Next Article in Journal
Physicochemical, Photocatalytic, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Screening of Bergenia Ciliata Mediated Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles
Next Article in Special Issue
Measurement of the Quadratic Electro-Optic Coefficient of KTN Crystal with an Electro-Optic Modulation System in the Presence of Polar Nano-Regions
Previous Article in Journal
Step Bunches, Nanowires and Other Vicinal “Creatures”—Ehrlich–Schwoebel Effect by Cellular Automata
Previous Article in Special Issue
Kretschmann-Based Optical Sensor via Thermally Tunable Refractive Index
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Crystals
Volume 11
Issue 9
10.3390/cryst11091136
crystals-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburized SCM 420 Steel Processed Using Natural Shell Powders and Extended Carburization Time

by
Ramli
1,
Chung-Chun Wu
1,* and
Adel Shaaban
2
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 71005, Taiwan
2
National Center for Radiation Research (NCRRT), Department of Radiation Engineering, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11765, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2021, 11(9), 1136; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11091136
Submission received: 12 July 2021 / Revised: 13 September 2021 / Accepted: 15 September 2021 / Published: 18 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystals for Optoelectronics)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The feasibility of using coconut shell powder (CSP) and dog conch shell powder (DCSP) as carburizing media in the pack carburization of SCM 420 steel was investigated. The carbon content and surface hardness of the carburized specimens prepared with different CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing durations were examined and compared. A CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and an extended carburizing time of 12 h were found to increase the carbon content of the carburized specimens to 1.14 ± 0.007 wt%. Furthermore, the surface hardness was significantly improved to 961.3 ± 4.918 HV following water quenching. Finally, the thickness of the carburized layer of the quenched specimens increased by around 2.5 times as the carburizing duration was increased from 3 to 12 h.

1. Introduction

Low-to-medium-carbon steels, such as SCM 420, have excellent ductility and high toughness, and are therefore used to manufacture many automobile components, such as racks and gears, shafts, pinions, cams, rockers, axles, valves, and so on [1,2,3,4]. However, low-carbon steels have low hardness and poor mechanical strength. Consequently, in real-world applications, surface treatment is commonly applied to ensure that the components reach the necessary performance standards. Traditional heat-treatment methods fail to yield a significant improvement in the strength and hardness of low-carbon steel components. Thus, induction hardening, cold-working, immersion hardening, and case carburizing are generally preferred [5,6,7]. Among these methods, case carburizing is particularly effective and is thus one of the most commonly used [8]. In the pack carburization process, the components are packaged into a carbon powder box and heated at a temperature higher than a certain critical value to prompt the diffusion of carbon atoms into the component surface. The carburized component is then either left to cool naturally in the furnace, or is removed from the furnace and quenched in water. The finished component has an extremely high surface hardness while retaining the natural toughness and ductility of the original material in the core [9,10]. Importantly, the material properties of the component can be tuned by adjusting the time and temperature of the carburizing process [11,12,13,14]. Generally speaking, a longer carburizing time and a higher temperature result in a thicker carbon diffusion layer and hence a greater surface hardness [15,16,17,18].
Many different materials can be used as the carbon source in the pack carburizing process, including barium carbonate (BaCO3), sodium carbonate (NaCO3), and charcoal [19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. In addition, various shells and bones have been considered as the energizing source for carburization. For example, Darmo et al. [26] performed the pack carburization of SS400 steel cylinders using teak wood charcoal and Pomacea Canalikulata Lamarck (PCL) shell powder as the carbon source and energizing medium, respectively. The results showed that the addition of PCL shell power yielded an effective increase in the hardness of the SS400 components. Soenoko et al. [27] also used PCL shell powder to energize the carburization of SS400 steel components and found that the fatigue strength of the final components could be enhanced through tempering and then quenching the carburized parts in 30% NaCl solution. Aramide et al. [28] found that the addition of pulverized bone as an energizer improved both the impact resistance and the stiffness of carburized mild steel specimens. Negara and Widiyarta [29] performed the pack carburization of low carbon steel using goat bone charcoal (GBC) or bamboo charcoal (BC) as the carburizing medium. The results showed that a significant improvement in the hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, and elastic modulus could be obtained given an appropriate choice of carburizer (i.e., GBC or BC). Miswanto et al. [30] significantly improved the carbon content of low-carbon steel by utilizing a combination of cow bone and coconut shell charcoal as carburizing media.
The feasibility of using seafood shells as energizing sources for the packed carburization process has received considerable attention in recent years. Seafood shells are generally treated as garbage. Therefore, reusing them as an energizing source in the carburization process has significant environmental benefits. In a previous study [31], the present group showed that the addition of dog conch shell powder (DCSP) improved the carbon content of SCM 420 from 0.221 wt% to 0.647 wt% given a carburizing temperature of 950 °C and a DCSP content of 40%. Moreover, the surface hardness increased from 165.61 ± 4.67 HV to 850.10 ± 4.84 HV following quenching. However, the study only considered a carburizing duration of 3 h. Therefore, the present study investigated the elemental composition, microhardness, microstructure, and carbon diffusion layer thickness of SCM 420 specimens carburized using DCSP and coconut shell powder (CSP) for durations of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively. For each carburizing experiment, the carburizing temperature was fixed as 950 °C and the DCSP content was set in the range of 10–50%. Following the carburization process, the specimens were allowed to cool naturally in the furnace. Some of the samples were then reheated to 950 °C for 10 min and then quenched in water to investigate the effect of the quenching process on the hardness of the samples.

