/CN | 10 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S 1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 1.50 | 1800 | 4.4 |
20Cd0.7/Pt/CN | 20 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 1.90 | 2280 | 5.6 |
50Cd0.7/Pt/CN | 50 wt% Cd0.7Zn0.3S/1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 1.66 | 1990 | 4.9 |
Photocatalyst | Average Crystallite Size of Cd1−xZnxS, nm | SBET, m2 g−1 | Pore Volume, cm3 g−1 | Band Gap, eV |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cd0.8 (Cd0.8Zn0.2S) | 7.3 | 177 | 0.20 | 2.37 |
CN (g-C3N4) | - | 19 | 0.12 | 2.85 |
Pt/10Cd0.8/CN | 7.4 | 34 | 0.13 | 2.81 |
Pt/20Cd0.8/CN | 8.0 | 37 | 0.13 | 2.79 |
Pt/50Cd0.8/CN | 9.6 | 68 | 0.14 | 2.75 |
Photocatalyst | [Cd + Zn]/[C] | [S]/[C] | [Pt]/[C] | [Pt]/[Cd + Zn] | Pt State, % | S State, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pt0 | Pt2+ | S2− | SOx2− | |||||
Pt/20Cd0.8/CN | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.0045 | 0.031 | 21 | 79 | 84 | 16 |
Pt/20Cd0.8/CN * | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.0036 | 0.070 | 40 | 60 | 100 | 0 |
20Cd0.8/Pt/CN | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.0006 | 0.005 | 100 | 0 | 92 | 8 |
20Cd0.8/Pt/CN * | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.0018 | 0.024 | 74 | 26 | 100 | 0 |
N | Photocatalyst | Sacrificial Reagent | Light Source | W0, μmol g−1 h−1 | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3% Pt/2% Na2Fe2Ti6O16/g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 420 nm | 389 | [51] |
2 | g-C3N4 doped by B | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 420 nm | 910 | [52] |
3 | 1% Pt/W18O49/g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 400 nm | 912 | [53] |
4 | 20% g-C3N4/TiO2 | 10 vol. % TEOA | 250 W visible light source | 1042 | [54] |
5 | Ru-CoP/g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 400 nm | 1173 | [55] |
6 | 9% Ni/porous g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 420 nm | 1274 | [56] |
7 | CoP/B doped g-C3N4 nanodots/g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 420 nm | 1333 | [57] |
8 | Ni/N-doped C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 420 nm | 1507 | [58] |
9 | Ni-Cu/g-C3N4 | 15 vol. % TEOA | 5W LED white-light multi-channel | 2088 | [59] |
10 | NiS-WO3/g-C3N4 | 15 vol. % TEOA | 5 W LED white light, λ ≥ 420 nm | 2929 | [60] |
11 | 40% CdS/4% PdAg/g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 400 nm | 3098 | [61] |
12 | LaxCo3-xO4/g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA | Xe lamp, λ > 420 nm | 3160 | [62] |
13 | 1%Pt/20 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/g-C3N4 | 10 vol. % TEOA, 0.1 M NaOH | 450-LED | 996 | This work |
14 | 20 wt% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/1%Pt/g-C3N4 | 2520 |
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Zhurenok, A.V.; Markovskaya, D.V.; Gerasimov, E.Y.; Vokhmintsev, A.S.; Weinstein, I.A.; Prosvirin, I.P.; Cherepanova, S.V.; Bukhtiyarov, A.V.; Kozlova, E.A. Constructing g-C3N4/Cd1−xZnxS-Based Heterostructures for Efficient Hydrogen Production under Visible Light. Catalysts 2021, 11, 1340. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11111340
Zhurenok AV, Markovskaya DV, Gerasimov EY, Vokhmintsev AS, Weinstein IA, Prosvirin IP, Cherepanova SV, Bukhtiyarov AV, Kozlova EA. Constructing g-C3N4/Cd1−xZnxS-Based Heterostructures for Efficient Hydrogen Production under Visible Light. Catalysts. 2021; 11(11):1340. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11111340
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhurenok, Angelina V., Dina V. Markovskaya, Evgeny Y. Gerasimov, Alexander S. Vokhmintsev, Ilya A. Weinstein, Igor P. Prosvirin, Svetlana V. Cherepanova, Andrey V. Bukhtiyarov, and Ekaterina A. Kozlova. 2021. "Constructing g-C3N4/Cd1−xZnxS-Based Heterostructures for Efficient Hydrogen Production under Visible Light" Catalysts 11, no. 11: 1340. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/catal11111340