Biocomposites of Low-Density Polyethylene Plus Wood Flour or Flax Straw: Biodegradation Kinetics across Three Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Composite Preparation
2.3. Measurements
- Prepared soil mix under laboratory conditions (constant temperature (23 ± 3 °C) and constant humidity (60%)).
- Prepared soil mix under ambient field environmental conditions in Moscow region, (Kubinka, Moscow region, Russia). A natural soil layer was removed (depth of 30 cm) and replaced with the prepared soil mix. There was no barrier between natural soil and the prepared soil mix.
- Natural soil (not prepared soil mix) under ambient field environmental conditions in an experimental field at the Universidad Nacional (Heredia, Costa Rica) [30].
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Property | Russian Soil Mix | Costa Rica Field Soil |
---|---|---|
Organic matter (g kg−1) | 138 | - |
Organic carbon (g kg−1) | - | 33.4 |
pH (1:1 soil:water) | 6.5 | 6.2 |
Organic nitrogen (g kg−1) | - | 2.8 |
Nitrate (mg kg−1) | 728 | 1.6 |
Ammonium (mg kg−1) | 21 | 3.6 |
Phosphorus (mg kg−1) | 421 | 8 |
Potassium (mg kg−1) | 856 | 417 |
Climatic Conditions | Time of Exposition, Months | Weight Loss, % | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
70 LDPE/30 WF | 70 LDPE/30 FS | ||||||||
0–80 | 80–140 | 140–200 | 0–200 | 0–80 | 80–140 | 140–200 | 0–200 | ||
Laboratory conditions | 0.5 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 4.8 | 7.2 | 8.61 | 6.2 |
2 | 0.7 | 2.8 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 14.2 | 16.6 | 17.60 | 14.8 | |
4 | 4.2 | 8.0 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 16.6 | 18.8 | 19.94 | 17.4 | |
6 | 7.7 | 11.0 | 14.7 | 15.5 | 17.8 | 19.9 | 21.20 | 18.5 | |
8 | 11.4 | 13.6 | 16.6 | 17.6 | 18.8 | 20.8 | 22.04 | 19.4 | |
10 | 13.1 | 14.6 | 17.3 | 18.7 | 18.8 | 21.0 | 22.38 | 19.8 | |
12 | 13.3 | 14.9 | 17.5 | 19.0 | 18.8 | 20.9 | 22.38 | 19.3 | |
14 | 15.2 | 16.3 | 18.2 | 20.1 | 19.2 | 21.5 | 23.05 | 20.1 | |
16 | 15.5 | 16.5 | 18.7 | 20.4 | 19.4 | 21.5 | 23.14 | 20.2 | |
20 | 16.0 | 16.9 | 19.2 | 21.1 | 19.7 | 21.7 | 23.30 | 20.7 | |
Open air, Russia | 6 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 13.2 |
10 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 12.5 | 13.5 | |
20 | 13.2 | 15.4 | 17.2 | 19.5 | 19.3 | 20.7 | 22.0 | 20.1 | |
Open air, Costa Rica | 2 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 8.4 | 21.9 | 17.5 | 18.9 | 21.3 | 17.1 |
6 | 10.4 | 12.2 | 15.2 | 26.7 | 19.3 | 21.4 | 24.9 | 20.7 | |
12 | 28.4 * | 18.1 | 20.5 | 30.5 | 22.1 | 24.7 | 28.6 | 24.9 | |
20 | 30.9 * | 20.8 | 23.5 | 31.8 | 23.5 | 26.1 | 30.6 | 26.3 |
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Zykova, A.K.; Pantyukhov, P.V.; Mastalygina, E.E.; Chaverri-Ramos, C.; Nikolaeva, S.G.; Saavedra-Arias, J.J.; Popov, A.A.; Wortman, S.E.; Poletto, M. Biocomposites of Low-Density Polyethylene Plus Wood Flour or Flax Straw: Biodegradation Kinetics across Three Environments. Polymers 2021, 13, 2138. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132138
Zykova AK, Pantyukhov PV, Mastalygina EE, Chaverri-Ramos C, Nikolaeva SG, Saavedra-Arias JJ, Popov AA, Wortman SE, Poletto M. Biocomposites of Low-Density Polyethylene Plus Wood Flour or Flax Straw: Biodegradation Kinetics across Three Environments. Polymers. 2021; 13(13):2138. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132138
Chicago/Turabian StyleZykova, Anna K., Petr V. Pantyukhov, Elena E. Mastalygina, Christian Chaverri-Ramos, Svetlana G. Nikolaeva, Jose J. Saavedra-Arias, Anatoly A. Popov, Sam E. Wortman, and Matheus Poletto. 2021. "Biocomposites of Low-Density Polyethylene Plus Wood Flour or Flax Straw: Biodegradation Kinetics across Three Environments" Polymers 13, no. 13: 2138. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132138