Regulation of Phosphorus Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Treatments
2.2. Sampling and Measurement
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Effects of P Supply on P Content and Dry Matter Accumulation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems
3.2. Effect of P Supply on the Activity of Nitrogenase and the Nodule Ureide Content in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems
3.3. Effect of P Supply on the Ultrastructure of Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems Root Nodules
3.4. Effect of P Supply on the Expression of Key Genes Related to Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of P Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants
4.2. Effects of P Supply Level on P Absorption and Transport in Soybean Plants
5. Conclusions
- In the dual-root soybean plants supplied with P on only one side, the nodule weight, ARA, SNA, ureide content, the number of Bts, the number of ICs, and relative expression levels of key genes related to nodulation and nitrogen fixation (GmEXPB2, GmSPX5, nifH, nifD, nifK, GmALN1, GmACP1, GmUR5, GmPUR5, and GmHIUH5) on the P+ side increased with the increase in P supply during the VC-R1 period. Those on the P− side showed the same pattern as those on the P+ side but less prominently. Therefore, P supply regulates soybean nodulation and nitrogen fixation.
- When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 1 mg/L to 31 mg/L, the increase on the P– side root was significant, and nodule phosphorus content increased by 57.14–85.71% and 68.75–75.00%; ARA and SNA were 218.64–383.33% and 11.41–16.11%, respectively, and ureide content was 118.18–156.44%. When the level of phosphorus supply was increased from 31 mg/L to 61 mg/L, the increases in the regulation ability of the root and nodule phosphorus content were only 0.00–9.09% and 25.00–29.63%, respectively; ARA and SNA were 36.21–50.00% and 10.46–15.78%, respectively, and ureide content was 6.02–9.27%.
- When the dual-root soybean plants were supplied with different concentrations of P on one side, the P content in the roots and nodules on the P− side increased with the increase in P supply. These findings show that P can be transported to the roots and nodules on the non-supplied side through the shoots, and the nodules are prioritized to receive P.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Roots | Nodules | Shoot(%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P+(%) | P−(%) | IP–(%) | P−/P+ | P+(%) | P−(%) | IP–(%) | P−/P+ | |||
V4 | P1/0 | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 85.71 | 1.00 | 0.20 ± 0.01 c** | 0.16 ± 0.01 c | 68.75 | 0.80 | 0.07 ± 0.01 b |
P31/0 | 0.21 ± 0.01 a** | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.62 | 0.32 ± 0.01 b** | 0.27 ± 0.01 b | 0.84 | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | |||
0.00 | 29.63 | |||||||||
P61/0 | 0.24 ± 0.02 a** | 0.13 ± 0.01 a | 0.54 | 0.44 ± 0.01 a** | 0.35 ± 0.01 a | 0.80 | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | |||
R1 | P1/0 | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 57.14 | 1.00 | 0.16 ± 0.01 b | 0.16 ± 0.01 c | 75.00 | 1.00 | 0.09 ± 0.00 b |
P31/0 | 0.20 ± 0.01 a** | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 0.55 | 0.34 ± 0.01 a* | 0.28 ± 0.01 b | 0.82 | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | |||
9.09 | 25.00 | |||||||||
P61/0 | 0.19 ± 0.01 a** | 0.12 ± 0.01 a | 0.63 | 0.36 ± 0.01 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.97 | 0.22 ± 0.01 a |
Treatments | Roots | Nodules | Shoots (g/Plant) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P+(g/Plant) | P−(g/Plant) | P−/P+ | P+(g/Plant) | P−(g/Plant) | P−/P+ | |||
V4 | P1/0 | 0.78 ± 0.03 c | 0.71 ± 0.01 b | 0.91 | 0.01 ± 0.000 c | 0.01 ± 0.001 b | 1.00 | 1.78 ± 0.11 c |
P31/0 | 1.72 ± 0.05 b** | 0.84 ± 0.05 a | 0.49 | 0.18 ± 0.006 b** | 0.04 ± 0.001 a | 0.22 | 3.99 ± 0.52 b | |
P61/0 | 1.87 ± 0.01 a** | 0.93 ± 0.03 a | 0.50 | 0.23 ± 0.011 a** | 0.05 ± 0.001 a | 0.22 | 5.39 ± 0.40 a | |
R1 | P1/0 | 0.92 ± 0.04 c | 0.80 ± 0.03 b | 0.87 | 0.02 ± 0.003 c | 0.02 ± 0.003 b | 1.00 | 2.09 ± 0.04 b |
P31/0 | 2.61 ± 0.01 b** | 1.07 ± 0.03 a | 0.41 | 0.22 ± 0.003 b** | 0.06 ± 0.003 a | 0.27 | 6.49 ± 0.71 a | |
P61/0 | 2.73 ± 0.03 a** | 1.11 ± 0.04 a | 0.41 | 0.31 ± 0.012 a** | 0.07 ± 0.003 a | 0.23 | 7.20 ± 0.26 a |
Treatments | ARA | SNA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P+(C2H4 μmol−1h −1Plant−1) | P-(C2H4 μmol−1h −1Plant−1) | IP– | P−/P+ | P+(C2H4 μmol−1 g−1h−1) | P-(C2H4 μmol−1 g−1h−1) | IP– | P−/P+ | ||
V4 | P1/0 | 0.25 ± 0.01 c | 0.24 ± 0.01 c | 383.33 | 0.96 | 25.76 ± 0.87 c | 24.96 ± 0.47 c | 16.11 | 0.97 |
P31/0 | 5.97 ± 0.04 b** | 1.16 ± 0.06 b | 0.19 | 33.23 ± 0.31 b** | 28.98 ± 0.54 b | 0.87 | |||
36.21 | 10.46 | ||||||||
P61/0 | 9.10 ± 0.35 a** | 1.58 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 | 39.69 ± 1.27 a** | 32.01 ± 0.17 a | 0.81 | |||
R1 | P1/0 | 0.60 ± 0.01 c | 0.59 ± 0.02 c | 218.64 | 0.98 | 29.81 ± 0.49 c | 29.81 ± 1.18 c | 11.41 | 1.00 |
P31/0 | 10.01 ± 0.17 b** | 1.88 ± 0.07 b | 0.19 | 46.54 ± 0.34 b** | 33.21 ± 0.82 b | 0.75 | |||
50.00 | 15.78 | ||||||||
P61/0 | 16.08 ± 0.76 a** | 2.82 ± 0.16 a | 0.18 | 51.30 ± 0.90 a** | 38.45 ± 0.65 a | 0.75 |
Treatments | Ureide Content (mg/g DW) | IP–(%) | P−/P+ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P+ | P− | ||||
V4 | P1/0 | 1.02 ± 0.02 c | 0.99 ± 0.04 b | 118.18 | 0.97 |
P31/0 | 3.41 ± 0.08 b** | 2.16 ± 0.08 a | 0.63 | ||
6.02 | |||||
P61/0 | 3.68 ± 0.11 a** | 2.29 ± 0.05 a | 0.62 | ||
R1 | P1/0 | 1.16 ± 0.01 b | 1.01 ± 0.01 b | 156.44 | 0.87 |
P31/0 | 4.42 ± 0.09 a** | 2.59 ± 0.13 a | 0.59 | ||
9.27 | |||||
P61/0 | 4.38 ± 0.03 a** | 2.83 ± 0.11 a | 0.65 |
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Li, H.; Wang, X.; Liang, Q.; Lyu, X.; Li, S.; Gong, Z.; Dong, S.; Yan, C.; Ma, C. Regulation of Phosphorus Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2354. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11112354
Li H, Wang X, Liang Q, Lyu X, Li S, Gong Z, Dong S, Yan C, Ma C. Regulation of Phosphorus Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems. Agronomy. 2021; 11(11):2354. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11112354
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Hongyu, Xiangxiang Wang, Quanxi Liang, Xiaochen Lyu, Sha Li, Zhenping Gong, Shoukun Dong, Chao Yan, and Chunmei Ma. 2021. "Regulation of Phosphorus Supply on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean Plants with Dual-Root Systems" Agronomy 11, no. 11: 2354. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy11112354