2. Materials and Methods

The carburizing trials were performed using SCM 420 steel bars with a length and diameter of 50 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The samples were placed in a low-carbon steel carburizing box with dimensions of 240 × 120 × 80 mm3 (length × width × height) and a thickness of 5 mm. The experiments were conducted using CSP:DCSP percentage ratios of 100%:0%, 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40% and 50%:50%, respectively. In each experiment, the specified quantity of carburizing media (CSP and DCSP) was added to the box and the box was then placed in an electric furnace and heated at 950 °C for 3, 6, and 12 h. To prevent oxidation, nitrogen gas was circulated continuously through the furnace during the entire carburization process. The specimens were allowed to cool naturally to room temperature in the electric furnace after the carburizing process. To investigate the effect of quenching on the microhardness of the carburized specimens, all carburized specimens were re-heated at a temperature of 950 °C for 10 min and then rapidly coo in water.
The carburized and quenched samples were machined into test pieces and polished with a motor-driven disk grinder and polisher to a certain surface roughness. Microhardness measurements were carried out using a Vickers hardness testing machine (Wilson Hardness, Tukon 1102, China) under a 1 kgf load. To ensure the reliability of the measurement results, the hardness was measured five times (using a new sample each time) for every experimental condition. The five measurement results were then averaged to obtain a representative value for the sample. The chemical compositions of the carburizing media were identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) machine (Hitachi S-3000N, Tokyo, Japan) with a detector energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) (X-maxN20, Horiba Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The activated carbon made of coconut shell powders (CSP) from the company was washed with distilled water repeatedly to remove the contaminants and then dried in a furnace at 60 °C overnight. Before being powdered, the dog conch shell was immersed in a 10% H2SO4 solution for 6 h, then washed with distilled water repeatedly and dried in an oven for 24 h at 60 °C to remove any impurities. In addition, the carbon content of the various SCM 420 carburized and quenched samples was analyzed using glow discharge spectrometry (GDS) (Leco-GDS500A, Michigan, MI, USA). Before performing GDS analysis, all samples were ground with 120-grit ZrO2 pape to smooth out the surface and washed in alcohol, then dried with an air compressor to remove any surface impurities. Again, to ensure the reliability of GDS analysis results, the carbon content was measured three times per sample (five samples for each carburizing condition), and was then averaged to find a representative value for each experimental condition. Furthermore, the carbon content value distributed within the carburized layer of the quenched specimen was also measured three times per depth carburizing layer of 100 µm. The phase compositions of the carburizing media and treated specimens were examined by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) (Bruker D2 Phaser, Karlsruhe, Germany) using a diffraction angle range of 20–80° and CuKα radiation. Finally, the microstructures of the specimens were observed by optical microscopy (Olympus BX51M, Tokyo, Japan).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Phase and Chemical Composition of Carburizing Media and Specimens

