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Polymers, Volume 10, Issue 10 (October 2018) – 133 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The photosensitive sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) was incorporated into thermo-responsive polymeric nanogels consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide and N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide. Significant heat was generated from the SCC-containing nanogels under exposure to 532-nm green laser, which resulted in cell mortality. The thermo-responsive nanogel loaded with 5-FU released the drug explosively when exposed to green laser. The combination of hyperthermia and temperature-induced drug release via green laser irradiation greatly enhanced cell mortality to a great extent. Such photothermo-responsive nanogels possess great potential in anti-cancer treatment. View the paper here.
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13 pages, 3244 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Enhancement of Strength and Toughness of PLA Induced by Miscibility Variation with PVA
by Yanping Liu, Hanghang Wei, Zhen Wang, Qian Li and Nan Tian
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1178; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101178 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5311
Abstract
The mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w) poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were investigated at the macro- and microscale. The macro-mechanical properties for the fiber membrane revealed that both the modulus [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w) poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were investigated at the macro- and microscale. The macro-mechanical properties for the fiber membrane revealed that both the modulus and fracture strain could be improved by 100% and 70%, respectively, with a PVA content of 5%. The variation in modulus and fracture strain versus the diameter of a single electrospun fiber presented two opposite trends, while simultaneous enhancement was observed when the content of PVA was 5% and 10%. With a diameter of 1 μm, the strength and toughness of the L95V5 and L90V10 fibers were enhanced to over 3 and 2 times that of pure PLA, respectively. The structural evolution of electrospun nanofiber was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Although PLA and PVA were still miscible in the concentration range used, the latter could crystallize independently after electrospinning. According to the crystallization behavior of the nanofibers, a double network formed by PLA and PVA—one microcrystal/ordered structure and one amorphous structure—is proposed to contribute to the simultaneous enhancement of strength and toughness, which provides a promising method for preparing biodegradable material with high performance. Full article
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17 pages, 5014 KiB  
Article
Diels–Alder-Crosslinked Polymers Derived from Jatropha Oil
by Muhammad Iqbal, Remco Arjen Knigge, Hero Jan Heeres, Antonius A. Broekhuis and Francesco Picchioni
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1177; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101177 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4502
Abstract
Methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and jatropha oil were fully epoxidized using in situ-generated performic acid. The epoxidized compounds were further reacted with furfurylamine in a solvent-free reaction to obtain furan-functionalized fatty esters which, then, functioned as oligomers for a network preparation. Thermoreversible crosslinking [...] Read more.
Methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and jatropha oil were fully epoxidized using in situ-generated performic acid. The epoxidized compounds were further reacted with furfurylamine in a solvent-free reaction to obtain furan-functionalized fatty esters which, then, functioned as oligomers for a network preparation. Thermoreversible crosslinking was obtained through a (retro) Diels–Alder reaction with bismaleimide, resulting in the formation of a brittle network for furan-functionalized methyl linoleate and jatropha oil. The furan-functionalized fatty esters were mixed with alternating (1,4)-polyketone reacted with furfurylamine (PK-Furan) for testing the mechanical and self-healing properties with DMTA and DSC, respectively. Full self-healing properties were found, and faster thermoreversibility kinetics were observed, compared to PK-Furan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Resins and Crosslinked Polymers from Renewable Resources)
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11 pages, 1751 KiB  
Article
Effects of Extractives on Dimensional Stability, Dynamic Mechanical Properties, Creep, and Stress Relaxation of Rice Straw/High-Density Polyethylene Composites
by Huanbo Wang, Fazhi Lin, Pingping Qiu and Tian Liu
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101176 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3573
Abstract
The removal of rice straw extractives increases the interphase adhesion between rice straw and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix, while eradicating the inner defects of rice straw/HDPE composites. This study investigated the effect of rice straw extractives removal on the dimensional stability (water [...] Read more.
The removal of rice straw extractives increases the interphase adhesion between rice straw and the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix, while eradicating the inner defects of rice straw/HDPE composites. This study investigated the effect of rice straw extractives removal on the dimensional stability (water uptake and thermal expansion), dynamic mechanical properties, creep, and stress relaxation of rice straw/HDPE composites. Cold water (CW), hot water (HW), and 1% alkaline solution (AL) extraction methods were utilized to remove rice straw extractives. Extracted and unextracted rice straws were mixed with HDPE, maleated polyethylene (MAPE), and Polyethylene wax to prepare composites via extrusion. Removal of rice straw extractives significantly improved the dimensional stability, dynamic mechanical properties, and creep and stress relaxation of rice straw/HDPE composites, with the exception of the thickness swelling of the AL/HDPE and the thermal expansion of the rice straw/HDPE composites. HW/HDPE exhibited the best comprehensive performance. Full article
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12 pages, 30529 KiB  
Article
Design and Optimization of a Hyper-Branched Polyimide Proton Exchange Membrane with Ultra-High Methanol-Permeation Resistivity for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells Applications
by Liying Ma, Guoxiao Xu, Shuai Li, Jiao Ma, Jing Li and Weiwei Cai
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1175; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101175 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3116
Abstract
A hyper-branched sulfonated polyimide (s-PI) was synthesized successfully and composited with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to achieve ultra-high methanol-permeation resistive for direct methanol fuel cell application. The optimized s-PI-PVDF composite membrane exhibited methanol resistivity low to 1.80 × 10−8 cm [...] Read more.
A hyper-branched sulfonated polyimide (s-PI) was synthesized successfully and composited with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to achieve ultra-high methanol-permeation resistive for direct methanol fuel cell application. The optimized s-PI-PVDF composite membrane exhibited methanol resistivity low to 1.80 × 10−8 cm2/s, two orders of magnitude lower than the value of the commercial Nafion 117 membrane (60 × 10−7 cm2/s). At the same time, the tensile strength of the composite membrane is 22 MPa, which is comparable to the value of the Nafion 117 membrane. Therefore, the composite membrane is promising for application in direct methanol fuel cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Modern and Advanced Engineering Applications)
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18 pages, 8397 KiB  
Article
The New Generation from Biomembrane with Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
by Ahmed Mohamed El-hadi and Hatem Rashad Alamri
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101174 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4104
Abstract
A biopolymer of polylactic acid (PLLA)/polypropylene carbonate (PPC)/poly (3-hydroxybutrate) (PHB)/triethyl citrate (TEC) blends was prepared by the solution-casting method at different proportions. The thermal characteristics were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). PHB and TEC were added to improve the [...] Read more.
A biopolymer of polylactic acid (PLLA)/polypropylene carbonate (PPC)/poly (3-hydroxybutrate) (PHB)/triethyl citrate (TEC) blends was prepared by the solution-casting method at different proportions. The thermal characteristics were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). PHB and TEC were added to improve the interfacial adhesion, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties of the immiscible blend from PLLA and PPC (20%). The addition of more than 20% of PPC as an amorphous part hindered the crystallization of PLLA. PPC, PHB, and TEC also interacted with the PLLA matrix, which reduced the glass transition temperature (Tg), the cold crystallization temperature (Tcc), and the melting point (Tm) to about 53, 57 and 15 °C, respectively. The Tg shifted from 60 to 7 °C; therefore, the elongation at break improved from 6% (pure PLLA) to 285% (PLLA blends). In this article, biomembranes of PLLA with additives were developed and made by an electrospinning process. The new generation from biopolymer membranes can be used to absorb suspended pollutants in the water, which helps in the purification of drinking water in the household. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer for Separation)
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9 pages, 974 KiB  
Article
Reversible Assembly of Terpyridine Incorporated Norbornene-Based Polymer via a Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization and Its Self-Healing Property
by Jookyeong Lee, Hwi Hyun Moon, Keewook Paeng and Changsik Song
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1173; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101173 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4487
Abstract
We induced a terpyridine moiety into a norbornene-based polymer to demonstrate its self-healing property, without an external stimulus, such as light, heat, or healing agent, using metal–ligand interactions. We synthesized terpyridine incorporated norbornene-based polymers using a ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The sol state of [...] Read more.
We induced a terpyridine moiety into a norbornene-based polymer to demonstrate its self-healing property, without an external stimulus, such as light, heat, or healing agent, using metal–ligand interactions. We synthesized terpyridine incorporated norbornene-based polymers using a ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The sol state of diluted polymer solutions was converted into supramolecular assembled gels, through the addition of transition metal ions (Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+). In particular, a supramolecular complex gel with Zn2+, which is a metal with a lower binding affinity, demonstrated fast self-healing properties, without any additional external stimuli, and its mechanical properties were completely recovered. Full article
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16 pages, 4285 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Potato Starch Film with Various Size of Nano-SiO2
by Rongfei Zhang, Xiangyou Wang and Meng Cheng
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1172; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101172 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 94 | Viewed by 6969
Abstract
The various sizes (15, 30, 80, and 100 nm) of nano-SiO2/potato starch films were synthesized and characterized. The gas permeability, antibacterial properties, and mechanical properties of the films were evaluated to their potential for application as food packaging materials. Results indicated [...] Read more.
The various sizes (15, 30, 80, and 100 nm) of nano-SiO2/potato starch films were synthesized and characterized. The gas permeability, antibacterial properties, and mechanical properties of the films were evaluated to their potential for application as food packaging materials. Results indicated that the 100 nm nano-SiO2 was well dispersed in the starch matrix, which induced an active group on the surface of 100 nm nano-SiO2 adequately combined with starch macromolecule. The water resistance and mechanical properties of the films were improved with the addition of nano-SiO2. Notably, resistance to ultraviolet and thermal aging was also enhanced. The nano-SiO2/potato starch films were more efficient against Escherichia coli (E. coli) than Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Remarkable preservation properties of the films packaging the white mushrooms were obtained, with those of the 100 nm films considered superior. This study can significantly guide the rational choice of the nano-SiO2 size to meet the packaging requirements of various agricultural products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Polysaccharides)
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13 pages, 1907 KiB  
Article
Grafting Halloysite Nanotubes with Amino or Carboxyl Groups onto Carbon Fiber Surface for Excellent Interfacial Properties of Silicone Resin Composites
by Xiandong Zhang and Guangshun Wu
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1171; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101171 - 22 Oct 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4380
Abstract
The quality of interphase in carbon fibers (CFs) composites makes a key contribution to overall performance of composites. Here, we achieved for the first time the chemical grafting of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with amino or carboxyl groups onto the CFs surface aiming to [...] Read more.
The quality of interphase in carbon fibers (CFs) composites makes a key contribution to overall performance of composites. Here, we achieved for the first time the chemical grafting of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) with amino or carboxyl groups onto the CFs surface aiming to increase composites interfacial strength. HNTs were grafted using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) followed by succinic anhydride treatment, and HNTs with amino groups (HNT–NH2) or carboxyl groups (HNT–COOH) were separately introduced into the interphase of composites. Functional groups of HNTs and fiber surface structures were characterized, which confirmed the modification success. The wettability between the modified CFs and resin have been enhanced obviously based on the improved fiber polarity and enhanced surface roughness by the introduced two functionalized HNTs with the uniform distributions onto fiber surface. Moreover, interfacial properties and anti-hydrothermal aging behaviors of modified methylphenylsilicone resin (MPSR) composites were improved significantly, especially for HNT–COOH grafting. In addition, the interfacial reinforcement mechanisms for untreated and modified CF composites are discussed and compared. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Clay Nano-composites)
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16 pages, 5308 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Isosorbide-Based Polyurethanes Exhibiting Low Cytotoxicity Towards HaCaT Human Skin Cells
by Barbara S. Gregorí Valdés, Clara S. B. Gomes, Pedro T. Gomes, José R. Ascenso, Hermínio P. Diogo, Lídia M. Gonçalves, Rui Galhano dos Santos, Helena M. Ribeiro and João C. Bordado
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1170; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101170 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6793
Abstract
The synthesis of four samples of new polyurethanes was evaluated by changing the ratio of the diol monomers used, poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and D-isosorbide, in the presence of aliphatic isocyanates such as the isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI). The thermal properties [...] Read more.
The synthesis of four samples of new polyurethanes was evaluated by changing the ratio of the diol monomers used, poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and D-isosorbide, in the presence of aliphatic isocyanates such as the isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (HMDI). The thermal properties of the four polymers obtained were determined by DSC, exhibiting Tg values in the range 55–70 °C, and their molecular structure characterized by FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The diffusion coefficients of these polymers in solution were measured by the Pulse Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) NMR method, enabling the calculation of the corresponding hydrodynamic radii in diluted solution (1.62–2.65 nm). The molecular weights were determined by GPC/SEC and compared with the values determined by a quantitative 13C NMR analysis. Finally, the biocompatibility of the polyurethanes was assessed using the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line by the MTT reduction assay method showing values superior to 70% cell viability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polyurethanes – In Memory of Prof. József Karger-Kocsis)
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19 pages, 11329 KiB  
Article
High-Performance PEDOT:PSS/Hexamethylene Diisocyanate-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites: Preparation and Properties
by José Antonio Luceño Sánchez, Rafael Peña Capilla and Ana Maria Díez-Pascual
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1169; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101169 - 20 Oct 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5424
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as an ideal filler to reinforce polymeric matrices owing to its large specific surface area, transparency, flexibility, and very high mechanical strength. Nonetheless, functionalization is required to improve its solubility in common solvents and expand its practical uses. [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as an ideal filler to reinforce polymeric matrices owing to its large specific surface area, transparency, flexibility, and very high mechanical strength. Nonetheless, functionalization is required to improve its solubility in common solvents and expand its practical uses. In this work, hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)-functionalized GO (HDI-GO) has been used as filler of a conductive polymer matrix, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The nanocomposites have been prepared via a simple solution casting method, and have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile tests, and four-point probe measurements to get information about how the HDI-GO functionalization degree (FD) and the HDI-GO concentration in the nanocomposite influence the final properties. SEM analysis showed a very homogenous dispersion of the HDI-GO nanosheets with the highest FD within the matrix, and the Raman spectra revealed the existence of very strong HDI-GO-PEDOT:PSS interactions. A gradual improvement in thermal stability was found with increasing HDI-GO concentration, with only a small loss in transparency. A reduction in the sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS was found at low HDI-GO contents, whilst increasing moderately at the highest loading tested. The nanocomposites showed a good combination of stiffness, strength, ductility, and toughness. The optimum balance of properties was attained for samples incorporating 2 and 5 wt % HDI-GO with the highest FD. These solution-processed nanocomposites show considerably improved performance compared to conventional PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites filled with raw GO, and are highly suitable for applications in various fields, including flexible electronics, thermoelectric devices, and solar energy applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Graphene and Fullerene Nanocomposites)
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15 pages, 4471 KiB  
Article
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cellulose Nanocrystal-Grafted-Acrylic Acid Aerogels with Superabsorbent Properties
by Xuehua Liu, Rue Yang, Mingcong Xu, Chunhui Ma, Wei Li, Yu Yin, Qiongtao Huang, Yiqiang Wu, Jian Li and Shouxin Liu
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101168 - 19 Oct 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4724
Abstract
In this work, we applied a fast and simple method to synthesize cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aerogels, via a hydrothermal strategy followed by freeze drying. The characteristics and morphology of the obtained CNC-g-AA aerogels were affected by the hydrothermal treatment time, volume of added [...] Read more.
In this work, we applied a fast and simple method to synthesize cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aerogels, via a hydrothermal strategy followed by freeze drying. The characteristics and morphology of the obtained CNC-g-AA aerogels were affected by the hydrothermal treatment time, volume of added AA (acrylic acid), and the mass fraction of the CNCs. The formation mechanism of the aerogels involved free radical graft copolymerization of AA and CNCs with the cross-linker N,N′-methylene bis(acrylamide) (MBA) during the hydrothermal process. The swelling ratio of the CNC-g-AA aerogels was as high as 495:1, which is considerably greater than that of other polysaccharide-g-AA aerogels systems. Moreover, the CNC-g-AA aerogels exhibited an excellent methyl blue (MB) adsorption capacity and the ability to undergo rapid desorption/regeneration. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CNC-g-AA aerogels for MB was greater than 400 mg/g. Excellent regeneration performance further indicates the promise of our CNC-g-AA aerogels as an adsorbent for applications in environmental remediation. Full article
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15 pages, 5435 KiB  
Article
Mass-Production and Characterizations of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Sodium Alginate/Graphene Porous Nanofiber Membranes Using Needleless Dynamic Linear Electrospinning
by Ting-Ting Li, Mengxue Yan, Wenting Xu, Bing-Chiuan Shiu, Ching-Wen Lou and Jia-Horng Lin
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1167; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101167 - 19 Oct 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4100
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of large-scale preparation of porous polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/graphene (Gr) (Gr-AP) nanofiber membranes using a copper wire needleless dynamic linear electrode electrospinning machine. Furthermore, the effects of Gr concentrations (0, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.25, 0.5, [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of large-scale preparation of porous polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/graphene (Gr) (Gr-AP) nanofiber membranes using a copper wire needleless dynamic linear electrode electrospinning machine. Furthermore, the effects of Gr concentrations (0, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt.%) on the morphology, electrical, hydrophilicity and thermal properties were evaluated. Results indicate that the dynamic linear electrospun Gr-AP membranes have a high yield of 1.25 g/h and are composed of porous finer nanofibers with a diameter of 141 ± 31 nm. Gr improved the morphology, homogeneity, hydrophobicity and thermal stability of Gr-AP nanofiber membranes. The critical conductive threshold is 0.075 wt.% for Gr, which provides the nanofiber membranes with an even distribution of diameter, an optimal conductivity, good hydrophilicity, appropriate specific surface area and optimal thermal stability. Therefore, needleless dynamic linear electrospinning is beneficial to produce high quality Gr-AP porous nanofiber membranes, and the optimal parameters can be used in artificial nerve conduits and serve as a valuable reference for mass production of nanofiber membranes. Full article
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22 pages, 50821 KiB  
Article
Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams
by Martin Günther, Alessandra Lorenzetti and Bernhard Schartel
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101166 - 19 Oct 2018
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7748
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) typically exhibit low thermal inertia, resulting in short ignition times and rapid flame spread. In this study, the fire phenomena of RPUFs were investigated using a multi-methodological approach to gain detailed insight into the fire behaviour of pentane- and [...] Read more.
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) typically exhibit low thermal inertia, resulting in short ignition times and rapid flame spread. In this study, the fire phenomena of RPUFs were investigated using a multi-methodological approach to gain detailed insight into the fire behaviour of pentane- and water-blown polyurethane (PUR) as well as pentane-blown polyisocyanurate polyurethane (PIR) foams with densities ranging from 30 to 100 kg/m3. Thermophysical properties were studied using thermogravimetry (TG); flammability and fire behaviour were investigated by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and a cone calorimeter. Temperature development in burning cone calorimeter specimens was monitored with thermocouples inside the foam samples and visual investigation of quenched specimens’ cross sections gave insight into the morphological changes during burning. A comprehensive investigation is presented, illuminating the processes taking place during foam combustion. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that in-depth absorption of radiation is a significant factor in estimating the time to ignition. Cross sections examined with an electron scanning microscope (SEM) revealed a pyrolysis front with an intact foam structure underneath, and temperature measurement inside burning specimens indicated that, as foam density increased, their burning behaviour shifted towards that of solid materials. The superior fire performance of PIR foams was found to be based on the cellular structure, which is retained in the residue to some extent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials)
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17 pages, 2805 KiB  
Article
Anionic Polymer Brushes for Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Mineralization—A Surface with Application Potential in Biomaterials
by Tobias Mai, Karol Wolski, Agnieszka Puciul-Malinowska, Alexey Kopyshev, Ralph Gräf, Michael Bruns, Szczepan Zapotoczny and Andreas Taubert
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1165; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101165 - 18 Oct 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5714
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis of anionic polymer brushes and their mineralization with calcium phosphate. The brushes are based on poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt) providing a highly charged polymer brush surface. Homogeneous brushes with reproducible thicknesses are obtained via surface-initiated atom transfer radical [...] Read more.
This article describes the synthesis of anionic polymer brushes and their mineralization with calcium phosphate. The brushes are based on poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt) providing a highly charged polymer brush surface. Homogeneous brushes with reproducible thicknesses are obtained via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Mineralization with doubly concentrated simulated body fluid yields polymer/inorganic hybrid films containing AB-Type carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHAP), a material resembling the inorganic component of bone. Moreover, growth experiments using Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae demonstrate that the mineral-free and the mineral-containing polymer brushes have a good biocompatibility suggesting their use as biocompatible surfaces in implantology or related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Adhesive and Coatings for Medical Applications)
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14 pages, 3626 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Microparticles Capable of Glucose-Induced Insulin Release under Physiological Conditions
by Kentaro Yoshida, Kazuma Awaji, Seira Shimizu, Miku Iwasaki, Yuki Oide, Megumi Ito, Takenori Dairaku, Tetsuya Ono, Yoshitomo Kashiwagi and Katsuhiko Sato
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1164; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101164 - 18 Oct 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3691
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-sensitive layer-by-layer films were prepared based on combining phenyl boronic acid (PBA)-modified poly(allylamine) (PAH) with shikimic acid (SA)-modified-PAH through boronate ester bonds. These PBA-PAH/SA-PAH multilayer films could be prepared in aqueous solutions at pH 7.4 and 9.0 [...] Read more.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-sensitive layer-by-layer films were prepared based on combining phenyl boronic acid (PBA)-modified poly(allylamine) (PAH) with shikimic acid (SA)-modified-PAH through boronate ester bonds. These PBA-PAH/SA-PAH multilayer films could be prepared in aqueous solutions at pH 7.4 and 9.0 in the presence of NaCl. It is believed that the electrostatic repulsion between the SA-PAH and PBA-PAH was diminished and the formation of ester bonds between the SA and PBA was promoted in the presence of NaCl. These films readily decomposed in the presence of H2O2 because the boronate ester bonds were cleaved by an oxidation reaction. In addition, SA-PAH/PBA-PAH multilayer films combined with glucose oxidase (GOx) were decomposed in the presence of glucose because GOx catalyzes the oxidation of D-glucose to generate H2O2. The surfaces of CaCO3 microparticles were coated with PAH/GOx/(SA-PAH/PBA-PAH)5 films that absorbed insulin. A 1 mg quantity of these particles released up to 10 μg insulin in the presence 10 mM glucose under physiological conditions. Full article
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12 pages, 7155 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Hot Melt Copolyester (PBTI) Ultrafine Particles and Their Effect on the Anti-Pilling Performance of Polyester/Cotton Fabrics
by Zhichao Huang and Wenxing Chen
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1163; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101163 - 18 Oct 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3726
Abstract
An ultrafine particle aqueous-phase system of hot melt copolyester was prepared by an inverse emulsion–precipitation method. Laser particle size analysis showed that the diameter of the obtained copolyester particles was mostly distributed between 20 and 100 nm. The structure of the copolymer was [...] Read more.
An ultrafine particle aqueous-phase system of hot melt copolyester was prepared by an inverse emulsion–precipitation method. Laser particle size analysis showed that the diameter of the obtained copolyester particles was mostly distributed between 20 and 100 nm. The structure of the copolymer was characterized by FT–IR and 1H-NMR, and the melting point of the particles was determined to be 125 °C, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Intrinsic viscosity analysis showed that the particle intrinsic viscosity decreased by 6.73% compared with that of the original copolyester. Polyester/cotton woven fabrics were padded with the ultrafine copolyester particles at different concentrations, and the corresponding SEM showed that the fibers were well bonded to each other. The pilling test results showed that these ultrafine copolyester granules improved the pilling performance of the polyester/cotton woven fabrics to a grade of 4.5–5. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Processing for Enhancing Textile Application)
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11 pages, 1295 KiB  
Article
Lignin Phenol Formaldehyde Resoles Using Base-Catalysed Depolymerized Kraft Lignin
by Pia Solt, Björn Rößiger, Johannes Konnerth and Hendrikus W. G. Van Herwijnen
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1162; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101162 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 11044
Abstract
Lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resols were produced using depolymerized lignin fractions at various levels of phenol substitution (50 to 70 wt %). To produce monomeric-rich (BCD-oil) and oligomeric (BCD-oligomers) bio-based phenolic compounds, softwood kraft lignin was base-catalysed degraded. These base-catalysed depolymerized (BCD) building [...] Read more.
Lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resols were produced using depolymerized lignin fractions at various levels of phenol substitution (50 to 70 wt %). To produce monomeric-rich (BCD-oil) and oligomeric (BCD-oligomers) bio-based phenolic compounds, softwood kraft lignin was base-catalysed degraded. These base-catalysed depolymerized (BCD) building blocks were further used to substitute phenol in the synthesis of phenolic resins and were characterized in detail (such as viscosity, free formaldehyde and phenol content, chemical composition, curing and bonding behaviour). The adhesive properties were compared to a phenol formaldehyde (PF) reference resin and a LPF with untreated kraft lignin. The resins synthesized with the two depolymerized lignin types differ significantly from each other with increasing phenol substitution. While with LPF-BCD-oligomers the viscosity increases and the bonding strength is not effected by increasing lignin content in the resin, a reduction of these properties could be observed with LPF-BCD-oil. Furthermore, LPF-BCD-oil showed similar curing behaviour and ultimate strength as the reference LPF. Adhesive bonds made using LPF-BCD-oligomers exhibited similar strength to those made using PF. Compared to the reference resins, it has been demonstrated that modified renewable lignin based phenolic components can be an equally performing alternative to phenol even for high degrees of substitution of 70%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Based Resins and Crosslinked Polymers from Renewable Resources)
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9 pages, 1167 KiB  
Communication
Selective Polymer Distributed Bragg Reflector Vapor Sensors
by Paola Lova
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101161 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4338
Abstract
We report on Flory–Huggins photonic sensors for the selective detection of volatile organic compounds without the use of any chemical functionalization. For this purpose, we employed periodic multilayers made of inert cellulose acetate alternated to active polystyrene films whose free volume was modified [...] Read more.
We report on Flory–Huggins photonic sensors for the selective detection of volatile organic compounds without the use of any chemical functionalization. For this purpose, we employed periodic multilayers made of inert cellulose acetate alternated to active polystyrene films whose free volume was modified with silanized ZnO nanoparticles. The simple UV-visible (UV-vis) dynamic optical response of such polymer distributed Bragg reflectors during exposure to vapors of benzene, toluene, o-dichlorobenzene, and carbon tetrachloride allows their detection and recognition based on different chemico–physical affinity with the active polymer medium. Full article
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18 pages, 13756 KiB  
Article
Effects of Nano-CaCO3 Content on the Crystallization, Mechanical Properties, and Cell Structure of PP Nanocomposites in Microcellular Injection Molding
by Huajie Mao, Bo He, Wei Guo, Lin Hua and Qing Yang
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1160; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101160 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 5614
Abstract
Using supercritical nitrogen as the physical foaming agent, microcellular polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites were prepared in microcellular injection molding. The main purpose of this work is to study effects of content of nano-CaCO3 on the crystallization, mechanical properties, and cell structure of PP [...] Read more.
Using supercritical nitrogen as the physical foaming agent, microcellular polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites were prepared in microcellular injection molding. The main purpose of this work is to study effects of content of nano-CaCO3 on the crystallization, mechanical properties, and cell structure of PP nanocomposites in microcellular injection molding. The results show that adding nano-CaCO3 to PP could improve its mechanical properties and cell structure. The thermal stability and crystallinity enhances with increase of nano-CaCO3. As a bubble nucleating agent, adding nano-CaCO3 to PP improves the cell structure in both the parallel sections and vertical sections. The mechanical properties increase first and then decrease with increase of nano-CaCO3. The mechanical properties are affected by the cell structure, as well. The mechanical properties and cell structure are optimum when the content of nano-CaCO3 is 6 wt %. Full article
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19 pages, 5078 KiB  
Article
Soy Protein-Based Composite Hydrogels: Physico-Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Cytocompatibility
by Samira Tansaz, Raminder Singh, Iwona Cicha and Aldo R. Boccaccini
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1159; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101159 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4098
Abstract
Novel composite hydrogels based on the combination of alginate (Alg), soy protein isolate (SPI) and bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles were developed for soft tissue engineering. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and normal human dermal fibroblasts were cultivated on hydrogels for 7, 14 [...] Read more.
Novel composite hydrogels based on the combination of alginate (Alg), soy protein isolate (SPI) and bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles were developed for soft tissue engineering. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and normal human dermal fibroblasts were cultivated on hydrogels for 7, 14 and 21 days. Cell morphology was visualized using fluorescent staining at Days 7 and 14 for fibroblast cells and Days 14 and 21 for HUVEC. Metabolic activity of cells was analyzed using a colorimetric assay (water soluble tetrazolium (WST) assay). Compared to pure Alg, Alg/SPI and Alg/SPI/BG provided superior surfaces for both types of cells, supporting their attachment, growth, spreading and metabolic activity. Fibroblasts showed better colonization and growth on Alg/SPI/BG hydrogels compared to Alg/SPI hydrogels. The results indicate that such novel composite hydrogels might find applications in soft tissue regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Scaffolds for Biomedical Application)
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11 pages, 2029 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ethylene Oxide Content in Nonionic Surfactant to the Hydrolysis of Reactive Dye in Silicone Non-Aqueous Dyeing System
by Jiping Wang, Yongbo Zhang, Huashu Dou and Liujun Pei
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1158; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101158 - 17 Oct 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5597
Abstract
Silicone reverse dyeing technology provides an important means of saving water and salts-free in the textile dyeing industry. The interactions between dyes and surfactants may influence the hydrolysis of dye during dyeing. In this investigation, the effect of ethylene oxide content in nonionic [...] Read more.
Silicone reverse dyeing technology provides an important means of saving water and salts-free in the textile dyeing industry. The interactions between dyes and surfactants may influence the hydrolysis of dye during dyeing. In this investigation, the effect of ethylene oxide content in nonionic surfactant on the hydrolytic reaction of reactive dye was firstly investigated in a siloxane reverse emulsion dyeing system. Compared with no surfactants, the hydrolytic reaction of vinyl sulfone reactive dye was a slowdown when some nonionic surfactants were used during dyeing. Usually, the hydrophobic groups in nonionic surfactants were dodecyl chains but their polar head groups were different. The hydrolytic reaction of vinyl sulfone dye showed that the longer of EO (ethylene oxide) chains, the faster the hydrolytic reaction of vinyl sulfone dye. From the absorption spectrum of dye, it could be concluded that more of dyes would be solubilized into the formed micelles, and dye-surfactant complexes were adhered to the surface of micelles if the molecular structure of surfactant had a shorter EO chains. Furthermore, the intramolecular or intermolecular hydrogen bond could be formed between dye and surfactant, which would further influence the hydrolytic reaction of vinyl sulfone dye. However, the solubility of surfactant in siloxane non-aqueous media would decrease with the increase of EO chains. Meanwhile, the dispersion of dye was enhanced as well as the hydrolytic reaction of dye. From this investigation, some surfactant can be used to improve the fixation of reactive dye during dyeing. Furthermore, washing times after dyeing and the ecological problems can be decreased. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Processing for Enhancing Textile Application)
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14 pages, 2033 KiB  
Article
Effects of Hydrothermal Pretreatment on the Structural Characteristics of Organosolv Lignin from Triarrhena lutarioriparia
by Tianying Chen, Zhiwen Li, Xueming Zhang, Douyong Min, Yuying Wu, Jialong Wen and Tongqi Yuan
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1157; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101157 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3696
Abstract
The effects of hydrothermal pretreatment (170–180 °C, 30–60 min) on the structural characteristics of enzymatic and extracted lignin from Triarrhena lutarioriparia (TL) during the integrated delignification process have been comprehensively investigated. Ion chromatography and NMR characterization showed that liquid products after [...] Read more.
The effects of hydrothermal pretreatment (170–180 °C, 30–60 min) on the structural characteristics of enzymatic and extracted lignin from Triarrhena lutarioriparia (TL) during the integrated delignification process have been comprehensively investigated. Ion chromatography and NMR characterization showed that liquid products after mild hydrothermal process (170 °C, 30 min) were mainly composed of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) with different degrees of polymerization (DP ≥ 2). In addition, the structural changes of lignin during hydrothermal pretreatment and organic acid delignification process have been demonstrated by quantitative 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence (2D-HSQC) and 31P-NMR techniques. Results showed that the structural changes of lignin (e.g., cleavage of β-O-4 linkages) induced by the hydrothermal pretreatment will facilitate the subsequent organic acid delignification process, and acetylated lignin could be obtained with a considerable yield, which can be used in lignin-based composite and candidate feedstock for catalytic upgrading of lignin. In short, the proposed process facilitates the producing of XOS and acetylated lignin for lignin valorization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lignin Polymers: Structures, Reactions and Applications)
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26 pages, 3264 KiB  
Article
Slip Spring-Based Mesoscopic Simulations of Polymer Networks: Methodology and the Corresponding Computational Code
by Grigorios Megariotis, Georgios G. Vogiatzis, Aristotelis P. Sgouros and Doros N. Theodorou
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1156; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101156 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6224
Abstract
In previous work by the authors, a new methodology was developed for Brownian dynamics/kinetic Monte Carlo (BD/kMC) simulations of polymer melts. In this study, this methodology is extended for dynamical simulations of crosslinked polymer networks in a coarse-grained representation, wherein chains are modeled [...] Read more.
In previous work by the authors, a new methodology was developed for Brownian dynamics/kinetic Monte Carlo (BD/kMC) simulations of polymer melts. In this study, this methodology is extended for dynamical simulations of crosslinked polymer networks in a coarse-grained representation, wherein chains are modeled as sequences of beads, each bead encompassing a few Kuhn segments. In addition, the C++ code embodying these simulations, entitled Engine for Mesoscopic Simulations for Polymer Networks (EMSIPON) is described in detail. A crosslinked network of cis-1,4-polyisoprene is chosen as a test system. From the thermodynamic point of view, the system is fully described by a Helmholtz energy consisting of three explicit contributions: entropic springs, slip springs and non-bonded interactions. Entanglements between subchains in the network are represented by slip springs. The ends of the slip springs undergo thermally activated hops between adjacent beads along the chain backbones, which are tracked by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, creation/destruction processes are included for the slip springs at dangling subchain ends. The Helmholtz energy of non-bonded interactions is derived from the Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state. The isothermal compressibility of the polymer network is predicted from equilibrium density fluctuations in very good agreement with the underlying equation of state and with experiment. Moreover, the methodology and the corresponding C++ code are applied to simulate elongational deformations of polymer rubbers. The shear stress relaxation modulus is predicted from equilibrium simulations of several microseconds of physical time in the undeformed state, as well as from stress-strain curves of the crosslinked polymer networks under deformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Simulations of Entangled Polymers)
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32 pages, 5896 KiB  
Article
The Continuum Approach to the Description of Semi-Crystalline Polymers Deformation Regimes: The Role of Dynamic and Translational Defects
by Yurii V. Grinyaev, Nadezhda V. Chertova, Evgeny V. Shilko and Sergey G. Psakhie
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1155; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101155 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6370
Abstract
This paper presents a new approach to describe the mechanical behavior of semi-crystalline polymers, the plastic deformation of which is determined by their two-phase structure. To describe the plastic behavior of semi-crystalline polymers, a two-phase model is used. In the framework of this [...] Read more.
This paper presents a new approach to describe the mechanical behavior of semi-crystalline polymers, the plastic deformation of which is determined by their two-phase structure. To describe the plastic behavior of semi-crystalline polymers, a two-phase model is used. In the framework of this model, one phase is in a hard (crystalline) state, and the other in a soft (amorphous) state. The two-phase material is modeled by a single-phase homogeneous continuum based on the approximation of the effective medium. It is assumed that two infinitely close material points of the continuum are connected in series by elastic and viscous bonds, which corresponds to the Maxwell model. It is shown that, in this case, the Maxwell continuum is a pseudo-Euclidean space. Generalizing the definition of defects from a three-dimensional space to a four-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean space, we obtained a dynamic system of nonlinear, interrelated equations to describe the behavior of translational-type defects in the solid phase and dynamic defects in the amorphous phase. As an example of an application for these equations, the phenomenon of creep under uniaxial loading is considered. It is shown that the formalism of the proposed two-phase model makes it possible to describe creep phenomenon regularities, which correspond to both the aging theory and the flow theory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Polymers)
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13 pages, 2488 KiB  
Article
Effects of Calcium Alginate Submicroparticles on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
by Jinxia He, Ruixin Li, Xue Sun, Wenxia Wang, Jianen Hu, Hongguo Xie and Heng Yin
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1154; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101154 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3849
Abstract
Calcium alginate (CaAlg) submicroparticles have a potential application in agricultural delivery systems. This study investigated the effects of CaAlg submicroparticles on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat. CaAlg submicroparticles with a Z-average diameter of around 250.4 nm and a measured zeta potential [...] Read more.
Calcium alginate (CaAlg) submicroparticles have a potential application in agricultural delivery systems. This study investigated the effects of CaAlg submicroparticles on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat. CaAlg submicroparticles with a Z-average diameter of around 250.4 nm and a measured zeta potential value of about −25.4 mV were prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). After this, the effects of the concentration of CaAlg submicroparticles (10–500 μg/mL) on germination percentage, seedling length, the number of adventitious roots, chlorophyll content and soluble protein content were evaluated. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the level of germination percentage (9.0%), seedling index (50.3%), adventitious roots (27.5%), seedling length (17.0%), chlorophyll (8.7%) and soluble protein contents (4.5%) at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. However, an inhibitory effect was observed at a concentration of 500 μg/mL. The SEM examination showed that CaAlg submicroparticles could be successfully adsorbed onto the surface of the wheat seed. Further studies proved that CaAlg submicroparticles at a concentration of 100 μg/mL promoted the expression of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-related genes (YUCCA9, AUX1, ARF and UGT) in wheat, which resulted in an increase of 69% and 21% in IAA concentration in wheat roots and shoots, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides)
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11 pages, 4267 KiB  
Article
Mechanisms of the Complex Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Glass Across a Wide Range of Temperature Variations
by Weidong Liu and Liangchi Zhang
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1153; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101153 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3545
Abstract
This paper aims to explore the mechanisms of the complex thermo-mechanical behavior of polymer glass across a wide range of temperature variations. To this end, the free vibration frequency spectrum of simply supported poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beams was thoroughly investigated with the aid [...] Read more.
This paper aims to explore the mechanisms of the complex thermo-mechanical behavior of polymer glass across a wide range of temperature variations. To this end, the free vibration frequency spectrum of simply supported poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beams was thoroughly investigated with the aid of the impulse excitation technique. It was found that the amplitude ratio of the multiple peaks in the frequency spectrum is a strongly dependent on temperature, and that the peaks correspond to the multiple vibrational modes of the molecular network of PMMA. At a low temperature, the vibration is dominated by the overall microstructure of PMMA. With increasing the temperature, however, the contribution of the sub-microstructures is retarded by β relaxation. Above 80 °C, the vibration is fully dominated by the microstructure after relaxation. The relaxation time at the transition temperature is of the same order of the vibration period, confirming the contribution of β relaxation. These findings provide a precise method for establishing reliable physical-based constitutive models of polymer glass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Polymers)
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11 pages, 3056 KiB  
Article
Recycled Carbon Fiber-Supported Polyaniline/Manganese Dioxide Prepared via One-Step Electrodeposition for Flexible Supercapacitor Integrated Electrodes
by Xiaoning Wang, Hongli Wei, Wei Du, Xueqin Sun, Litao Kang, Yuping Zhang, Xiangjin Zhao and Fuyi Jiang
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1152; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101152 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4323
Abstract
The exploration of multifunctional electrode materials has been a hotspot for the development of high-performance supercapacitors. We have used carbon fiber plates recovered from construction waste to prepare high-quality flexible carbon fiber materials by pyrolysis of epoxy resin. The as-prepared recycled carbon fiber [...] Read more.
The exploration of multifunctional electrode materials has been a hotspot for the development of high-performance supercapacitors. We have used carbon fiber plates recovered from construction waste to prepare high-quality flexible carbon fiber materials by pyrolysis of epoxy resin. The as-prepared recycled carbon fiber has a diameter of 8 μm and is the perfect substrate material for flexible electrode materials. Furthermore, polyaniline and manganese dioxide are uniformly deposited on the recycled carbon fiber by one-step electrodeposition to form an active film. The recycled carbon fiber/polyaniline/MnO2 composite shows an excellent specific capacitance of 475.1 F·g−1 and capacitance retention of 86.1% after 5000 GCD cycles at 1 A·g−1 in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. The composites optimized for electrodeposition time have more electroactive sites, faster ions and electron transfer, structural stability and higher conductivity, endowing the composites promising application prospect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers for Energy Applications)
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10 pages, 3820 KiB  
Article
Facile Route for Bio-Phenol Siloxane Synthesis via Heterogeneous Catalytic Method and its Autonomic Antibacterial Property
by Xiaoyan Pang, Xin Ge, Jianye Ji, Weijie Liang, Xunjun Chen and Jianfang Ge
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1151; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101151 - 16 Oct 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3135
Abstract
Eugenol, used as bio-phenol, was designed to replace the hydrogen atom of hydrogenterminated siloxane by hydrosilylation reaction under the presence of alumina-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-Al2O3), silica-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-SiO2) and carbon nanotube-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-CNT), respectively. The [...] Read more.
Eugenol, used as bio-phenol, was designed to replace the hydrogen atom of hydrogenterminated siloxane by hydrosilylation reaction under the presence of alumina-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-Al2O3), silica-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-SiO2) and carbon nanotube-supported platinum catalyst (Pt-CNT), respectively. The catalytic activities of these three platinum catalysts were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrometer (1H NMR). The properties of bio-phenol siloxane were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT–IR), UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV) and thermogravimeter (TGA), and its antibacterial property against Escherichia coli was also studied. The results showed that the catalytic activity of the catalyst Pt-CNT was preferable. When the catalyst concentration was 100 ppm, the reaction temperature was 80 °C and reaction time was 6 h, the reactant conversion rate reached 97%. After modification with bio-phenol, the thermal stability of the obtained bio-phenol siloxane was improved. For bio-phenol siloxane, when the ratio of weight loss reached 98%, the pyrolysis temperature was raised to 663 °C which was 60 °C higher than hydrogenterminated siloxane. Meanwhile, its autonomic antibacterial property against Escherichia coli was improved significantly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Silicon-Containing Polymeric Materials)
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13 pages, 2117 KiB  
Article
A Phenolphthalein-Dummy Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Highly Selective Extraction and Clean-Up of Bisphenol A in Complex Biological, Environmental and Food Samples
by Jiajia Yang, Yun Li, Chaonan Huang, Yanna Jiao and Jiping Chen
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1150; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101150 - 15 Oct 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3889
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for highly selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of bisphenol A (BPA) was prepared using phenolphthalein (PP) as the novel dummy template by bulk polymerization. A particle diameter distribution of 40–60 μm, a specific surface area of 359.8 m2 [...] Read more.
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for highly selective solid-phase extraction (SPE) of bisphenol A (BPA) was prepared using phenolphthalein (PP) as the novel dummy template by bulk polymerization. A particle diameter distribution of 40–60 μm, a specific surface area of 359.8 m2·g−1, and a total pore volume of 0.730 cm3·g−1 for the prepared PP-imprinted polymer (PPMIP) were obtained. Good selectivity and specific adsorption capacity for BPA of the prepared PPMIP were also demonstrated by the chromatographic evaluation and sorption experiments. The PPMIP as a SPE sorbent was evaluated for the selective extraction and clean-up of BPA from complex biological, environmental, and food samples. Meanwhile, an accurate and sensitive analytical method based on the PPMIP-SPE purification procedure coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) detection has been successfully developed for the rapid determination of BPA from these samples, with detection limits of 1.3 ng·mL−1 for bovine serum and milk, 2.6 ng·mL−1 for human urine and edible oil, 5.2 ng·mL−1 for soybean sauce, and 1.3 ng·g−1 for sediment. The BPA recoveries at two different spiking levels were in the range of 82.1–106.9%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 7.7%. Full article
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18 pages, 2418 KiB  
Article
Novel Kinetic Models of Xylan Dissolution and Degradation during Ethanol Based Auto-Catalyzed Organosolv Pretreatment of Bamboo
by Jing Liu, Zhenggang Gong, Guangxu Yang, Lihui Chen, Liulian Huang, Yonghui Zhou and Xiaolin Luo
Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1149; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym10101149 - 15 Oct 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3144
Abstract
Due to the invalidity of traditional models, pretreatment conditions dependent parameter of susceptible dissolution degree of xylan (dX) was introduced into the kinetic models. After the introduction of dX, the dissolution of xylan, and the formation of xylo-oligosaccharides and [...] Read more.
Due to the invalidity of traditional models, pretreatment conditions dependent parameter of susceptible dissolution degree of xylan (dX) was introduced into the kinetic models. After the introduction of dX, the dissolution of xylan, and the formation of xylo-oligosaccharides and xylose during ethanol based auto-catalyzed organosolv (EACO) pretreatments of bamboo were well predicted by the pseudo first-order kinetic models (R2 > 97%). The parameter of dX was verified to be a variable dependent of EACO pretreatment conditions (such as solvent content in pretreatment liquor and pretreatment temperature). Based on the established kinetic models of xylan dissolution, the dissolution of glucan and the formation of degradation products (furfural and acetic acid) could also be empirically modeled (R2 > 97%). In addition, the relationship between xylan and lignin removal can provide guidance for alleviating the depositions of lignin or pseudo-lignin. The parameter of dX derived novel kinetic models can not only be used to reveal the multi-step reaction mechanisms of xylan, but also control the final removal of main components in bamboo during EACO pretreatments, indicating scientific and practical significance for governing the biorefinery of woody biomass. Full article
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