Next Article in Journal
Bamboo Sawdust as a Partial Replacement of Cement for the Production of Sustainable Cementitious Materials
Next Article in Special Issue
Numerical Investigation into the Influence of Grain Orientation Distribution on the Local and Global Elastic-Plastic Behaviour of Polycrystalline Nickel-Based Superalloy INC-738 LC
Previous Article in Journal
Molecular Recognition and Shape Studies of 3- and 4-Substituted Diarylamide Quasiracemates
Previous Article in Special Issue
Numerical Investigation of Plastic Strain Homogeneity during Equal-Channel Angular Pressing of a Cu-Zr Alloy
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Crystals
Volume 11
Issue 12
10.3390/cryst11121592
crystals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Thermodynamic Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn-{Y, Ce} Alloys: Review

by
Mohammad Aljarrah
1,2,*,
Jasim Alnahas
2 and
Mohammed Alhartomi
3
1
Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
2
Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
3
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(12), 1592; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11121592
Submission received: 8 December 2021 / Revised: 14 December 2021 / Accepted: 15 December 2021 / Published: 20 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Plasticity (Volume II))
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Magnesium alloys are a strong candidate for various applications in automobile and aerospace industries due to their low density and specific strength. Micro-alloying magnesium with zinc, yttrium, and cerium enhances mechanical properties of magnesium through grain refinement and precipitation hardening. In this work, a critical review of magnesium-based binary systems including Mg-Zn, Mg-Y, Mg-Ce, Zn-Y, and Zn-Ce is presented. Based on the CALPHAD approach and first-principles calculations, thermodynamic modeling of Mg-Zn-Y and Mg-Zn-Ce ternary phase diagrams have been summarized. The influence of micro-alloying (yttrium and cerium) on the mechanical properties of magnesium is discussed. A comparison between mechanical properties of magnesium commercial alloys and magnesium–zinc–{yttrium and cerium} have been summarized in tables.

1. Introduction

The need for weight reduction in automobile and aerospace industries makes magnesium alloys attractive due to their low density and high strength-to-weight ratio [1,2,3]. However, the use of magnesium alloys in structural parts is limited because of their poor mechanical properties at elevated temperatures [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Many researchers investigated the effect of micro-alloying on magnesium to enhance its mechanical performance [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76]. The addition of rare-earth (RE) elements are attractive and receive increasing attention because of their excellent properties such as better creep resistance, grain refinement, improved ductility, enhanced formability, and strength [40,43,44,45,54,55,60,61,67,68,69,70,71,72,76].
Micro-alloying magnesium with RE such as zinc and yttrium resulted in promising mechanical properties [27,31,35,40,44,46,55,58,60]. RE elements enhance mechanical properties due to precipitation hardening through precipitation of nanoparticles of ternary phases [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71]. These phases have an ability to inhibit the growth of deformation twins [18,19,20,21,22,23]. Furthermore, the addition of RE elements to Mg-Zn promote activation of prismatic slip and increase the stacking fault energy, therefore weakening the texture of magnesium alloys [35,36,37,38,39,40,44,51,61,66,72]. Micro-alloying magnesium with zinc increases its fluidity in casting [77], whereas yttrium addition has a remarkable effect on aging precipitation and high solid solution strengthening [78,79,80]. Moreover, cerium tends to precipitate a thermally high stable compound (Mg2Ce) in magnesium rich region, which improve microstructure stability at elevated temperatures. Diluting zinc in Mg-Ce alloy significantly improves stretch formability by modifying the basal plane texture through solid solution hardening mechanism [81,82,83,84,85]. Moreover, the highest zinc in Mg-Ce alloy improves yield strength and ultimate tensile strength through precipitation of intermetallic compounds. Whereas the ratio of Ce/Zn increases, grain refinements and loss of formability occurs [71,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88]. Mg-Zn-Y alloys display promising mechanical properties because of precipitates of thermally stable ternary compounds (W-Mg3Y solid solution, I-Mg3YZn6, and LPSO-phase Mg12ZnY) as well as high solubility of yttrium in magnesium.
To better understand phase stability, phase relation, and the effect of precipitation on age hardening, knowledge of binary and ternary phase diagrams is essential. Additionally, accurate prediction of phase diagram plays an important role in materials development and alloy design. Phase diagram is a tool used to predict the equilibrium phase(s) and phase(s) percentage at certain temperatures for specified alloys and simulate the phase consistency and solidification process of individual alloys. Moreover, the percentage of the predicted phase(s) that exist in the microstructure can be calculated. This will enable us to track particular alloys during solidification and subsequent heat treatment by predicting phase composition and distribution. Therefore, binary sub-systems of Mg-Zn-{Y, Ce} including Mg-Zn, Mg-Y, Mg-Ce, Zn-Y, and Zn-Ce phase diagram have been critically reviewed. In addition, ternary phase diagrams of Mg-Zn-Ce and Mg-Zn-Y have been assessed. A comparison between mechanical properties of commercial Mg-based alloys and Mg-Zn-{Ce,Y} alloys has been reported.
The CALPHAD approach is a well-known method to predict phase equilibria in a multi-component system based on Gibbs free energy of the phases [89,90,91]. Solid solutions were modeled using compound energy formalism with sublattice [92]. The modified quasi-chemical (MQC) solution model precisely describes short-range ordering in the liquid phase; therefore, liquid phase was optimized using MQC to treat configurational entropy [93]. The main novelty of the current work is to critically review phase equilibria of Mg-Zn-{Y, Zn} systems and mechanical properties based on the experimental investigations reported in the literature.

2. Zinc-Yttrium Phase Diagram

Chiotti et al. [94] largely examined phase diagram and thermodynamic data of Zn-Y phase diagram using DTA, metallographic, and XRD. Mason and Chiotti [95] subsequently reviewed the work of [94] and measured phase relation and thermodynamic properties of the intermetallic compounds using eight samples. In the work of [94,95], tantalum containers were unsuccessful because of the penetration of Y-Zn liquid at high zinc contents. Mason and Chiotti [95] reported three intermetallic compounds that melt congruently: YZn, YZn2, and Y2Zn17 (YZn8.5) at 1105, 1080, and 890 °C, respectively. Thermodynamic modeling of Y-Zn binary phase diagram in the work of [96,97,98] presented a polymorphic transformation in the YZn2 at 750 °C, which is in accord with [95,99]. Mason and Chiotti [95] found five intermetallic compounds that decompose peritectically: YZn3, Y3Zn11 (YZn3.67), Y13Zn58 (YZn4.46), YZn6, and YZn12 at 905, 896, 882, 872, and 685 °C, respectively. Mason and Chiotti [95] determined the thermodynamic properties of the intermetallic compounds using dewpoint method. The large number of intermetallic compounds found in the RE-Zn system was similar and related to RE-coordination number [100]. Crystal structure data of Y-Zn compounds were determined by [100,101,102,103]. Gibbs energy of formation of the intermediate compounds in the Y-Zn system was investigated by [104,105,106,107,108]. The most accurate description of Y-Zn binary phase diagram was established by Zhu and Pelton [109] based on experimental data [94,95] as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The optimized Y-Zn phase diagram presented by Zhu and Pelton [109] presented some amendment to the work of Spencer et al. [98]. The calculated enthalpy and Gibbs energies of formation of the intermetallic compound presented in the work of [98] are in good agreement with the experimental data of [95,104,105,108].

3. Zinc–Cerium Phase Diagram

The first Zn-Ce phase diagram was published by Hansen and Anderko [110]. Subsequently, Veleckis et al. [111] reported eight intermediate phases; CeZn11, Ce2Zn17, CeZn, CeZn8.8-6.2, CeZn2, CeZn7, Ce2Zn, and Ce4Zn. Okamoto and Hiroaki [112] suggested the existence of nine intermediate phases, namely CeZn, CeZn2, CeZn3, CeZn3.67, CeZn4.5, CeZn5.25, CeZn7, Ce2Zn17, and CeZn11. The discrepancies in the stoichiometry and phase boundary reported by [110,111,112] were because of the delayed nucleation of these phases. Investigating the phase boundary and similarity of the Zn-Ce system to another Zn-RE phase diagram (such as Zn-Pr, Zn-Nd, Zn-Y, and Zn-Pm), nine intermetallic compounds were suggested [101,112,113,114]: CeZn, CeZn2, CeZn3, Ce3Zn11, Ce13Zn58, CeZn5, Ce3Zn22, Ce2Zn17, and CeZn11. A detailed investigation on the crystallographic data of intermetallic phases was presented in [114]. These intermediate compounds were included in the thermodynamic modeling of Zn-Ce phase diagram in the work of Wang et al. [115], Spencer et al. [98], and Zhu and Pelton [109]. The work of Chiotti and Mason [116] was the only experimental phase diagram data that could be found in the literature. Chiotti and Mason [116] investigated Zn-Ce phase diagram using metallography, differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction, and vapor pressure measurements. Johnson and Yonco [117] reported the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of the CeZn11 phase, which was in accord with [116]. Chiotti and Mason [116] used dewpoint method to derive standard Gibbs free energy of formation for the intermetallic compounds. Johnson and Yonco [118] used the equation of standard Gibbs free energy to derive enthalpy of formation of the intermediate compounds.
Spencer et al. [98] and Zhu and Pelton [109] used modified quasi-chemical model to optimize liquid phase. Zn-Ce phase diagram published by [109] was an improvement to the work of Zhu and Pelton [109]. Zn-Ce phase diagram presented by Zhu and Pelton [109] is shown in Figure 3.

4. Mg-Zn, Mg-Y, and Mg-Ce Phase Diagrams

Based on the literature, many researchers modeled liquid phase using a random solution model. This model is only anticipated at a very high temperature when the entropy term overwhelms any tendency for ordering or clustering of atoms. Therefore, the configurational entropy of mixing should vary with temperature. The modified quasi-chemical solution model has a better treatment of configurational entropy that accounts for a non-random distribution of atoms. Therefore, no model based on the random mixing can properly describe the influence of short-range ordering, because they do not solve the problem of the configurational entropy. The description of short-range ordering can be taken into account with bond energy models by considering the interactions between atoms that extend beyond the nearest neighbor’s approximation. This problem has been treated using the modified quasi-chemical model. Liquid phase in the work of [77] was optimized using the modified quasi-chemical model (MQM). This model has been used to describe the liquid phase as this is the only scientific model that accounts for the presence of short-range ordering. Therefore, the reported phase diagrams in the work of [77] adequately describe thermodynamic properties of these systems. Islam et al. [77] critically reviewed and assessed thermodynamic data and phase diagrams of Mg-Zn, Mg-Y, and Mg-Ce systems. Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6 presented the most accurate calculated binary phase diagrams for these systems [77]. It is worth mentioning that the liquid phase was optimized using a modified quasi-chemical model to accurately describe short range ordering in the liquid.

5. Magnesium-Zinc-Yttrium Ternary Phase Diagram

Gröbner et al. [121] investigated the Mg-Zn-Y ternary system using ten ternary alloys by DSC, SEM/EDXS, and TEM. Based on their experimental results and assessment to the stoichiometric of ternary phases reported in the literature [96,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140], Gröbner et al. [121] calculated liquidus projections and isothermal sections at 400, 500, and 600 °C. In 2015, Zhu and Pelton [140] calculated liquidus projection and isothermal sections at 400, 500, and 600 °C. Zhu and Pelton [140] defined ternary phase diagrams of Mg-Zn-RE systems using the Kohler model to estimate ternary properties of Mg-Zn-RE systems. It is worth mentioning that liquidus projections of Zhu and Pelton [140] and Gröbner et al. [121] are the only works that could be found in the literature. Gröbner et al. [121] modelled five ternary compounds: 18R, 14H, W, I, and Z, and one ternary solid solution (H). However, Zhu and Pelton [140] reported four ternary compounds (τ5, H, X, and I phases) and three ternary solid solutions (Y(Mg,Zn), Y2(Mg,Zn)17, and τ3 (YMg(Mg,Zn)2).
Chemical compositions and notations of the ternary phases were confusing as described in the literature [96,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140]. Many of the ternary phases reported in the literature were considered as metastable phases according to the work of Zhu and Pelton [140]. The slow kinetics of transformation of ternary phase, long-period stacking ordered (LPSO), has been described in the literature with different notations and chemical compositions [32,33,34,35,36,39,40,52,67,69,70,112,126,127,138]. This ternary phase exists in many Mg-Zn-RE systems which corresponds to Mg12ZnY2 [40,140] and was designated in the literature as X-phase with simplified composition Mg12YZn [96,127,140]. Ternary phase with notation of I-phase was reported by Tsai et al. [124] as Mg30Zn60Y10 and later simplified as Mg3Zn6Y [138] and adopted in thermodynamic modeling in the work of [96,121,140]. Moreover, W-phase was reported in the work of [96] with composition of Mg3Zn3Y2 and Mg25Zn60Y14 [128], while Zhu and Pelton [140] and Gröbner et al. [121] described this phase as a ternary solid solution of yttrium in (MgZn) binary phase where yttrium may substitute magnesium and zinc element in the sublattice. Ternary phase designated as H-phase and composition of Mg15Zn70Y15 [124] was accepted in the work of Zhu and Pelton [140]. Similarly to other Mg-Zn-RE ternary systems, this phase has been modeled as stoichiometric ternary compound. However, Gröbner et al. [121] describe this phase as ternary solid solubility of Mg in (YZn5): Y(Mg, Zn)1.5Zn3.5 using the experimental data of [138]. Zhu and Pelton [140] treated H-phase differently because the crystallographic data (lattice constants) significantly differ from those of YZn5 phase. Ternary solid solubility of Mg in Zn17Y2 binary phase, reported in the work of Zhu and Pelton- [140], was not observed in the liquidus projections of Gröbner et al. [121]. Based on the above confusion of the chemistry of ternary compounds, as well as ternary solid solutions in the Mg-Y-Zn system, further experimental investigation is required to resolve the discrepancies in the literature. Liquidus projections of the ternary Mg-Zn-Y phase diagram reported by Gröbner et al. [121] and Zhu and Pelton [140] are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively.

6. Magnesium–Zinc–Cerium Ternary Phase Diagram

Experimental investigation and thermodynamic modeling of the Mg-Zn-Ce received considerable attention by many researchers [141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153]. However, the reported ternary phases and ternary solid solutions were confusing. Table 1 summarizes the reported ternary phases in the Mg-Zn-Ce system [151].
Ternary solid solution designated by Mg3Ce was reported by [149,152] where zinc atom substitutes magnesium atom in the binary Mg3Ce phase. The solubility of zinc in Mg3Ce and crystallographic data are shown in Table 2. Recently, this phase was verified in the work of Shi et al. [153].
Ternary solid solution, denoted as τ3 in the work of [152,153], was reported by [144,150] with a prototype of AlMnCu2. The percentage of zinc in this phase was 38 to 50 at.% [150], whereas Kevorkov and Pekguleryuz [148] reported this percentage as 45 to 50 at.%. Moreover, Mel’nik et al. [144] and Chiu et al. [149] reported that this phase contained 35 to 45, and 0 to 48 at.% Zn, respectively. It is worth noting that Chiu et al. [149] reported Mg3Ce solid solution with two different prototypes, namely BiF3 and AlMnCu2. Whereas Shi et al. [153] verified the existence of τ3 and indicated the difficulty to distinguish between τ3 and Mg3Ce because of the structural similarity. The authors of [153] declared the difficulty of detecting the difference using XRD. According to the BSE image in the work of [153], Mg3Ce showed diamond shape whereas τ3 exhibited irregular shape. Meanwhile, τ3 exists in equilibrium with Mg3Ce in accord with [152,153]. Reported comparisons between the crystallographic data and solid solubility for other ternary phases were summarized in the work of Chiu et al. [149] and Zhu et al. [152].
Liquidus projections of the Mg-Zn-Ce ternary phase diagram were calculated by [148,149,150,151,152,153]. The calculated ternary phase diagram by Chiu et al. [149] proposed that τ3 and Mg3Ce were similar phase, which contradicts the findings in [152,153]. Moreover, ternary phase diagram presented by Zhu et al. [152] was an amendment to the work of Mostafa and Medraj [151]. Primary crystallization regions of ternary phases could not be found in the liquidus projection of Shi et al. [153]. Liquidus projections of Mg-Zn-Ce calculated by Zhu et al. [152] and Shi et al. [153] are shown in Figure 8a,b, respectively.

7. Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn-{Ce, Y} Alloys

Alloying Mg-Zn with rare earth elements is promising in modifying magnesium texture. Among rare-earth element, many researchers reported that micro-alloying Mg-Zn with yttrium or cerium exhibited a comparable ductility and formability with commercial magnesium alloys. Table 3 and Table 4 summarize the mechanical properties of the published alloys in Mg-Zn-Y [154,155,156,157] and Mg-Zn-Ce [48,71,81,85,156,157,158], respectively.
The addition of yttrium to Mg-Zn alloys enhances the formation of magnesium solid solution in ternary systems due to high solid solubility of yttrium in magnesium. Meanwhile, precipitation of nano-scale ternary phases as a result enhances mechanical properties. It is worth noting that the ratio of Zn/Y and heat treatment conditions play a significant role in mechanical properties as can be seen in Table 3. Unlike yttrium, the micro-addition of cerium to Mg-Zn reduces magnesium solid solution and precipitates a binary Mg12Ce phase as well as ternary nano-scale phases. Maximum solid solubility of cerium in magnesium is 0.5 wt.% at 590 °C and Mg12Ce precipitate up to 32.4 wt.% Ce. The existence of cerium and zinc in magnesium resulted in weakening structure and therefore enhanced ductility of magnesium alloys. Meanwhile, the percentage of cerium magnesium alloys must be in small amounts to hinder precipitation of high intensity of Mg12Ce phase; besides, heat treatment conditions and weight fraction of cerium play a remarkable role in mechanical properties of Mg-Zn alloys as shown in Table 4.