The EDS analysis results for the chemical composition of the CSP and DCSP used as carburizing media in the pack carburizing experiments are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Three different spectrum areas were detected to analyzed chemical compositions for each carburizing medium. From Figure 1, the EDS analysis revealed that the carbon element was present in a higher amount than Ca and O elements. This result indicated that CSP particle is mainly made of carbon. Furthermore, referring to the EDS results presented in Figure 2, it is seen that the 100% DCSP also consists of Ca, C, and O elements. However, the amount of carbon element is lower than Ca and O. Figure 3 presents the XRD results for the CSP and DCSP media. The XRD patterns reveal that the pure CSP (i.e., 100% CSP) had an amorphous carbon (C) structure. This result is consistent with XRD patterns of graphitic carbon for FeGC1100 non-catalyst sample [32], and also XRD results of activated carbon from rubber fruit shell using KOH activation [33]. The pure DCSP (i.e., 100% DCSP) had an orthorhombic aragonite (CaCO3) structure [34]. Notably, the orthorhombic aragonite phase persisted even after mixing the DCSP with CSP in various quantities (i.e., 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40% and 50%:50%, respectively), as shown in Figure 4 [31]. However, the peak position of the aragonite CaCO3 shifted slightly to the right as the DCSP concentration increased.
Figure 5 shows the XRD analysis results for the original SCM 420 raw material and the carburized samples prepared using a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing du-rations of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively. (Note that for the carburized samples, XRD patterns are presented for both the as carburized samples and the quenched samples.) As shown, the original SCM 420 raw material had a high Fe-intensity peak and a body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure. The carburized SCM 420 specimens consisted predominantly of Fe and Fe3C phases with a BCC and orthorhombic crystal structure, respectively. Finally, the quantity of Fe3C phase increased following the quenching process, particularly in the specimens carburized for a longer duration. The presence of (Fe3C) carbides on the quenched specimens was pointed out by SEM/EDS observations, as illustrated in Figure 6 and Figure 7. From Figure 6, it can be clearly seen that some Fe3C carbides existed in the carburized and diffusion layers of the specimen. Figure 7 shows the EDS analysis results of quenched specimens in different areas. Base on EDS results, some particles were enriched in carbon elements, showing that these particles were Fe3C carbides. This result is consistent with the result of the XRD analysis depicted in Figure 5.
Table 1 shows the lattice constant values of various phases for different carburizing media concentrations shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. For each concentration, a gap existed between the standard and calculated values of the lattice constants. Moreover, the magnitude of the gap varied with the CSP/DCSP ratio. From inspection, the minimal gap occurred for the sample with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40%, which indicates that the aragonite (Ca-CO3) phases for this particular CSP:DCSP ratio were more stable than those for other CSP:DCSP concentrations. Table 2 shows the standard and calculated lattice constant values of the SCM 420 base material, carburized specimens, and quenched specimens shown in Figure 5. Generally speaking, a good agreement was observed between the standard and calculated lattice constant values in every case. Hence, it is inferred that all of the phases formed in the various specimens were relatively stable.
Table 3 shows the average grain size of the SCM 420 raw material; carburized SCM 420 samples with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively; and quenched SCM 420 samples. Note that the grain size was determined directly from the FWHM data of the corresponding XRD patterns shown in Figure 5. It is seen that the original SCM 420 material had an average grain size of 14.54 ± 0.09 µm, while the carburized samples processed for 3, 6 and 12 h had average grain sizes of 12.71 ± 0.11, 10.18 ± 0.13 and 6.57 ± 0.07 µm, respectively. After quenching, the average grain size reduced further to 7.76 ± 0.10, 5.97 ± 0.09, and 5.72 ± 0.12 µm, respectively. Overall, the results show that the carburizing and quenching processes both led to a grain refinement effect. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the grain size also occurred as the carburizing duration increased.
Table 4 shows the chemical composition of the original SCM 420 material. It is seen that the sample had a carbon content of 0.221 wt% [31]. Figure 8 shows the carbon contents of the carburized samples prepared with various CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing durations. For each carburizing time, the samples prepared using only CSP as the carburizing medium exhibited the lowest carbon content. By contrast, the samples prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% exhibited the highest carbon content, irrespective of the carburizing duration applied. In general, the results presented in Figure 8 show that as the stability of the CaCO3 phase increased, its effectiveness as an energizer also increased (see Table 1). The results additionally show that for all values of the CSP:DCSP ratio, the carbon content increased with an increasing carburizing time. The maximum carbon content (1.14 ± 0.007 wt%) was that obtained in the SCM 420 sample treated with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and a carburizing duration of 12 h. It is noted that this value is approximately 1.76 times higher than that obtained in a previous study (0.647 ± 0.008 wt%) with a lower carburizing time of just 3 h [31]. Moreover, it is also around 1.46 times higher than that obtained in another previous study (0.78 wt%) using 30% PCL shell powder and a carburizing time of 7 h [26].

3.2. Surface Hardness of Carburized and Quenched SCM 420 Specimens

Figure 9 presents the surface hardness values of the SCM 420 carburized samples prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and carburizing durations of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively. Figure 10 shows the equivalent results for the samples reheated to a temperature of 950 °C for 10 min and then quenched in water. For both types of the specimen (i.e., carburized and quenched), the hardness increased as the DCSP concentration increased from 10–40%. However, the hardness reduced as the DCSP concentration was further increased to 50%. Moreover, the hardness also increased with an increasing carburizing time. For the non-quenched samples, the maximum hardness was around 604.9 ± 4.674 HV (CSP:DCSP ratio: 60%:40%; carburizing time: 12 h). It is approximately 1.72 times higher than that obtained in a previous study (352.70 ± 4.96 HV) with a lower carburizing time of 3 h [31]. This result related to the quantity of pearlite on the microstructure of SCM 420 steel-carburized specimen attained with a carburizing time of 12 h is more than that obtained with carburizing times of 6 and 3 h, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 11. Comparing the results presented in Figure 9; Figure 10, it is seen that the quenching process resulted in a significant improvement in the hardness of all the samples. For example, the surface hardness of the optimal sample in Figure 9 (CSP:DCSP ratio: 60%:40%; carburizing time: 12 h) increased from 604.9 ± 4.674 HV in the as-carburized condition to 961.3 ± 4.918 HV in the quenched condition.

3.3. Microhardness Profiles of Carburized and Quenched SCM 420 Specimens

Figure 12 shows the microhardness profiles of the quenched SCM 420 specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP ratios and a carburizing duration of 3 h. For all of the samples, the hardness gradually decreased with an increasing distance from the surface and began to stabilize at a depth of approximately 1300 µm. For a longer carburizing time of 6 h, the diffusion layer thickness increased to 2300 µm, as shown in Figure 13. Moreover, for the maximum carburizing time of 12 h, the diffusion layer thickness increased significantly to 3300 µm, as shown in Figure 14. In other words, the diffusion layer thickness increased by around 2.5 times as the carburizing duration increased from 3 h to 12 h.
Figure 15 shows the carbon content distribution within the diffusion layer of the quenched specimen prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing times of 6 and 12 h. For a carburizing time of 6 h, the maximum carbon content of 0.906 ± 0.008 wt% in the surface gradually reduced with an increasing depth and approached a constant value of approximately 0.224 ± 0.006 wt% at a depth of 2300 µm. After extending the carburizing time to 12 h, the carbon content gradually decreased from 1.14 ± 0.007 wt% at the surface to 0.225 ± 0.006 wt% at a distance of 3300 µm toward the center. In general, the results confirmed that the carburizing time has a critical effect on the carburized layer thickness of pack-carburized SCM 420 steel. Figure 16a–c present OM images of the quenched specimens prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing times of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively. Again, the results confirmed that the depth of the carburized layer increases with an increasing carburizing time. In order to compare the wear resistance of the samples, pin-on-disk wear tests were performed with a load of 20 N and a distance of 200 m. Figure 17 shows that the weight loss value for SCM 420 original raw material (i.e., non-carburized) of 2.8 mg. The quenched specimen prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and a carburizing time of 12 h obtained a weight loss value of 1.1 mg. This result indicates that the wear resistance of SCM 420 steel increases after the carburization process.

4. Conclusions

This study investigated the viability of dog conch shell powder (DCSP) and coconut shell powder (CSP) as carburizing media for the pack carburization of SCM 420 steel at a temperature of 950 °C. The investigation considered both as-carburized and as-quenched samples and focused particularly on the effects of the CSP:DCSP ratio (100%:0%, 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40%, and 50%:50%) and carburizing time (3, 6, and 12 h) on the microstructure, carbon content, and microhardness of the samples. The results showed that the optimum carburizing performance, i.e., the highest carbon content and surface hardness, was achieved using a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40%, and was associated with increased stability of the CaCO3 phase. It was also shown that the carbon content and surface hardness increased with an increasing carburizing time. For the as-carburized samples, the maximum carbon content was around 1.14 ± 0.007 wt%, while the maximum surface hardness was 604.9 ± 4.674 HV. However, the quenching process increased the maximum surface hardness to around 961.3 ± 4.918 HV and resulted in the formation of a carburized layer with a thickness of around 1300 µm given a carburizing time of 3 h. The thickness of the carburized layer increased by around 2.5 times as the carburizing time was increased to 12 h. Additionally, the wear property of SCM 420 steel-carburized specimens was promoted, as the wear resistance of SCM 420 steel increased after carburization. Future studies will examine the wear resistance, impact strength, and fatigue resistance of SCM 420 carburized specimens in detail to complete the mechanical properties characterization.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R. and C.-C.W.; methodology, R. and C.-C.W.; software, R. and A.S.; formal analysis, R. and C.-C.W.; investigation, R. and C.-C.W.; data curation, R., C.-C.W. and A.S.; writing—original draft preparation, R., and A.S.; writing—review and editing, R., C.-C.W. and A.S.; visualization, R. and C.-C.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan R.O.C., under grant No. MOST 110-2622-E-218-002.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Kong, J.H.; Okumiya, M.; Tsunekawa, Y.; Takeda, T.; Yun, K.Y.; Yoshida, M.; Kim, S.G. Surface Modification of SCM420 Steel by Plasma Electrolytic Treatment. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2013, 232, 275–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Kazuaki, F.; Kunikazu, T.; Tetsuo, S. Examination of Surface Hardening Process for Dual Phase Steel and Improvement of Gear Properties. JFE GIHO 2009, 23, 24–29. [Google Scholar]
  3. Jeong, Y.E.; Lee, J.Y.; Lee, E.K.; Shim, D.S. Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Deposited Fe-8Cr-3V-2Mo-2W on SCM420 Substrate Using Directed Energy Deposition and Effect of Post-Heat Treatment. Materials 2021, 14, 1231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Natpukkana, P.; Pakinsee, S.; Boonmapat, S.; Mitsomwang, P.; Borrisutthekul, R.; Panuwannakorn, R.; Khoa-phong, L. Investigation of Notch Shear Cutting for JIS SCM420 Steel Wire Rod. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 436, 012013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Chang, Y.-P.; Wang, H.-Y.; Chou, H.-M. A Novel Application on the Drive Elements of Using Electrical Contact Resistance and Friction Coefficient for Evaluating Induction Heat Treatment. Materials 2021, 14, 865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Drozd, K.; Walczak, M.; Szala, M.; Gancarczyk, K. Tribological Behavior of AlCrSiN-Coated Tool Steel K340 Versus Popular Tool Steel Grades. Materials 2020, 13, 4895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Li, G.; Li, C.; Xing, Z.; Wang, H.; Huang, Y.; Guo, W.; Liu, H. Study of the Catalytic Strengthening of a Vacuum Carburized Layer on Alloy Steel by Rare Earth Pre-Implantation. Materials 2019, 12, 3420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Raja, M.A.; Mishra, M.R. A Study of Optimization and Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Steel by the Process of Carburization. Int. J. Eng. Tech. Res. IJETR 2019, 9, 2454–4698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Prime, M.B.; Prantil, V.C.; Rangaswamy, P.; García, F.P. Residual Stress Measurement and Prediction in a Hardened Steel Ring. Mater. Sci. Forum 2000, 347, 223–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Oyetunji, A.; Adeosun, S.O. Effects of Carburizing Process Variables on Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2012, 8, 319–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Levitas, V.I.; Roy, A.M.; Preston, D.L. Multiple Twinning and Variant-Variant Transformations in Martensite: Phase-Field Approach. Phys. Rev. B 2013, 88, 54113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Levitas, V.I.; Roy, A.M. Multiphase Phase Field Theory for Temperature- and Stress-Induced Phase Transformations. Phys. Rev. B 2015, 91, 174109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Benarioua, Y. Effect of Temperature and Time of Carburizing Treatment on the Structure and the Hardness of Steel 20MC4. Int. J. Sustain. Water Environ. Syst. 2016, 8, 3–6. [Google Scholar]
  14. Madu, K.; Uyaelumuo, A.E. Parametric Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel. SSRN Electron. J. 2018, 1, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Aramide, F.O.; Ibitoye, S.A.; Oladele, I.O.; Borode, J.O. Effects of Carburization Time and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Mild Steel, Using Activated Carbon as Carburizer. Mater. Res. 2009, 12, 483–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Abdulrazzaq, D.M.A. Investigation the Mechanical Properties of Carburized Low Carbon Steel. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 2016, 6, 59–64. [Google Scholar]
  17. Ahamad, N.W.; Jauhari, I.; Azis, S.A.A.; Aziz, N.H.A. Surface Properties and Activation Energy of Superplastically Carburized Duplex Stainless Steel. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2010, 122, 454–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Singh, R. Investigation of Optimal Process Parameters for Mechanical and Wear Properties of Carburized Mild Steel Using Taguchi Approach. Int. J. Eng. Sci. Adv. Res. 2015, 1, 90–92. [Google Scholar]
  19. Asrofi, M.; Hidayatulloh, M.A.; Jatisukamto, G.; Sutjahjono, H.; Sakura, R.R. The Effect of Temperature and Volume Fraction of Mahoni (Swietenia Mahogani) Wood Charcoal on SS400 Steel Using Pack Carburizing Method: Study of Hardness and Microstructure Characteristics. AIMS Mater. Sci. 2020, 7, 354–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Negara, D.N.K.P.; Muku, I.D.M.K.; Sugita, I.K.G.; Astika, I.M.; Mustika, I.W.; Prasetya, D.G.R. Hardness Distribution and Effective Case Depth of Low Carbon Steel after Pack Carburizing Process under Different Carburizer. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2015, 776, 201–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Soenoko, R.; Siswanto, E.; Widodo, T.D. Influence of Reheating in Pack Carburizing Process with Bamboo Charcoal and Cow Bone Powder Media for Hardness Number and Impact Strength Low Carbon Steel. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2018, 13, 2078–2083. [Google Scholar]
  22. Umunakwe, R.; Okoye, O.C.; Madueke, C.I.; Komolafe, D.O. Effects of Carburization with Palm Kernel Shell/Coconut Shell Mixture on the Tensile Properties and Case Hardness of Low Carbon Steel. FUOYE J. Eng. Technol. 2017, 2, 101–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Syahid, M.; Hayat, A.; Arief, S. Fatigue Strength Improvement of Low Carbon Steel through Carburizing Process with Coconut Shell Charcoal. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 875, 012064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Sebayang, M.D. ST37 Steel Carburization with Coconut Charcoal. J. Technomater. Phys. 2021, 3, 29–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Hassan, K.S. Comparative of Wear Resistance of Low Carbon Steel Pack Carburizing Using Different Media. Int. J. Eng. Technol. 2015, 4, 71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  26. Darmo, S.; Soenoko, R.; Siswanto, E.; Widodo, T.D. Study on Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburizing SS400 Steel with Energizer Pomacea Canalikulata Lamarck Shell Powder. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol. 2018, 9, 14–23. [Google Scholar]
  27. Soenoko, R.; Siswanto, E.; Widodo, T.D. Study on Fatigue Strength of Pack Carburizing Steel SS400 with Alternative Carburizer Media of Pomacea Canalikulata Lamarck Shell Powder. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2018, 13, 8844–8849. [Google Scholar]
  28. Aramide, F.O.; Ibitoye, S.A.; Oladele, I.O.; Borode, J.O. Pack Carburization of Mild Steel, Using Pulverized Bone as Carburizer: Optimizing Process Parameters. Leonardo Electron. J. Pract. Technol. 2010, 16, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
  29. Negara, D.N.K.P.; Widiyarta, I.M. The Study on Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburized Low Carbon Steel Using BaCO3 as Energizer. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 673, 012125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Rajaguguk, T.O.; Sumardi, S. The Study of Low Carbon Steel Pack Carburizing Using Cow Bone and Coconut Shell. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019, 478, 012037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Ramli; Wu, C.-C. Novel Study on Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburizing SCM 420 Steel with Energizer Dog Conch. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 2021, 35, 2150065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Demir, M.; Kahveci, Z.; Aksoy, B.; Palapati, N.K.R.; Subramanian, A.; Cullinan, H.T.; El-Kaderi, H.M.; Harris, C.T.; Gupta, R.B. Graphitic Biocarbon from Metal-Catalyzed Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignin. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2015, 54, 10731–10739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Wang, S.-C. Fine Activated Carbon from Rubber Fruit Shell Prepared by Using ZnCl2 and KOH Activation. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Bharatham, H.; Zakaria, M.Z.A.B.; Perimal, E.K.; Yusof, L.M.; Hamid, M. Mineral and Physiochemical Evaluation of Cockle Shell (Anadara granosa) and Other Selected Molluscan Shell as Potential Biomaterials. Sains Malays. 2014, 43, 1023–1029. [Google Scholar]
Crystals 11 01136 g001 550
Figure 1. EDS analysis results for CSP.
Figure 1. EDS analysis results for CSP.
Crystals 11 01136 g001
Crystals 11 01136 g002 550
Figure 2. EDS analysis results for DCSP.
Figure 2. EDS analysis results for DCSP.
Crystals 11 01136 g002
Crystals 11 01136 g003 550
Figure 3. XRD analysis results for pure CSP and DCSP.
Figure 3. XRD analysis results for pure CSP and DCSP.
Crystals 11 01136 g003
Crystals 11 01136 g004 550
Figure 4. XRD analysis results for various CSP:DCSP ratios “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”.
Figure 4. XRD analysis results for various CSP:DCSP ratios “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”.
Crystals 11 01136 g004
Crystals 11 01136 g005 550
Figure 5. XRD analysis results for original SCM 420 raw material and carburized and quenched SCM 420 specimens prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 3, 6, and 12 h.
Figure 5. XRD analysis results for original SCM 420 raw material and carburized and quenched SCM 420 specimens prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 3, 6, and 12 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g005
Crystals 11 01136 g006 550
Figure 6. The SEM micrograph of quenched specimens carburized using a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and a carburizing time of 12 h.
Figure 6. The SEM micrograph of quenched specimens carburized using a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and a carburizing time of 12 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g006
Crystals 11 01136 g007 550
Figure 7. EDS analysis result on the different areas of quenched specimens carburized with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and a carburizing time of 12 h.
Figure 7. EDS analysis result on the different areas of quenched specimens carburized with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and a carburizing time of 12 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g007
Crystals 11 01136 g008 550
Figure 8. The average carbon content of SCM 420 steel specimens with various CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing durations.
Figure 8. The average carbon content of SCM 420 steel specimens with various CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing durations.
Crystals 11 01136 g008
Crystals 11 01136 g009 550
Figure 9. Surface hardness of SCM 420 steel-carburized specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing times.
Figure 9. Surface hardness of SCM 420 steel-carburized specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing times.
Crystals 11 01136 g009
Crystals 11 01136 g010 550
Figure 10. Surface hardness of quenched SCM 420 steel specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing times.
Figure 10. Surface hardness of quenched SCM 420 steel specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP ratios and carburizing times.
Crystals 11 01136 g010
Crystals 11 01136 g011 550
Figure 11. Microstructures of SCM 420 carburized specimens prepared with a CSP/DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing times of: (a) 3 h “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”, (b) 6 h, and (c) 12 h.
Figure 11. Microstructures of SCM 420 carburized specimens prepared with a CSP/DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing times of: (a) 3 h “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”, (b) 6 h, and (c) 12 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g011
Crystals 11 01136 g012 550
Figure 12. Microhardness profiles of SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and a carburizing duration of 3 h. “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”.
Figure 12. Microhardness profiles of SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and a carburizing duration of 3 h. “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”.
Crystals 11 01136 g012
Crystals 11 01136 g013 550
Figure 13. Microhardness profiles of SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and a carburizing duration of 6 h.
Figure 13. Microhardness profiles of SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and a carburizing duration of 6 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g013
Crystals 11 01136 g014 550
Figure 14. Microhardness profiles of SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and a carburizing duration of 12 h.
Figure 14. Microhardness profiles of SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with various CSP:DCSP concentrations and a carburizing duration of 12 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g014
Crystals 11 01136 g015 550
Figure 15. Carbon content distribution within the carburized layer of a quenched specimen prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 6 and 12 h.
Figure 15. Carbon content distribution within the carburized layer of a quenched specimen prepared with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 6 and 12 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g015
Crystals 11 01136 g016 550
Figure 16. Microstructures of diffusion layers in SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with a CSP/DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing times of: (a) 3 h, (b) 6 h, and (c) 12 h.
Figure 16. Microstructures of diffusion layers in SCM 420 quenched specimens prepared with a CSP/DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing times of: (a) 3 h, (b) 6 h, and (c) 12 h.
Crystals 11 01136 g016
Crystals 11 01136 g017 550
Figure 17. The wear test results of SCM 420 original raw material and quenched specimen carburized with CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40%.
Figure 17. The wear test results of SCM 420 original raw material and quenched specimen carburized with CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40%.
Crystals 11 01136 g017
Table
Table 1. Lattice constants of various phases for different carburizing media concentrations.
Table 1. Lattice constants of various phases for different carburizing media concentrations.
JCPDSRelative Concentration of Carburizing MediaLattice ConstantStandard
Values (Å)		Calculated Values (Å)
Orthorhombic Aragonite (CaCO3) JCPDS 71-2396100% DCSPa4.9614.946
b7.9707.884
c5.7395.717
CSP:DCSP ratio of 90%:10%a4.9614.998
b7.9707.937
c5.7395.430
CSP:DCSP ratio of 80%:20%a4.9614.972
b7.9707.921
c5.7395.917
CSP:DCSP ratio of 70%:30%a4.9614.967
b7.9707.909
c5.7395.704
CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40%a4.9614.960
b7.9707.981
c5.7395.765
CSP:DCSP ratio of 50%:50%a4.9614.951
b7.9707.897
c5.7395.382
Table
Table 2. Lattice constants of various phases in original SCM 420 steel; carburized samples with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 3, 6 and 12 h, respectively; and quenched specimens.
Table 2. Lattice constants of various phases in original SCM 420 steel; carburized samples with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 3, 6 and 12 h, respectively; and quenched specimens.
SpecimenJCPDSLattice ConstantStandard Values (Å)Calculated Values (Å)
Original SCM 420 raw materialBody centered cubic Iron, syn (Fe) JCPDS 6-696a = b = c2.8862.870
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 3 hBody centered cubic Iron, syn (Fe) JCPDS 6-696 a = b = c2.8862.865
Orthorhombic Iron carbide (Fe3C) JCPDS 65-2412a5.0895.029
b6.7436.601
c4.5234.564
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 6 hBody centered cubic Iron, syn (Fe) JCPDS 6-696 a = b = c2.8862.870
Orthorhombic Iron carbide (Fe3C) JCPDS 65-2412a5.0895.044
b6.7436.684
c4.5234.526
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 12 hBody centered cubic Iron, syn (Fe) JCPDS 6-696 a = b = c2.8862.874
Orthorhombic Iron carbide (Fe3C) JCPDS 65-2412a5.0895.043
b6.7436.670
c4.5234.526
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 3 h after quenchingBody centered cubic Iron, syn (Fe) JCPDS 6-696 a = b = c2.8862.848
Orthorhombic Iron carbide (Fe3C) JCPDS 65-2412a5.0895.076
b6.7436.712
c4.5234.501
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 6 h after quenchingBody centered cubic Iron, syn (Fe) JCPDS 6-696 a = b = c2.8862.887
Orthorhombic Iron carbide (Fe3C) JCPDS 65-2412a5.0895.112
b6.7436.921
c4.5234.557
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 12 h after quenchingBody centered cubic Iron, syn (Fe) JCPDS 6-696 a = b = c2.8862.848
Carbon (C) JCPDS 50-1083a2.5222.497
c12.3512.201
Orthorhombic Iron carbide (Fe3C) JCPDS 65-2412a5.0895.061
b6.7436.654
c4.5234.526
Table
Table 3. The average grain size of original SCM 420 raw material; carburized samples with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively; and quenched samples.
Table 3. The average grain size of original SCM 420 raw material; carburized samples with a CSP:DCSP ratio of 60%:40% and carburizing durations of 3, 6, and 12 h, respectively; and quenched samples.
SpecimenAverage Grain Size D (µm)
Original SCM 420 raw material14.54 ± 0.09
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 3 h12.71 ± 0.11
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 6 h10.18 ± 0.13
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 12 h6.57 ± 0.07
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 3 h after quenching7.76 ± 0.10
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 6 h after quenching5.97 ± 0.09
SCM 420 carburized specimens with 40% DCSP for 12 h after quenching5.72 ± 0.12
Table
Table 4. Chemical composition of original SCM 420 raw material. “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”.
Table 4. Chemical composition of original SCM 420 raw material. “Reprinted from [31] under the CC BY license”.
SpecimenCSiMnPSCrNiMoCuFe
Raw material of SCM 420 Steel0.2210.2480.6410.0120.0130.9470.0480.1400.063Bal.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ramli; Wu, C.-C.; Shaaban, A. Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburized SCM 420 Steel Processed Using Natural Shell Powders and Extended Carburization Time. Crystals 2021, 11, 1136. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11091136

AMA Style

Ramli, Wu C-C, Shaaban A. Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburized SCM 420 Steel Processed Using Natural Shell Powders and Extended Carburization Time. Crystals. 2021; 11(9):1136. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11091136

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramli, Chung-Chun Wu, and Adel Shaaban. 2021. "Mechanical Properties of Pack Carburized SCM 420 Steel Processed Using Natural Shell Powders and Extended Carburization Time" Crystals 11, no. 9: 1136. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/cryst11091136

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop