Green Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Cellulose for Sustained Drug Delivery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Cellulose Hydrogel
2.3. Characterization of Thermo-Responsive Cellulose Hydrogel
2.3.1. Sol-Gel Transition Temperature (SGTT)
2.3.2. Functional Group
2.3.3. Surface Morphology and Structure
2.3.4. Rheological Property
2.4. Performance of Thermo-Responsive Cellulose Hydrogel
2.4.1. Swelling and Degradation
2.4.2. In-Vitro Drug Delivery Study
2.4.3. Kinetic Study of Drug Release
2.4.4. Mechanism of Drug Release
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Thermo-Responsive Cellulose Hydrogel
3.1.1. Sol-Gel Transition Temperature (SGTT)
3.1.2. Functional Groups
3.1.3. Surface Morphology and Cross-Section View
3.1.4. Rheological Property
3.2. Performance of Thermo-Responsive Cellulose Hydrogel
3.2.1. Swelling and Degradation
3.2.2. In-Vitro Drug Delivery Study
3.2.3. Kinetic and Mechanism Study of Drug Release
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | PF127 Polymer (w/v%) | Cellulose Fibers (w/v%) | DI Water (w/v%) |
---|---|---|---|
H1 | 15 | 0.0 | 85 |
H2 | 1.0 | 84 | |
H3 | 2.0 | 83 | |
H4 | 3.0 | 82 | |
H5 | 20 | 0.0 | 80 |
H6 | 1.0 | 79 | |
H7 | 2.0 | 78 | |
H8 | 3.0 | 77 | |
H9 | 25 | 0.0 | 75 |
H10 | 1.0 | 74 | |
H11 | 2.0 | 73 | |
H12 | 3.0 | 72 | |
H13 | 30 | 0.0 | 70 |
H14 | 1.0 | 69 | |
H15 | 2.0 | 68 | |
H16 | 3.0 | 67 | |
H17 | 35 | 0.0 | 65 |
H18 | 1.0 | 64 | |
H19 | 2.0 | 63 | |
H20 | 3.0 | 62 |
Sample | LCST (°C) | UCST (°C) | Status at (4 °C) | Status at (20 °C) | Status at (37 °C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | N/D | N/D | - | - | - |
H2 | N/D | N/D | - | + | + |
H3 | N/D | N/D | + | + | ++ |
H4 | N/D | N/D | + | ++ | ++ |
H5 | 24.0 ± 1.0 | 58.3 ± 2.9 | - | + | +++ |
H6 | 23.7 ± 0.6 | 61.7 ± 2.9 | + | + | +++ |
H7 | 22.3 ± 1.2 | 68.3 ± 2.9 | + | ++ | +++ |
H8 | 21.0 ± 1.0 | 78.3 ± 2.9 | + | ++ | +++ |
H9 | 20.0 ± 1.0 | 73.3 ± 2.9 | - | +++ | +++ |
H10 | 17.0 ± 1.0 | 78.3 ± 2.9 | + | +++ | +++ |
H11 | 15 ± 0.0 | 86.7 ± 2.9 | + | +++ | +++ |
H12 | <15 | N/D | ++ | +++ | +++ |
H13 | 17.7 ± 0.6 | N/D | - | +++ | +++ |
H14 | 15 ± 0.0 | N/D | + | +++ | +++ |
H15 | <15 | N/D | ++ | +++ | +++ |
H16 | <15 | N/D | ++ | +++ | +++ |
H17 | 16.7 ± 0.6 | N/D | - | +++ | +++ |
H18 | <15 | N/D | + | +++ | +++ |
H19 | <15 | N/D | ++ | +++ | +++ |
H20 | <15 | N/D | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Hydrogel | Zero-Order | First-Order | Higuchi | Korsmeyer-Peppas | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
k0 | R2 | k1 | R2 | kH | R2 | kr | n | R2 | |
H5 | 5.583 | 0.980 | 0.140 | 0.954 | 26.662 | 0.968 | 10.839 | 0.727 | 0.994 |
H6 | 2.708 | 0.986 | 0.048 | 0.954 | 15.568 | 0.955 | 7.129 | 0.671 | 0.991 |
H7 | 2.585 | 0.985 | 0.041 | 0.946 | 14.330 | 0.923 | 5.023 | 0.710 | 0.967 |
H8 | 1.762 | 0.987 | 0.023 | 0.969 | 10.046 | 0.940 | 9.462 | 0.746 | 0.976 |
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Al-Rajabi, M.M.; Teow, Y.H. Green Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Cellulose for Sustained Drug Delivery. Polymers 2021, 13, 2153. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132153
Al-Rajabi MM, Teow YH. Green Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Cellulose for Sustained Drug Delivery. Polymers. 2021; 13(13):2153. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132153
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Rajabi, Maha Mohammad, and Yeit Haan Teow. 2021. "Green Synthesis of Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Cellulose for Sustained Drug Delivery" Polymers 13, no. 13: 2153. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/polym13132153