8. Conclusions

To reduce oil consumption in the automobile industry, designers are interested in lightweight alternative materials. Among lightweight materials is magnesium, and products of Mg-Zn alloys used in the automobile industry include transmission housings, heads, and engine blocks. In the current work, thermodynamic modeling of yttrium-zinc and yttrium-cerium phase diagrams were critically assessed, and the most appropriate phase diagrams were presented. Crystallographic data and solid solubilities of ternary phases in Mg-Zn-Y and Mg-Zn-Ce systems were evaluated. Lack of experimental data on ternary Mg-Zn-Y required further experimental investigations. Based on the recent findings, liquidus projections of the Mg-Zn-Y and Mg-Zn-Ce ternary phase diagrams were given. Ternary intermetallic phases and ternary solid solution reported in the literature were confusing, and additional key experiments are needed to resolve the discrepancies on the existence and chemical compositions of these phases. Mechanical properties reported in the literature of the two ternary systems were summarized.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah); methodology, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah), J.A. and M.A. (Mohammed Alhartomi).; software, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah); validation, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah), J.A. and M.A. (Mohammed Alhartomi); formal analysis, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah), J.A. and M.A. (Mohammed Alhartomi); investigation, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah); resources, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah), J.A. and M.A. (Mohammed Alhartomi); data curation, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah); writing—original draft preparation, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah), J.A. and M.A. (Mohammed Alhartomi); writing—review and editing, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah); visualization, J.A.; supervision, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah); project administration, M.A. (Mohammad Aljarrah). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Mordike, B.L.; Ebert, T. Magnesium: Properties-applications-potential. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2001, 302, 37–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Luo, A.A.; Sachdev, A.K.; Powell, B.R. Advance casting technology for lightweight automotive applications. China Foundry 2010, 7, 463–469. [Google Scholar]
  3. Pan, F.S.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J.F.; Yang, M.B.; Han, E.H.; Chen, R.S. Key R & D activities for development of new types of wrought magnesium alloys in China. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. 2010, 20, 1249–1258. [Google Scholar]
  4. Hong, Z.; Wei, L.; Xing, W.M.; Yu, Z. Study on ignition proof AZ91D magnesium alloy chips with cerium addition. J. Rare Earths 2005, 23, 466–469. [Google Scholar]
  5. Wang, R.; Eliezer, A.; Gutman, E. An investigation on the microstructure of an AM50 magnesium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2003, 355, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Kiani, M.; Gandikota, I.; Rohano, M.R.; Motoyama, K. Design of lightweight magnesium car body structure under crash and vibration constraints. J. Magnes. Alloy 2014, 2, 99–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Wen, K.; Liu, K.; Wang, Z.; Li, S.; Du, W. Effect of microstructure evaluation on mechanical property of extruded Mg-12Gd-2Er-1Xn-0.6 Zr alloys. J. Magnes. Alloy 2015, 3, 23–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Barnett, M.R.; Nave, M.D.; Bettles, C.J. Deformation microstructures and textures of some cold rolled mg alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2004, 386, 205–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Stanford, N.; Atwell, D.; Beer, A.; Davies, C.; Barnett, M.R. Effect of microalloying with rare-earth elements on the texture of extruded magnesium-based alloys. Scr. Mater. 2008, 59, 772–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Zhang, H.; Huang, G.; Wang, L.; Roven, H.J.; Xu, Z.; Pan, F. Improved ductility of magnesium alloys by a simple shear process followed by annealing. Scr. Mater. 2013, 69, 49–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Sakamoto, M.; Akiyama, S.; Ogi, K. Suppression of Ignition and Burning of Molten Mg Alloys by Ca Bearing Stable Oxide Film. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1997, 16, 1048–1050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Stanford, N. The Effect of Calcium on the Texture, and Mechanical Properties of Extruded Mg–Mn–Ca Alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2010, 528, 314–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Jing, B.; Yangshan, S.; Shan, X.; Feng, X.; Tianbai, Z. Microstructure and Tensile Creep Behavior of Mg–4Al Based Magnesium Alloys with Alkaline-Earth Elements Sr and Ca Additions. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2006, 419, 181–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Yoo, M.H. Slip, twinning, and fracture in hexagonal close-packed metals. Metall. Trans. A 1981, 12, 409–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Tu, T.; Chen, X.; Zhao, C.; Yuan, Y.; Pan, F. A simultaneous increase of elastic modulus and ductility by Al and Li additions in Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr-Ag alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2020, 771, 138576. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Zhang, A.; Kang, R.; Wu, L.; Pan, H.; Xie, H.; Huang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Ai, Z.; Ma, L.; Ren, Y.; et al. A new rare-earth-free Mg-Sn-Ca-Mn wrought alloy with ultra-high strength and good ductility. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2019, 754, 269–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Shin, D.H.; Kim, I.; Kim, J.; Kim, Y.S.; Semiatin, S.L. Microstructure development during equal-channel angular pressing of titanium. Acta Mater. 2003, 51, 983–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Sun, H.Q.; Shi, Y.N.; Zhang, M.X.; Lu, K. Plastic strain-induced grain refinement in the nanometer scale in a Mg alloy. Acta Mater. 2007, 55, 975–982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Robson, J.D.; Henry, D.T.; Davis, B. Particle effects on recrystallization in magnesium–manganese alloys: Particle-stimulated nucleation. Acta Mater. 2009, 2009, 2739–2747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Karakulak, E. A review: Past, present, and future of grain refining of magnesium castings. J. Magnes. Alloy. 2019, 7, 355–369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Zhao, D.; Chen, X.; Ye, J.; Chen, T.; Dai, Y.; Liu, C.; Luo, Z.; Gao, S.; Zhang, J.; Yao, J.; et al. Simultaneously improving elastic modulus and damping capacity of extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Mn alloy via alloying with Si. J. Alloys Compd. 2019, 810, 425–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Shen, Y.F.; Guan, R.G.; Zhao, Z.Y.; Misra, R.D.K. Ultrafine-grained Al–0.2Sc–0.1Zr alloy: The mechanistic contribution of nano-sized precipitates on grain refinement during the novel process of accumulative continuous extrusion. Acta Mater. 2015, 100, 247–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Chen, Y.; Yang, Y.; Feng, Z.; Zhao, G.; Huang, B.; Luo, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, W. Microstructure, microtexture and precipitation in the ultrafine-grained surface layer of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy processed by sliding friction treatment. Mater. Charact. 2017, 123, 1890197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Fu, L.; Li, Y.; Jiang, F.; Huang, J.; Xu, G.; Yin, Z. On the role of Sc or Er micro-alloying in the microstructure evolution of Al-Mg alloy sheets during annealing. Mater. Charact. 2019, 157, 109918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Lim, T.S.; Ryu, H.S.; Hong, S.-H. Plasma electrolytic oxidation/cerium conversion composite coatings for the improved corrosion protection of AZ31 Mg alloys. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, 160, C77. [Google Scholar]
  26. Castellanos, A.; Altube, A.; Vega, J.M.; García-Lecina, E.; Díez, J.A.; Grande, H.J. Effect of different post-treatments on the corrosion resistance and tribological properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy coated PEO. Surf. Coat. Tech. 2015, 278, 99–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Pérez, P.; Cabeza, S.; Garcés, G.; Adeva, P. Influence of long period stacking ordered phase arrangements on the corrosion behaviour of extruded Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy. Corros. Sci. 2016, 107, 107–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Lapovok, R.; Gao, X.; Nie, J.-F.; Estrin, Y.; Mathaudhu, S.N. Enhancement of properties in cast Mg–Y–Zn rod processed by severe plastic deformation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2014, 615, 198–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Liu, C.; Chen, X.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, Y.; Pan, F. Microstructure, creep behavior and corrosion resistance in the ultrafine-grained surface layer of Mg-6Zn-0.2Y-0.4Ce-0.5Zr alloy processed by surfacing friction treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2020, 776, 138995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Laleh, M.; Kargar, F.; Rouhaghdam, A.S. Investigation of rare earth sealing of porous micro-arc oxidation coating formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy. J. Rare Earths 2012, 30, 1293–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Chen, B.; Lin, D.; Zeng, X.; Lu, C. Effects of yttrium and zinc addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg–Y–Zn alloys. J. Mater. Sci. 2010, 45, 2510–2517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Yamasaki, M.; Matsushita, M.; Hagihara, K.; Izuno, H.; Abe, E.; Kawamura, Y. Highly ordered 10H-type long-period stacking order phase in a Mg–Zn–Y ternary alloy. Scr. Mater. 2014, 78–79, 13–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Lyu, J.; Kim, J.; Liao, H.; She, J.; Song, J.; Peng, J.; Pan, F.; Jiang, B. Effect of substitution of Zn with Ni on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of LPSO dominant Mg–Y–Zn alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2020, 773, 138735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Hagihara, K.; Kinoshita, A.; Sugino, Y.; Yamasaki, M.; Kawamura, Y.; Yasuda, H.Y.; Umakoshi, Y. Effect of long-period stacking ordered phase on mechanical properties of Mg97Zn1Y2 extruded alloy. Acta Mater. 2010, 58, 6282–6293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Tong, L.B.; Li, X.H.; Zhang, H.J. Effect of long period stacking ordered phase on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–Y–Zn alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2013, 563, 177–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Zhu, S.M.; Lapovok, R.; Nie, J.F.; Estrin, Y.; Mathaudhu, S.N. Microstructure and mechanical properties of LPSO phase dominant Mg 85.8 Y 7.1 Zn 7.1 and Mg 85.8 Y 7.1 Ni 7.1 alloys. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2017, 692, 35–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Victoria-Hernández, J.; Yi, S.; Klaumünzer, D.; Letzig, D. Recrystallization behavior and its relationship with deformation mechanisms of a hot rolled Mg-Zn-Ca-Zr alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2019, 761, 138054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Zhang, W.; Wei, Q.; Huo, W.T.; Lu, J.W.; Hu, J.J.; Zhang, Y.S. Dynamic recrystallization in nanocrystalline AZ31 Mg-alloy. Vacuum 2017, 143, 236–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Xu, D.; Han, E.; Xu, Y. Effect of long-period stacking ordered phase on microstructure, mechanical property, and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys: A review. Proc. Natl. Sci.-Mater. 2016, 26, 117–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Kawamura, Y.; Yamasaki, M. Formation and mechanical properties of Mg97Zn1RE2 alloys with long-period stacking ordered structure. Mater. Trans. 2007, 48, 2986–2992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Patel, V.; Li, W.; Liu, X.; Wen, Q.; Su, Y.; Shen, J.; Fu, B. Tailoring grain refinement through thickness in magnesium alloy via stationary shoulder friction stir processing and copper backing plate. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2020, 784, 139322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Shahnam, A.; Karimzadeh, F.; Golozar, M.A.; Hosseini, S.N. Microstructure evolution of ultra-fine-grained AZ31 B magnesium alloy produced by submerged friction stir processing. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2019, 28, 4593–4601. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Sun, W.T.; Qiao, X.G.; Zheng, M.Y.; Xu, C.; Kamado, S.; Zhao, X.J.; Chen, H.W.; Gao, N.; Starink, M.J. Altered ageing behaviour of a nanostructured Mg-8.2Gd-3.8Y-1.0Zn0.4Zr alloy processed by high pressure torsion. Acta Mater. 2018, 151, 260–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  44. Yamasaki, M.; Hashimoto, K.; Hagihara, K.; Kawamura, Y. Effect of multimodal microstructure evolution on mechanical properties of Mg–Zn–Y extruded alloy. Acta Mater. 2011, 59, 3646–3658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Liu, H.; Ju, J.; Lu, F.; Yan, J.; Bai, J.; Jiang, J.; Ma, A. Dynamic precipitation behavior and mechanical property of an Mg94Y4Zn2 alloy prepared by multi-pass successive equal channel angular pressing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2017, 682, 255–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Li, B.; Hou, X.; Teng, B. Effects of friction stir process and subsequent aging treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy. Mater. Charact. 2019, 155, 109832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Essadiqi, E.; Shehata, M.T.; Javaid, A.; Shen, G.; Aljarrah, M.; Verma, R.; Mishra, R. Alloying and Process Design of Mg Sheet; CANMET Materials: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  48. Jian, W.W.; Cheng, G.M.; Xu, W.Z.; Koch, C.C.; Wang, Q.D.; Zhu, Y.T.; Mathaudhu, S.N. Physics and model of strengthening by parallel stacking faults. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2013, 103, 133108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Shang, W.; Chen, B.; Shi, X.; Chen, Y.; Xiao, X. Electrochemical corrosion behavior of composite MAO/sol–gel coatings on magnesium alloy AZ91D using combined micro-arc oxidation and sol–gel technique. J. Alloys Compd. 2009, 474, 541–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Zhang, Y.S.; Zhang, P.X.; Niu, H.Z.; Chen, C.; Wang, G.; Xiao, D.H.; Chen, X.H.; Yu, Z.T.; Yuan, S.B.; Bai, X.F. Surface nano-crystallization of Cu and Ta by sliding friction. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2014, 607, 351–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Zhang, W.; Lu, J.; Huo, W.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, Q. Microstructural evolution of AZ31 magnesium alloy subjected to sliding friction treatment. Philos. Mag. 2018, 98, 1576–1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Jiang, M.G.; Xu, C.; Yan, H.; Fan, G.H.; Nakata, T.; Lao, C.S.; Chen, R.S.; Kamado, S.; Han, E.H.; Lu, B.H. Unveiling the formation of basal texture variations based on twinning and dynamic recrystallization in AZ31 magnesium alloy during extrusion. Acta Mater. 2018, 157, 53–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. González, S.; Pérez, P.; Garcés, G.; Adeva, P. Influence of the processing route on the mechanical properties at high temperatures of Mg-Ni-Y-RE alloys containing LPSO phases. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2016, 673, 266–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Li, X.; Liu, X.; Luan, B.L. Corrosion and wear properties of PEO coatings formed on AM60B alloy in NaAlO2 electrolytes. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2011, 257, 9135–9141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Garces, G.; Muñoz-Morris, M.A.; Morris, D.G.; Perez, P.; Adeva, P. Optimization of strength by microstructural refinement of MgY2Zn1 alloy during extrusion and ECAP processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2014, 614, 96–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  56. Aljarrah, M.; Essadiqi, E.; Kang, D.H.; Jung, I.H. Solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of hot rolled and annealed Mg sheet produced through twin roll casting route. Mater. Sci. Forum 2011, 690, 331–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Huo, W.T.; Zhang, W.; Lu, J.W.; Zhang, Y.S. Simultaneously enhanced strength and corrosion resistance of Mg–3Al–1Zn alloy sheets with nano-grained surface layer produced by sliding friction treatment. J. Alloys Compd. 2017, 720, 324–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Zhang, W.; Huo, W.T.; Lu, J.W.; Hu, J.J.; Wei, Q.; Zhang, Y.S. Gradient shear banding in a magnesium alloy induced by sliding friction treatment. Vacuum 2017, 143, 95–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Zhao, C.; Li, Z.; Shi, J.; Chen, X.; Tu, T.; Luo, Z.; Cheng, R.; Atrens, A.; Pan, F. Strain hardening behavior of Mg–Y alloys after extrusion process. J. Magnes. Alloy. 2019, 7, 672–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Zhao, D.; Chen, X.; Wang, X.; Pan, F. Effect of impurity reduction on dynamic recrystallization, texture evolution and mechanical anisotropy of rolled AZ31 alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2020, 773, 138741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Aljarrah, M.; Essadiqi, E. On the precipitates and mechanical properties of magnesium-yttrium sheets. Alex. Eng. J. 2013, 52, 221–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  62. Xu, S.W.; Zheng, M.Y.; Kamado, S.; Wu, K.; Wang, G.J.; Lv, X.Y. Dynamic microstructural changes during hot extrusion and mechanical properties of a Mg–5.0 Zn–0.9 Y–0.16 Zr (wt.%) alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2011, 528, 4055–4067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Wang, C.; Liu, Y.; Lin, T.; Luo, T.; Zhao, Y.; Hou, H.; Yang, Y. Hot compression deformation behavior of Mg-5Zn-3.5Sn-1Mn-0.5Ca-0.5Cu alloy. Mater. Charact. 2019, 157, 109896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Sitdikov, R.K.O. Dynamic recrystallization in pure magnesium. Mater. Trans. 2001, 42, 1928–1937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  65. Chen, Y.; Yang, Y.; Feng, Z.; Huang, B.; Luo, X.; Zhang, W. The depth-dependent gradient deformation bands in a sliding friction treated Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Mater. Charact. 2017, 132, 269–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Wei, Y.H.; Liu, B.S.; Hou, L.F.; Xu, B.S.; Liu, G. Characterization and properties of nanocrystalline surface layer in Mg alloy induced by surface mechanical attrition treatment. J. Alloys Compd. 2008, 452, 336–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Woo, W.; Choo, H.; Brown, D.W.; Liaw, P.K.; Feng, Z. Texture variation and its influence on the tensile behavior of a friction-stir processed magnesium alloy. Scr. Mater. 2006, 54, 1859–1864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Nishioka, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Kimura, K.; Hagihara, K.; Izuno, H.; Happo, N.; Hosokawa, S.; Abe, E.; Suzuki, M.; Matsushita, T.; et al. In-plane positional correlations among dopants in 10H type long period stacking ordered Mg75Zn10Y15 alloy studied by X-ray fluorescence holography. Materialia 2018, 3, 256–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Kawamura, Y.; Hayashi, K.; Inoue, A.; Masumoto, T. Rapidly solidified powder metallurgy Mg97Zn1Y2 alloys with excellent tensile yield strength above 600 MPa. Mater. Trans. 2001, 42, 1172–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  70. Zhang, J.; Xu, J.; Cheng, W.; Chen, C.; Kang, J. Corrosion behavior of Mg–Zn–Y alloy with long-period stacking ordered structures. J. Mater. Sci. Tech. 2012, 28, 1157–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Li, C.Q.; Xu, D.K.; Zeng, Z.R.; Wang, B.J.; Sheng, L.Y.; Chen, X.B.; Han, E.H. Effect of volume fraction of LPSO phases on corrosion and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Y alloys. Mater. Des. 2017, 121, 430–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Aljarrah, M.; Essadiqi, E.; Fouad, R.H.; Rababah, M.; Almagableh, A. The effect of annealing conditions and alloying elements on the microstructure stability and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ce sheets. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2014, 472, 937–947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Liu, L.; Pan, F.; Chen, X.; Huang, Y.; Song, B.; Yang, H.; Hort, N. The effect of Y addition on recrystallization and mechanical properties of Mg–6Zn–xY–0.5Ce–0.4Zr alloys. Vacuum 2018, 155, 445–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Mingo, B.; Arrabal, R.; Mohedano, M.; Llamazares, Y.; Matykina, E.; Yerokhin, A.; Pardo, A. Influence of sealing post-treatments on the corrosion resistance of PEO coated AZ91 magnesium alloy. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2018, 433, 653–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Jain, V.; Su, J.Q.; Mishra, R.S.; Verma, R.; Javaid, A.; Aljarrah, M.; Essadiqi, E. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-1.7 Y-1.2 Zn Sheet Processed by Hot Rolling and Friction Stir Processing; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2011; pp. 565–570. [Google Scholar]
  76. Liu, M.; Uggowitzer, P.J.; Nagasekhar, A.V.; Schmutz, P.; Easton, M.; Song, G.-L.; Atrens, A. Calculated phase diagrams and the corrosion of die-cast Mg–Al alloys. Corros. Sci. 2009, 51, 602–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Wang, G.; Huang, G.; Chen, X.; Deng, Q.; Tang, A.; Jiang, B.; Pan, F. Effects of Zn addition on the mechanical properties and texture of extruded Mg-Zn-Ca-Ce magnesium alloy sheets. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2017, 705, 46–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Islam, M.M.; Mostafa, A.O.; Medraj, M. Essential magnesium alloys binary phase diagrams and their thermodynamic data. J. Mater. 2014, 2014, 704283. [Google Scholar]
  79. Stanford, N.; Cottam, R.; Davis, B.; Robson, J. Evaluating the Effect of Yttrium as a Solute Strengthener in Magnesium Using in Situ Neutron Diffraction. Acta Mater. 2014, 78, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Gao, L.; Chen, R.S.; Han, E.H. Solid Solution Strengthening Behaviors in Binary Mg–Y Single Phase Alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 2009, 472, 234–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Gao, L.; Chen, R.S.; Han, E.H. Effects of Rare-Earth Elements Gd and Y on the Solid Solution Strengthening of Mg Alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 2009, 481, 379–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Chino, Y.; Huang, Z.; Suzuki, K.; Sassa, K.; Mabuchi, M. Influence of Zn concentration on stretch formability at room temperature of Mg-Zn-Ce alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2010, 528, 566–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Zhou, T.; Xia, H.; Chen, Z.H. Effect of Ce on microstructures and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified Mg–Zn alloy. Mater. Sci. Tech. 2011, 27, 1198–1205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Langelier, B.; Esmaeili, S. Effects of Ce additions on the age hardening response of Mg–Zn alloys. Mater. Charact. 2015, 101, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Luo, A.A.; Mishra, R.K.; Sachdev, A.K. High-ductility magnesium-zinc-cerium extrusion alloys. Scr. Mater. 2011, 64, 410–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Chino, Y.; Huang, X.; Suzuki1, K.; Sassa, K.; Mabuchi, M. Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn-Ce Alloy Extruded at Different Temperatures. Mater. Trans. 2011, 52, 1104–1107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  87. Mackenzie, L.W.F.; Pekguleryuz, M.O. The recrystallization and texture of magnesium-zinc-cerium alloys. Scr. Mater. 2008, 59, 665–668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Guo, X.; Remennik, S.; Xu, C.; Shechtman, D. Development of Mg-6.0%Zn-1.0%Y-0.6%Ce-0.6% Zr magnesium alloy and its microstructural evolution during processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2008, 473, 266–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Guo, X.; Kinstler, J.; Glazman, L.; Shechtman, D. High strength Mg-Zn-Y-Ce-Zr alloy bars prepared by RD and extrusion technology. Mater. Sci. Forum 2005, 488–489, 495–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Kaufmann, L.; Bernstein, H. Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams with Special Reference to Refractory Metals; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1970. [Google Scholar]
  91. Lukas, H. Computational Thermodynamics: The Calphad Method; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
  92. Hillert, M. The compound energy formalism. J. Alloys Compd. 2001, 320, 161–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Pelton, A.D.; Degterov, S.A.; Eriksson, G.; Robelin, C.; Dessureault, Y. The modified quasichemical model I—binary solutions. Metall. Mater. Trans. B 2000, 31, 651–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Chiotti, P.; Mason, J.T.; Gill, K.J. Phase Diagram and Thermodynamic Properties of the Yttrium—Zinc System. Trans. TMS-AIME 1963, 227, 910–916. [Google Scholar]
  95. Mason, J.T.; Chiotti, P. Phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of the yttrium-zinc system. Metall. Trans. A 1976, 7, 287–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  96. Shao, G.; Varsani, V.; Fan, Z. Thermodynamic modelling of the Y-Zn and Mg-Zn-Y systems. Calphad 2006, 30, 286–295, Erratum in Calphad 2007, 31, 313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  97. Liu, X.J.; Wen, M.Z.; Wang, C.P.; Pan, F.S. Thermodynamic assessment of the Zn-Y and Al-Zn-Y systems. J. Alloys Compd. 2008, 452, 283–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  98. Spencer, P.J.; Pelton, A.D.; Kang, Y.B.; Chartrand, P.; Fuerst, C.D. Thermodynamic assessment of the Ca-Zn, Sr-Zn, Y-Zn and Ce-Zn systems. Calphad 2008, 32, 423–431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Harsha, K.S. The Crystal Structures of Intermetallic Compounds in the Yttrium-Zinc System. Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA, 1964. [Google Scholar]
  100. Veleckis, E.; Schablaske, R.V.; Johnson, I.; Feder, H.M. Intermetallic phases in the systems of zinc with lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and yttrium. Trans. TMS-AIME 1967, 239, 58. [Google Scholar]
  101. Bruzzone, G.; Fornasini, M.L.; Merlo, F. Rare-earth intermediate phases with zinc. J. Less-Common Met. 1970, 22, 253–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  102. Fornasini, M.L. Crystal structnre of (Ho-, Er-, Tm-, Lu-, Y-) Zn, and ThCd5 intermetallic compounds. J. Less-Common Met. 1971, 25, 329–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  103. Ryba, E. Transformation in AB2 Intermetallic Compounds, US Atomic Energy Comm. Report COO-3415-3. 1963. Available online: https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/4272069 (accessed on 7 December 2021).
  104. Butorov, V.P.; Nichkov, I.F.; Novikov, E.A.; Raspopin, S.P. Izv. Vyssh. Ucheb. Zaved. Tsvetn. Met. 1973, 15, 96. [Google Scholar]
  105. Hoshino, Y.; Plambeck, J.A. Electrochemical studies of yttrium and ytterium-zinc alloys in fused LiCl-KCl eutectic. Can. J. Chem. 1970, 48, 685–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  106. Yamschikov, L.F.; Lebedev, V.A.; Nichkov, N.F. Metally. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1979, 83. [Google Scholar]
  107. Marquina, C.; Kim-Ngan, N.H.; Bakker, K.; Radwanski, R.J.; Jacobs, T.H.; Buschow, K.H.J.; Franse, J.J.M.; Ibarra, M.R. Specific heats of R2Zn17 intermetallic compounds. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 1993, 5, 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  108. Morishita, M.; Yamamoto, H.; Tsuboki, K.; Horike, T. Standard Gibbs energy of formation of Zn17Y2 and Zn12Y determined by solution calorimetry and measurement of heat capacity near zero kelvin. Int. J. Mater. Res. 2007, 98, 10–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  109. Zhu, Z.; Pelton, A.D. Critical assessment and optimization of phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties of RE–Zn systems—Part II—Y–Zn, Eu–Zn, Gd–Zn, Tb–Zn, Dy–Zn, Ho–Zn, Er–Zn, Tm–Zn, Yb–Zn and Lu–Zn. J. Alloys Compd. 2015, 641, 261–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  110. Hansen, M.; Anderko, K. Constitution of Binary Alloys, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Go., Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1958. [Google Scholar]
  111. Veleckis, E.; Rosen, C.L.; Feder, H.M. A recording effusion balance for phase diagram investigation: U-Cd, U-Zn and Ce-Zn systems. Phys. Chem. 1961, 65, 2127–2131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  112. Okamoto, H.; Hiroaki, T.B. Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams; ASM International, Materials Park: Geauga County, OH, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
  113. Kripyakevich, P.I.; Kuz’ma, Y.B.; Ugrin, N.S. Crystal Structures of the compounds Ce3Zn22, La3Zn22, and Pr3Zn22. J. Struct. Chem. 1967, 8, 632–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  114. Malik, Z.P. On the Quaternary Systems Ce-Ni-Zn-{B, Si}. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 2012. [Google Scholar]
  115. Wang, C.P.; Chen, X.; Liu, X.J.; Pan, F.S.; Ishida, K. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ce-Zn and Pr-Zn systems. J. Alloys Compd. 2008, 458, 166–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  116. Chiotti, P.; Mason, J.T. Phase relations and thermodynamic properties for the cerium-zinc systems. Trans. AIME 1965, 233, 786–795. [Google Scholar]
  117. Johnson, I.; Yonco, R.M. Atomic Energy Commission Research and Development Report ANL 6231; Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce: Washington, DC, USA, 1960; p. 78.
  118. Johnson, I.; Yonco, R.M. Thermodynamics of Cadmium- and Zinc-Rich Alloys in the Cd-La, Cd-Ce, Cd-Pr, Zn-La, Zn-Ce and Zn-Pr Systems. Met. Trans. 1970, 1, 905–910. [Google Scholar]
  119. Ghosh, P.; Mezbahul-Islam, M.; Medraj, M. Critical assessment and thermodynamic modeling of Mg-Zn, Mg-Sn, Sn-Zn and Mg-Sn-Zn systems. Calphad 2012, 36, 28–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  120. Islam, M.M.; Kevorkov, D.; Medraj, M. The equilibrium phase diagram of the magnesium-copper-yttrium system. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40, 1064–1076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  121. Gröbner, J.; Kozlov, A.; Fang, X.Y.; Geng, J.; Nie, J.F.; Schmid-Fetzer, R. Phase equilibria and transformations in ternary Mg-rich Mg-Y-Zn alloys. Acta Mater. 2012, 60, 5948–5962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  122. Ping, D.H.; Hono, K.; Kawamura, Y.; Inoue, A. Local chemistry of a nanocrystalline high-strength Mg97Y2Zn1 alloy. Philos. Mag. Lett. 2002, 82, 543–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  123. Villars, P.; Calvert, L.D. Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases; ASM International, Materials Park: Geauga County, OH, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
  124. Tsai, A.P.; Murakami, Y.; Niikura, A. The Zn-Mg-Y phase diagram involving quasicrystals. Philos. Mag. A 2000, 80, 1043–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  125. Singh, A.; Watanabe, M.; Kato, A.; Tsai, A.P. Formation of icosahedral-hexagonal H phase nano-composites in Mg-Zn-Y alloys. Scr. Mater. 2004, 51, 955–960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  126. Zhu, Y.M.; Morton, A.J.; Nie, J.F. The 18R and 14H long-period stacking ordered structures in Mg-Y-Zn alloys. Acta Mater. 2010, 58, 2936–2947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  127. Pedezhnova, E.M.; Mel’nik, E.V.; Miliyevskiy, R.A.; Dobatkina, T.V.; Kinzhibalo, V.V. Investigation of the Mg-Zn-Y System. Russ. Metall. 1982, 4, 185–188. [Google Scholar]
  128. Matsuda, M.; Ii, S.; Kawamura, Y.; Ikuhara, Y.; Nishida, M. Variation of long-period stacking order structures in rapidly solidified Mg97Zn1Y2 alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 393, 269–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  129. Deng, D.W.; Kuo, K.H.; Luo, Z.P.; Miller, D.J.; Kramer, M.J.; Dennis, K.W. Crystal structure of the hexagonal Zn3MgY. J. Alloys Compd. 2004, 373, 156–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  130. Takakura, H.; Sato, A.; Yamamoto, A.; Tsai, A.P. Crystal structure of a hexagonal phase and its relation to a quasicrystalline phase in Zn-Mg-Y alloy. Philos. Mag. Lett. 1998, 78, 263–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  131. Luo, Z.P.; Zhang, S.Q. High-resolution electron microscopy on the X-Mg12ZnY phase in ahigh strength Mg-Zn-Zr-Y magnesium alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 2000, 19, 813–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  132. Luo, Z.P.; Zhang, S.; Tang, Y.; Zhao, D. Quasicrystals in as-cast Mg-Zn-RE alloys. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1993, 28, 1513–1518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  133. Luo, Z.P.; Zhang, S.Q.; Tang, Y.L.; Zhao, D.S. On the stable quasicrystals in slowly cooled Mg-Zn-Y alloys. Scr. Metall. Mater. 1995, 32, 1411–1416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  134. Luo, Z.P.; Sui, H.X.; Zhang, S.Q. On the stable Mg-Zn-Y quasicrystals. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 1996, 27, 1779–1784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  135. Tsai, A.P.; Nijkura, A.; Inoue, A.; Masumoto, T. Stoichiometric icosahedral phase in the Zn-Mg-Y system. J. Mater. Res. 1997, 12, 1468–1471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  136. Abe, E.; Takakura, H.; Singh, H.; Tsai, A.P. Hexagonal superstructures in the Zn-Mg-rare-earth alloys. J. Alloys Compd. 1999, 283, 169–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  137. Li, M.R.; Kuo, K.H. Intermetallic phases and phase reactions in Zn-Mg (<40 at.%)-Y (<20 at.%) region. J. Alloys Compd. 2007, 432, 81–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  138. Shao, G.; Varsani, V.; Wang, Y.; Qian, M.; Fan, Z. On the solidification microstructure of Mg-30Zn-2.5Y metal-intermetallic alloy. Intermetallics 2006, 14, 596–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  139. Li, M.R.; Zou, X.D.; Kuo, K.H. Anew hexagonal phase displaying pseudo-icosahedral symmetry in Zn-Mg-Y alloy. Scr. Mater. 2009, 60, 683–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  140. Zhu, Z.; Pelton, A.D. Thermodynamic modeling of the Y-Mg-Zn, Gd-Mg-Zn, Tb-Mg-Zn, Dy-Mg-Zn, Ho-Mg-Zn, Er-Mg-Zn, Tm-Mg-Zn and Lu-Mg-Zn systems. J. Alloys Compd. 2015, 652, 426–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  141. Huang, M.; Li, H.; Ding, H.; Ren, Y.; Qin, G.; Hao, S. Partial phase relationships of Mg-Zn-Ce system at 350 °C. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. 2009, 19, 681–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  142. Huang, M.; Li, H.; Ding, H.; Bao, L.; Ma, X.; Hao, S. Intermetallics and phase relations of Mg-Zn-Ce alloys at 400 °C. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. 2012, 22, 539–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  143. Korolkov, A.M.; Saldau, Y.P. Solubility of Zn and Ce in Mg in the solid state. Izv Sekt. Fiz-Khim Anal. 1946, 16, 295–306. [Google Scholar]
  144. Mel’nik, E.V.; Kostina, M.F.; Yarmlyuk, Y.P.; Zmii, O.F. Study of the magnesium-zinc-cerium and magnesium-zinc-calcium ternary systems. Magnievye Splavy. Mater. Vses. Soveshch. Issled. Razrab. Primen. Magnievyhk Splavov 1978, 9599. [Google Scholar]
  145. Drits, M.E.; Drozdova, E.I.; Korolkova, I.G.; Kinzhibalo, V.V.; Tyvanchuk, A.T. Investigation of polythermal sections of the Mg-Zn-Ce system in the Mg-rich region. Russ. Metall. 1989, 2, 195–197. [Google Scholar]
  146. Kolitsch, U.; Bellen, P.; Kaesche, S.; Maccio, D.; Bochvar, N.; Liberov, Y.; Rogl, P. Cerium-magnesium-zinc. In Ternary Alloys—A Comprehensive Compendium of Evaluated Constitutional Data and Phase Diagrams; Effenberg, G., Petzow, G., Eds.; VCH Verlagsgesellscahft, MSI GmbH: Stuttgart, Germany, 2000; pp. 168–176. [Google Scholar]
  147. Agarwal, R.; Fries, S.G.; Lukas, H.L.; Petzow, G.; Sommer, F.; Chart, T.G.; Effenberg, G. Assessment of the Mg-Zn system. Z. Für Metall. 1992, 83, 216–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  148. Kevorkov, D.; Pekguleryuz, M. Experimental study of the Ce-Mg-Zn phase diagram at 350 °C via diffusion couple techniques. J. Alloys Compnd. 2009, 478, 427–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  149. Chiu, C.; Gröbner, J.; Kozlov, A.; Schmid-Fetzer, R. Experimental study and thermodynamic assessment of ternary Mg-Zn-Ce phase relations focused on Mg-rich region. Intermetallics 2010, 18, 399–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  150. Pavlyuk, V.; Marciniak, B.; Różycka, E.S. The isothermal section of the phase diagram of Ce–Mg–Zn ternary system at 470 K. Intermetallics 2012, 20, 8–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  151. Mostafa, A.; Medraj, M. Phase equilibria of the Ce-Mg-Zn ternary system at 300 °C. Metals 2014, 4, 168–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  152. Zhu, Z.; Gharghouri, M.A.; Medraj, M.; Lee, S.Y.; Pelton, A.D. Thermodynamic modelling and in-situ neutron diffraction investigation of the (Ce + Mg + Zn) system. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2016, 93, 242–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  153. Shi, H.; Li, Q.; Zhang, J.; Luo, Q.; Chou, K. Re-assessment of the Mg-Zn-Ce system focusing on the phase equilibria in Mg-rich corner. Calphad 2020, 68, 101742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  154. Le, Q.C.; Zhang, Z.Q.; Shao, Z.W.; Cui, J.Z.; Xie, Y. Microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-2%Zn-0.4%Re alloys. Trans. Nonferr. Met. Soc. China 2010, 20, 352–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  155. Singh, A.; Somekawa, H.; Mukai, T. High temperature processing of Mg–Zn–Y alloys containing quasicrystal phase for high strength. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2011, 528, 6647–6651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  156. Liu, P.; Jiang, H.; Cai, Z.; Kang, Q.; Zhang, Y. The effect of Y, Ce and Gd on texture, recrystallization and mechanical property of Mg-Zn alloys. J. Magnes. 2016, 4, 188–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  157. Singh, A. Tailoring microstructure of Mg-Zn-Y alloys with quasicrystal and related phases for high mechanical strength. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2014, 15, 44803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  158. Du, Y.; Zheng, M.; Qiao, X.; Jiang, B. Enhancing the strength and ductility in Mg-Zn-Ce alloy through achieving high density precipitates and texture weakening. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2017, 19, 1700487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Crystals 11 01592 g001 550
Figure 1. Yttrium–zinc phase diagram [109].
Figure 1. Yttrium–zinc phase diagram [109].
Crystals 11 01592 g001
Crystals 11 01592 g002 550
Figure 2. Yttrium–zinc phase diagram in Zn-rich region [109].
Figure 2. Yttrium–zinc phase diagram in Zn-rich region [109].
Crystals 11 01592 g002
Crystals 11 01592 g003 550
Figure 3. Zinc–cerium phase diagram calculated by [109].
Figure 3. Zinc–cerium phase diagram calculated by [109].
Crystals 11 01592 g003
Crystals 11 01592 g004 550
Figure 4. Mg-Zn phase diagram [119].
Figure 4. Mg-Zn phase diagram [119].
Crystals 11 01592 g004
Crystals 11 01592 g005 550
Figure 5. Mg-Ce phase diagram [77].
Figure 5. Mg-Ce phase diagram [77].
Crystals 11 01592 g005
Crystals 11 01592 g006 550
Figure 6. Mg-Y phase diagram solid lines [97] in comparison to [120] showed in dotted line [77].
Figure 6. Mg-Y phase diagram solid lines [97] in comparison to [120] showed in dotted line [77].
Crystals 11 01592 g006
Crystals 11 01592 g007 550
Figure 7. Liquidus projections of the ternary Mg-Zn-Y phase diagram; (a) Gröbner et al. [121] and (b) Zhu and Pelton [140].
Figure 7. Liquidus projections of the ternary Mg-Zn-Y phase diagram; (a) Gröbner et al. [121] and (b) Zhu and Pelton [140].
Crystals 11 01592 g007
Crystals 11 01592 g008 550
Figure 8. Calculated liquidus projections of Mg-Zn-Ce presented in (a) Zhu et al. [152] and (b) Shi et al. [153].
Figure 8. Calculated liquidus projections of Mg-Zn-Ce presented in (a) Zhu et al. [152] and (b) Shi et al. [153].
Crystals 11 01592 g008
Table
Table 1. Reported ternary phases in the Mg-Zn-Ce system in comparison with literature.
Table 1. Reported ternary phases in the Mg-Zn-Ce system in comparison with literature.
Phase [149][151][150][146][145][144]
Mg11Zn83Ce6Ce(Mg1−xZnx)11Ce(Mg1−yZny)11Ce(Mg0.14Zn0.86)11 Ce(MgxZn1–x)10.1
(Mg,Zn)Ce(Mg,Zn)CeMgZn4CeMg19Zn81 Ce20
(Mg,Zn150)3Ce(Mg,Zn)3CeMg2.3−xZn12.8+xCeMgxZnyCe
1.2 x 2.3
12.8 y 13.9		 (Mg,Zn)3Ce
Mg13Zn30Ce3Mg7Zn12CeMg7Zn12Ce Mg7Zn12CeMg7Zn12Ce
Mg5Zn9Ce2Mg3Zn5CeMg3Zn5CeMg2.5Zn4.5Ce Mg3Zn5Ce
Mg12Ce(Mg,Zn)12CeMg3Zn3Ce2Mg1+xZn2−xCeCe6.21MgxZny
7.52 x 14.56
79.23 y 86.27		 Ce(MgxZn1-x)9
Mg53Zn45Ce2Mg53Zn45Ce2Mg29Zn25CeMg29.2Zn24.8CeMg53.14Zn45.04Ce1.82
(Mg,Zn)2Zn9Ce3MgZn2CeMg3Zn19Ce6Mg13Zn30Ce3
Mg19Zn81Ce20
Mg3Ce(Mg,Zn)2Ce
Table
Table 2. Crystallographic data and Zn solubility in Mg3Ce.
Table 2. Crystallographic data and Zn solubility in Mg3Ce.
Phase NamePearson Symbol-Space GroupZinc SolubilityReference
Mg3Ce c F 16 − F m 3 ¯ m 28 at.% at 300 °C[149]
28.4 at.% at 300 °C[151]
30 at.% at 300 °C[144]
36 at.% at 350 °C[146]
40 at.% at 197 °C[150]
6.4 at.% at 350 °C[153]
Table
Table 3. Mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Y alloys.
Table 3. Mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Y alloys.
Nominal Composition
(wt.%)		Yield Strength
(MPa)		Ultimate Tensile Strength
(MPa)		DuctilityProcess Conditions
Mg-2Zn+0.4Y16024030%Samples were cast at 690 °C and then extruded at 310 °C [154]
Mg-14.4Zn-3.3Y365 ± 3.53808%Samples were cast and solutionized at 480 °C for 24 h followed by extrusion at 430 °C, then aged at 150 °C [155]
Mg-14.4Zn-3.3Y17132012Samples were cast and solutionized at 480 °C for 24 h followed by extrusion at 430 °C [155]
Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Y13523817%The ingots were homogenized at 450 °C for 12 h, then rolled at 400 °C, and after that sheet annealed at 350 °C for 1 h [156]
Mg-6.0Zn-1.0Y268.3 12.9%Alloys were solutionized at 480 °C and then extruded at 390 °C [157]
Mg-6.0Zn-1.0Y288.7 17.3%Alloys were solutionized at 480 °C and then extruded at 390 °C and aged at 150 °C for 48h [157]
Mg-3.0Zn-0.5Y26218.3% Alloys were solutionized at 480 °C and then extruded at 350 °C [157]
Table
Table 4. Mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ce alloys.
Table 4. Mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ce alloys.
Nominal Composition
(wt.%)		Yield Strength
(MPa)		Ultimate Tensile Strength
(MPa)		DuctilityProcess Conditions
Mg-2Zn+0.4Ce19025518%Samples were cast at 690 °C and then extruded at 310 °C [48]
Mg-2Zn-0.2Ce
(ZE20)		6917031%Samples were cast at 700 °C and then extruded at 400 °C [48]
Mg-5Zn-0.2Ce
(ZE50)		13524715%
Mg-8Zn-0.2Ce
(ZE80)		13628916%
Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ce14024019%The ingots were homogenized at 450 °C for 12h, then rolled at 400 °C and after that sheet annealed at 350° C for 1 h [156]
Mg-6Zn-0.2Ce22527030%Alloys were cast at 750 °C and homogenized at 350 °C for 12 h. After extrusion, alloys aged at 175 °C from 0.5 to 80 h [157]
Mg-2%Zn-0.5%Ce (ZE20)199.2~2456%Samples were prepared by continuous casting, then homogenized at 823 K for 8 h. Sheets were rolled by conventional rolling at 673 K [158]
Mg-2%Zn-0.5%Ce (ZE20)125~23513.8%Samples were prepared by continuous casting, then homogenized at 823 K for 8 h. Sheets were rolled by conventional rolling at 673 K. Sheets were annealed at 673 K [158]
Mg-2%Zn-0.5%Ce (ZE20)~170~24028.23Samples were prepared by continuous casting, then homogenized at 823 K for 8 h. Sheets were rolled by packed rolling at 673 K. Sheets were annealed at 673 K [158]
Mg-2%Zn-0.5%Ce (ZE20)~165~23633.4%Samples were prepared by continuous casting, then homogenized at 823 K for 8 h. Sheets were rolled by packed rolling at 723 K. Sheets were annealed at 723 K [158]
Mg-0.5Zn-0.2Ce13321325%Samples were heated at 723 K for 20 min and sheets were rolled by unidirectional rolling at 353 K. Then, sheets were annealed at 623 K for 90 min [81]
Mg-1.0Zn-0.2Ce11020223%
Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ce11620629%
Mg-2.0Zn-0.2Ce11822225%
Mg-2.5Zn-0.2Ce13122816%
Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ce15323126%Samples were extruded at 703 K and then annealed at 623K for 90 min [85]
Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Ce19424820%Samples were extruded at 573K and then annealed at 623K for 90 min [85]
Mg-1.0Zn-1.0Ce9519122%Samples were annealed at 350 °C and then annealed at 450 °C for 1 h [71]
Mg-2.0Zn-1.0Ce10119726.2%
Mg-4Zn-1.0Ce10922018%
Mg-1.0Zn-0.5Ce9519130%
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Aljarrah, M.; Alnahas, J.; Alhartomi, M. Thermodynamic Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn-{Y, Ce} Alloys: Review. Crystals 2021, 11, 1592. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11121592

AMA Style

Aljarrah M, Alnahas J, Alhartomi M. Thermodynamic Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn-{Y, Ce} Alloys: Review. Crystals. 2021; 11(12):1592. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11121592

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aljarrah, Mohammad, Jasim Alnahas, and Mohammed Alhartomi. 2021. "Thermodynamic Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Zn-{Y, Ce} Alloys: Review" Crystals 11, no. 12: 1592. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11121592

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop