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Article

The CYP74 Gene Family in Watermelon: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling Under Hormonal Stress and Root-Knot Nematode Infection

by
Yong Zhou
1,2,
Yelan Guang
2,3,
Jingwen Li
2,3,
Fei Wang
1,
Golam Jalal Ahammed
4 and
Youxin Yang
2,3,*
1
Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
2
Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
3
Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
4
College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agronomy 2019, 9(12), 872; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy9120872
Submission received: 24 October 2019 / Revised: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 9 December 2019 / Published: 11 December 2019
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), members of the CYP74 gene family, are branches of the oxylipin pathway and play vital roles in plant responses to a number of stresses. In this study, four HPL genes and one AOS gene were identified in the watermelon genome, which were clustered into three subfamilies (CYP74A, CYP74B and CYP74C). Sequence analysis revealed that most HPL and AOS proteins from various plants contain representative domains, including Helix-I region, Helix-K region (ExxR) and Heme-binding domain. A number of development-, stress-, and hormone-related cis-elements were found in the promoter regions of the ClAOS and ClHPL genes, and the detected ClAOS and ClHPL genes were differentially expressed in different tissues and fruit development stages, as well as in response to various hormones. In addition, red light could enhance the expression of ClAOS in root-knot nematode-infected leaves and roots of watermelon, implying that ClAOS might play a primary role in red light-induced resistance against root-knot nematodes. These findings lay a foundation for understanding the specific function of CYP74 genes in watermelon.

1. Introduction

Oxylipins are oxygenated derivatives from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which include jasmonic acid (JA) and its related compounds, as well as other molecules such as hydroxy-, oxo- or keto-fatty acids [1,2,3]. Oxylipin biosynthesis in plants originates from fatty acid hydroperoxides that are formed by the action of lipoxygenase (LOX), which is called the LOX pathway [4,5]. The fatty acid hydroperoxides then undergo several secondary conversions controlled by CYP74, which belongs to the superfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes [4]. Allene oxide synthase (AOS), hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), and divinyl ether synthase (DES) are members of the CYP74 family, which can catalyze the isomerization or dehydration of fatty acid hydroperoxides and require neither molecular oxygen nor NAD(P)H-dependent cytochrome P450-reductase [1,2,6].
CYP74 enzymes are broadly classified into four subfamilies (CYP74A, CYP74B, CYP74C, and CYP74D) based on their evolutionary heritage and relationship with the diversity of oxylipin structure [6]. AOS and DES members constitute the CYP74A and CYP74D subfamily, respectively, while CYP74B and CYP74C subfamilies contain enzymes with HPL activity [5,7]. In addition, AOS enzymes can be classified into three different types: The first two types can use either 13-hydroperoxide derivatives or 9-hydroperoxide derivatives as the substrate (13-AOS and 9-AOS, respectively), while the third type can use both of them (9/13-AOS) as the substrate [4,8]. Similarly, three types of HPL enzymes named as 13-HPL, 9-HPL, and 9/13-HPL were also reported in a number of plant species [9]. To date, AOS and HPL genes have been cloned and functionally characterized from a number of plant species, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae)) [10,11], tobacco (Nicotiana attenuate Torr. ex S.Watson) [12], rice (Oryza sativa L.) [13,14], and barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) [15], whereas DES genes have been isolated in very few plants [16,17,18,19,20]. These findings reveal that plant CYP74 family genes are indispensable for oxylipin biosynthesis, and play important roles in plant growth and development, as well as in plant defense to various abiotic and biotic stresses.
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) is an agricultural crop with high nutritional and economic values, but it is rather susceptible to various biotic and abiotic stresses during growth and development [21]. The root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) mainly infect the roots of host plants and increase susceptibility to other pathogenic diseases, and severely affect foliar growth and fruit yield of host plants [21,22]. In our previous report, red light (RL) exposure of watermelon leaves enhanced the systemic defense of the plant to RKN, which could be attributed to JA- and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent signaling, antioxidant activity, and redox homeostasis [23]. In this study, a systematic analysis of watermelon CYP74 genes was performed using bioinformatics methods, including genome-wide identification and analyses of phylogenetic relationships, protein and gene structures, and tissue expression patterns. In addition, we also determined the expression patterns of watermelon CYP74 genes under diverse hormonal stresses and RKN infection.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Identification of the CYP74 Genes in Watermelon Genome

The amino acid sequences of watermelon were downloaded from watermelon (97103) v1 genome database (http://cucurbitgenomics.org/organism/1). The conserved P450 domain (PF00067) was downloaded from the Pfam database (http://pfam.xfam.org/) and employed to searching for corresponding protein sequences with the HMMER software. In addition, the Arabidopsis HPL and AOS protein sequences were obtained from the Arabidopsis Information Resource (https://www.arabidopsis.org/) according to previous reports [24,25,26]. Then, these sequences were used as queries to perform a BLASTP search against the protein sequences of watermelon. All identified CYP74 proteins were submitted to InterPro (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/) and NCBI CDD database (https://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi/) to check whether the proteins harbored the conserved P450 domain.

2.2. Protein Properties, Chromosomal Locations, and Promoter Analysis

The theoretical isoelectric point (pI), molecular weight (MW), and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of watermelon CYP74 proteins were determined using ProtParam (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/). The subcellular localization of the watermelon CYP74 proteins was predicted using ProtComp 9.0 (http://linux1.softberry.com/). The chromosomal locations of watermelon CYP74 genes were obtained from watermelon (97103) v1 genome database, and the segmental and tandem duplications were checked based on the methodology in a previous study [27]. To identify the putative cis-acting regulatory elements of the promoter regions of watermelon CYP74 genes, the 1,500-bp sequences upstream the start codon of watermelon CYP74 genes were retrieved and analyzed using PlantCARE tool (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/).

2.3. Phylogenesis, Conserved Motif, and Gene Structure Analyses

CYP74 enzyme family proteins from different plant species used in this study are listed in Table S1. Multiple sequence alignments of these full-length CYP74 protein sequences were performed using MAFFT [28], and the alignments were visualized using the GeneDoc software. Then, the alignments were employed to create an unrooted phylogenetic tree by the MEGA 7.0 software using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method with 1000 bootstrap replicates and the pairwise deletion option. The conserved motifs of CYP74 proteins were defined using the MEME online tool (http://meme-suite.org/) with default parameters, and the motif diagrams were drawn using the TBtools software [29]. For the gene structure analysis, the genomic DNA (gDNA) sequence and corresponding coding sequence (CDS) of each CYP74 gene were aligned and the structure diagrams were drawn on GSDS (http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn/).

2.4. Expression Profiles of Watermelon CYP74 Genes Based on RNA-seq Data

To study the expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes during fruit development, the raw RNA-seq data of the flesh and rind at four pivotal stages of fruit development were obtained from a previous report [30]. To assess the expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes during RKN infection, the raw RNA-seq data under the treatments of CK (white light and water solution), RL (red light and water solution), RKN (white light and M. incognita infection), and RR (red light and M. incognita infection) were obtained and analyzed [23]. The expression levels of watermelon CYP74 genes were retrieved and estimated with FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped) values as previously described [21]. The differentially expressed genes were identified with a cutoff of |fold change| ≥ 1.5.

2.5. Plant Materials and Growth Conditions

The seedlings of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L. cv. Xinong 8) were grown in a greenhouse under the conditions of light intensity of 200 µmol·m−2·s−1 (12 h/12 h), and 25 °C/19 °C (12 h/12 h). Two-month-old seedlings were harvested for collecting the tissues including the roots, stems, stem apexes, leaves, fruits, and flowers. Hormonal treatments, including 100 µM methyl jasmonate (MeJA), 500 μM ethylene (ET), and 1 mM salicylic acid (SA), were carried out according to our previous study [31], and the roots or leaves before and after different hormonal treatments were collected. All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C for RNA exaction.

2.6. Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) Analysis

The total RNA of all samples was extracted with the total RNA Miniprep Kit (Axygen Biosciences, Union City, CA, USA) following the manufacturers’ recommendations. The RNA was reverse transcribed using the ReverTra Ace qPCR-RT Kit (TOYOBO, Osaka, Japan). qRT-PCR was performed on the iCycler iQTM Real-time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) in three replicates. The PCR was performed as follows: 3 min at 95 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 30 s at 95 °C, 30 s at 58 °C, and 1 min at 72 °C. Watermelon β-actin gene (Cla007792) was used as an internal control, and the value of relative expression was analyzed using the method described in a previous study [32]. The gene-specific primers are listed in Table S2.

3. Results

3.1. Genome-Wide Identification and Gene Duplication of the CP74 Genes in Watermelon

Four HPL genes and one AOS gene were identified in the watermelon genome and were designated as ClHPL1–ClHPL4 and ClAOS based on their chromosome locations (Table 1). Similar to the case in Arabidopsis, divinyl-ether synthase (DES) was not identified in the watermelon genome [33]. The five watermelon CYP74 genes were irregularly distributed on two chromosomes of the watermelon genome. The CDS and gDNA lengths of watermelon CYP74 genes were 573–1599 bp and 1526–3964 bp, respectively. The number of amino acids of watermelon CYP74 proteins varied from 190 (ClHPL1) to 532 (ClAOS), and the associated theoretical pI, MW, and GRAVY values were 5.55–9.69, 21.54–60.18 kDa, and from –0.285 to –0.132, respectively. Subcellular prediction results showed that all of the watermelon CYP74 proteins were localized in the chloroplast, with the exception of ClHPL3, which was a cytoplasmic protein.
Among these genes, all ClHPL genes were located in chromosome 2, while ClAOS was located in chromosome 8 (Table 1 and Figure 1). According to the criteria in a previous report [34], one segmental duplication event (ClHPL3 and ClAOS) was identified, while two pairs of genes (ClHPL1 and ClHPL2; ClHPL3 and ClHPL4), were generated from tandem gene duplications (Figure 1).

3.2. Phylogenetic Relationships of the CYP74 Proteins in Watermelon and Other Plant Species

To reveal the phylogenetic relationships of watermelon CYP74 genes with those from other plants, a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree of watermelon CYP74 proteins and the corresponding orthologs from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) [35], common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) [36], barrel medic (M. truncatula) [15], and Arabidopsis were generated. As a result, these CYP74 proteins were clustered into three subfamilies (CYP74A, CYP74B, and CYP74C) (Figure 2). DES, which belongs to the CYP74D subfamily of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, was not identified in these plant species [2,6]. ClAOS was grouped with other plant AOS proteins into the CYP74A subfamily, which was distinct from HPLs (Figure 2). HPLs from these plants were grouped into two subfamilies, CYP74B and CYP74C. ClHPL1 and ClHPL2 were clustered together with other 13-HPL sequences in the CYP74B subfamily, while ClHPL3 and ClHPL4 were clustered together with other 9-HPL and 9/13-HPL sequences in the CYP74C subfamily (Figure 2).

3.3. Characterization and Conserved Motif Analysis of CYP74 Proteins in Watermelon and Other Plant Species

Multiple sequence alignment results revealed that three representative domains, including Helix-I region (FNxxGGxKxxxP), Helix-K region (ExxR), and Heme-binding domain (PxxxNKQCxGKD), were highly conserved among all the HPL and AOS proteins from watermelon and other plants, with the exception of ClHPL1 (Figure 3). To explore the conserved motifs within CYP74 proteins, the MEME tool was used to discover the conserved motifs of CYP74 proteins from Arabidopsis, cucumber, common bean, Medicago truncatula, and watermelon. A total of 10 distinct motifs were identified, all of which were present in all CYP74A and CYP74C proteins (Figure 4 and Table S3). However, CYP74B proteins were lacked of certain motifs. For example, CsHPL3, Pv-CYP74B20 and MtHPL3 were lacked of motif 9, while motifs 4 and 5 were absent in AtHPL (Figure 4).

3.4. Structural Analysis of CYP74 Genes in Watermelon and Other Plant Species

The structures of CYP74 genes from watermelon and other plant species were determined by alignment of the CDS sequences to the gDNA sequences. As shown in Figure 5, the intron numbers of these CYP74 genes varied from 0 to 2, and all CYP74A members were intron-less, whereas the majority of CYP74B and CYP74C subfamily genes harbored one to two introns, with the exception of MtHPL1, which also contained no intron (Figure 5).

3.5. Cis-Element Analysis of Watermelon CYP74 Genes

To assess the possible transcriptional regulation of watermelon CYP74 genes, 1500-bp sequences upstream of the translation start site of ClHPL and ClAOS genes were scanned by using PlantCARE. The results indicated the presence of 14 types of development-, stress-, and hormone-related cis-elements in the promoter regions of the ClHPL and ClAOS genes (Figure 6). Only two kinds of cis-elements were found to be related to development, including GCN4 motif and O2-site, which were involved in endosperm expression and zein metabolism regulation, respectively (Figure 6). The two development-related cis-elements were only present in the promoters of ClHPL1, ClHPL3, and ClHPL4. Several stress-related cis-elements, such as LTR (low-temperature responsiveness element), TC-rich repeats (defense and stress responsiveness element), WUN-motif (wound-responsive element), W-box (WRKY binding site involved in abiotic stress and defense response), and ARE (anaerobic induction element), were identified in the promoters of ClHPL and ClAOS genes (Figure 6). Notably, the ARE element was much more abundant than other stress-related cis-elements, especially in the promoters of ClHPL2 and ClHPL4. Seven kinds of hormone-related cis-elements were found in the ClHPL and ClAOS promoters (Figure 6). For example, one or more ethylene responsive elements (ERE) were identified in the promoters of ClHPL and ClAOS genes. Additionally, the cis-element related to MeJA (CGTCA-motif) was found in ClHPL2-4 and ClAOS but not in ClHPL1, and the cis-element associated with auxin (TGA-element) was found in ClHPL4, but not in other genes (Figure 6). There were abscisic acid (ABA) responsive elements (ABRE) in the promoters of ClHPL4 and ClAOS, and gibberellin-responsive elements (GARE-motif, P-box, and TATC-box) in the promoters of ClHPL2-4 (Figure 6). These results implied that the watermelon CYP74 genes might be involved in plant development and responses to hormone and various stresses.

3.6. Expression Analysis of Watermelon CYP74 Genes in Different Tissues and During Fruit Development

To investigate the tissue-specific expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes, the expression levels of ClHPL1, ClHPL2, and ClAOS were determined in five tissues and organs by qRT-PCR, including the leaf, root, stem, flower, and fruit. ClHPL1 and ClHPL2 showed similar expression patterns, with the highest expression in fruit, moderate expression in leaf, and relatively lower expression in other tissues, particularly in root (Figure 7A). ClAOS was also highly expressed in fruit and flower and had weak expression in other tissues (Figure 7A).
To study the potential role of watermelon CYP74 genes in fruit development, their expression in the flesh and rind was determined at different developmental stages based on previously published transcriptome data [30]. ClHPL1 and ClHPL2 were highly expressed during the development of flesh and rind, while ClHPL3 was weakly expressed at all stages of flesh and rind development (Figure 7B). Both ClHPL4 and ClAOS showed significant transcriptional changes at all stages of flesh and rind development (Figure 7B). These results indicated that watermelon CYP74 genes might be involved in fruit development.

3.7. Expression Analysis of Watermelon CYP74 Genes Under Hormonal Treatments

To study the effects of different hormones on the expression of watermelon CYP74 genes, the expression profiles of the ClHPL and ClAOS genes in the leaf and root were analyzed under JA, SA, and ET treatments. The results showed that all these genes were dramatically up-regulated in response to the three hormones (Figure 8). ClHPL1 and ClHPL2 had similar expression patterns under JA, SA, and ET treatments, with the expression levels gradually increasing at the earlier time points and peaking at 9 h, and then decreasing sharply at 24 h (Figure 8). Under JA treatment, the expression of ClHPL3 and ClAOS was obviously up-regulated in both the leaf and root, but the expression of ClAOS was much higher than that of ClHPL3 and displayed a declining trend at 9 h and 24 h (Figure 7B and Figure 8A). Under SA and ET treatments, the expression levels of ClHPL3 and ClAOS also increased observably at earlier time points (1 h and 3 h) and then decreased gradually at 9 h and 24 h (Figure 7D and Figure 8C). These results indicated the possible functions of these genes in mediating various hormone signaling pathways in watermelon.

3.8. Expression Patterns of Watermelon CYP74 Genes in Response to Root-Knot Nematode Infection

To assess the role of watermelon CYP74 genes during RKN infection and development, we examined the expression of ClAOS and ClHPL genes under the treatments of CK, RKN, RL, and RR using previous transcriptome data [23]. In leaves, both ClHPL1 and ClHPL2 were down-regulated by RKN treatment relative to CK, while their expression levels were unchanged under the treatments of RL and RR (Figure 9). In leaves, RR treatment observably up-regulated four watermelon CYP74 genes (ClHPL1, ClHPL2, ClHPL3, and ClAOS) compared with RKN treatment (Figure 9). In roots, ClAOS was down-regulated by RL treatment compared with CK, and its expression was up-regulated under RR treatment compared with RKN treatment (Figure 9).

4. Discussion

In this study, genome-wide identification of the CYP74 gene family was performed in watermelon. A total of four HPL genes and one AOS gene were identified in the watermelon genome, while no DES genes were identified (Table 1). In previous reports, only a single gene was found to encode AOS in various plants, such as Arabidopsis [24,25], cucumber [9,35], common bean [36], grapevine [37,38], Brassica species [39], and the numbers of HPL genes in these plants were 1, 3, 4, 4, 1, and 1, respectively. In addition, rice harbors three OsHPL genes and two OsAOS genes [13,40,41,42], and M. truncatula has four MtHPL genes and two MtAOS genes [15]. However, no DES genes were identified in these plants. In the present study, AOS was also encoded by a single gene, but the HPL genes existed in multiple copies. According to the criteria in a previous report [27], two tandem duplication events and one segmental duplication event were identified (Figure 1). A previous study showed that a single amino acid exchange leads to the conversion of an AOS to an HPL [43]. These results suggest that the CYP74 genes, especially HPL genes, have undergone significant expansion during evolution in watermelon.
The phylogenetic tree revealed that HPL and AOS proteins from Arabidopsis, cucumber, common bean, Medicago truncatula, and watermelon can be grouped into three subfamilies, which were named CYP74A, CYP74B, and CYP74C, as defined by cytochrome P450 nomenclature (Figure 2). Amongst them, the CYP74A subfamily contains only AOS sequences. HPLs in these plants were grouped into two subfamilies depending on their substrate specificity, 13-HPLs (CYP74B) and 9-/13-HPLs (CYP74C), which was similar to the results in previous studies [6,13,41]. Amino acid alignment clearly indicated that three representative domains, Helix-I region, Helix-K region, and Heme-binding domain, were present in nearly all of the HPL and AOS proteins in various plants (Figure 3), suggesting that these domains are essential for the functions of the CYP74 enzymes in plants. We further detected the conserved motifs by MEME tool. The results showed that all CYP74A and CYP74C proteins possessed all 10 conserved motifs, while CYP74B proteins lacked certain motifs (Figure 4). Indeed, the phylogenetic analysis showed that CYP74C proteins from various plants were more closely related to CYP74A than to CYP74B proteins (Figure 2), implying that CYP74A and CYP74C subfamily members were highly conserved during evolution. Moreover, the results of gene structure analysis also confirmed the reliability of the phylogenetic tree. For example, some genes in the same group exhibited the same number of introns with CDS lengths highly similar to each other, such as Pv-CYP74C28/Pv-CYP74C29, MtHPL2/MtHPL4, and ClHPL3/CsHPL2/ClHPL4/CsHPL1 in the CYP74B subfamily, and Pv-CYP74B20/MtHPL3 in the CYP74C subfamily, implying their similar functions in plants (Figure 5).
To functionally characterize the CYP74 genes, we first assessed the expression profiles of three genes (ClHPL1, ClHPL2 and ClAOS) in different tissues by qRT-PCR. As a result, the three genes were found to be highly expressed in fruit, especially ClAOS (Figure 7A). Similarly, VvAOS was shown to have the highest expression in the pulp of mature berries [37]. In addition, the three genes also displayed relatively higher expression levels in flower and leaf. In grapevine, VvHPL2 had much higher expression in leaf and flower than in other tissues [38]. The transcriptome data were used to assess the expression of CYP74 genes during fruit development. Although the expression of ClAOS and ClHPL genes could be detected during the development of flesh and rind, there were obvious variations in their expression in developing flesh and rind (Figure 7B), which is consistent with the expression patterns of their homologous genes reported in other species, such as tomato [11], cucumber [9], and grapevine [38].
Oxylipins are a class of secondary metabolites derived from the LOX pathway, and products of this pathway are involved in responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses of plants, including wound healing, drought, pathogen attack, pest resistance, and hormone signaling [2,6,44,45]. In this study, a number of stress- and hormone-related cis-elements were found in the promoter regions of ClAOS and ClHPL genes (Figure 6), suggesting that they may play certain roles in response to various stresses and hormones. For example, one and two WUN-motifs were respectively present in promoters of ClHPL4 and ClAOS, implying that these two genes may be involved in wound healing. In rice, the expression of OsHPL3 was found to be induced by wounding [40]. In M. truncatula, wounding was found to trigger an early and strong up-regulation of AOS and HPL genes in the aerial tissues accompanied by the biosynthesis of more jasmonate [15]. Besides, spatial and temporal dynamics of jasmonate burst upon leaf wounding were also reported in Arabidopsis [46]. In addition, AOS and HPL genes were also found to be up-regulated in response to various biotic stresses. For example, wounding or inoculation with nonpathogenic Alternaria alternata could rapidly lead to the transcript accumulation of the HPL and AOS genes in rough lemon [47]. In this study, ClAOS was up-regulated under RR treatment compared with RKN treatment in both leaves and roots (Figure 9), suggesting its important role in RL-induced systemic resistance against RKN infection. AOS is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of jasmonate, which plays vital roles in responses to various biotic stresses [48,49,50]. In addition, ClAOS possessed many hormone-related cis-elements (Figure 6) and exhibited more dramatically up-regulated expression in response to JA, SA, and ET than other detected ClHPL genes (Figure 8). Our previous report has revealed that RL-induced systemic resistance against RKN infection could be attributed to the accumulation of JA and SA [23]. JA, SA, and ET are vital components in plant defense against RKN infection in various plants [51,52,53,54,55]. Further studies need to be carried out to reveal the roles of ClAOS and ClHPL genes in regulating responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses of watermelon.

5. Conclusions

In summary, we identified five CYP74 genes in the watermelon genome, including four ClHPLs and one ClAOS, which were classified into three distinct subfamilies (CYP74A, CYP74B, and CYP74C). We also analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, protein and gene structures, cis-elements, tissue expression patterns, and responses to various hormones, nematodes infection, and red light exposure. ClAOS showed more significant variations in expression than other CYP74 genes under red light and nematode infection, indicating that the jasmonate biosynthesis from the AOS pathway plays a vital role in nematode resistance. Our results may lay a foundation for understanding the roles of CYP74 genes and provide important information for genetic engineering of watermelon.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/2073-4395/9/12/872/s1, Table S1: CYP74 enzyme family proteins from different plant species used in this study, Table S2: Primers sequences used in qRT-PCR, Table S3: Sequences and lengths of motifs among plant CYP74 proteins.

Author Contributions

Data curation, Y.Z., Y.G., J.L., and Y.Y.; formal analysis, Y.G. and J.L.; funding acquisition, Y.Z. and Y.Y.; investigation, Y.Z.; methodology, Y.G., F.W., and Y.Y.; resources, F.W. and Y.Y.; software, J.L.; writing—original draft, Y.Z.; writing—review and editing, Y.Z., G.J.A., and Y.Y.; visualization, Y.Z., G.J.A., and Y.Y.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31560572), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (20171BAB214030), and the Foundation of Jiangxi Educational Committee (GJJ160393 and GJJ180172).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Chromosomal locations of ClAOS and ClHPL genes in watermelon. The segmental and tandem duplicated genes are connected by black lines and boxed, respectively.
Figure 1. Chromosomal locations of ClAOS and ClHPL genes in watermelon. The segmental and tandem duplicated genes are connected by black lines and boxed, respectively.
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Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of CYP74 proteins among watermelon and other plant species. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap percentage values based on 1000 replications.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of CYP74 proteins among watermelon and other plant species. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap percentage values based on 1000 replications.
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Figure 3. Sequence alignment of CYP74 protein sequences from watermelon and other plant species. The three boxes indicate the Helix-I region (FNxxGGxKxxxP), Helix-K region (ExxR), and Heme-binding domain (PxxxNKQCxGKD), respectively. At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Sl, Solanum lycopersicum; Os, Oryza sativa; Cl, Citrullus lanatus.
Figure 3. Sequence alignment of CYP74 protein sequences from watermelon and other plant species. The three boxes indicate the Helix-I region (FNxxGGxKxxxP), Helix-K region (ExxR), and Heme-binding domain (PxxxNKQCxGKD), respectively. At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Sl, Solanum lycopersicum; Os, Oryza sativa; Cl, Citrullus lanatus.
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Figure 4. Conserved domain compositions of CYP74 proteins in watermelon and other plant species according to phylogenetic analysis. At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Cs, Cucumis sativus; Pv, Phaseolus vulgaris; Mt, Medicago truncatula; Cl, Citrullus lanatus.
Figure 4. Conserved domain compositions of CYP74 proteins in watermelon and other plant species according to phylogenetic analysis. At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Cs, Cucumis sativus; Pv, Phaseolus vulgaris; Mt, Medicago truncatula; Cl, Citrullus lanatus.
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Figure 5. Gene structures of CYP74 genes in watermelon and other plant species according to phylogenetic analysis. The blue boxes, green boxes, and black lines indicate UTRs, CDSs, and introns, respectively. At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Cs, Cucumis sativus; Pv, Phaseolus vulgaris; Mt, Medicago truncatula; Cl, Citrullus lanatus.
Figure 5. Gene structures of CYP74 genes in watermelon and other plant species according to phylogenetic analysis. The blue boxes, green boxes, and black lines indicate UTRs, CDSs, and introns, respectively. At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Cs, Cucumis sativus; Pv, Phaseolus vulgaris; Mt, Medicago truncatula; Cl, Citrullus lanatus.
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Figure 6. Analysis of development-, hormone-, and stress-related cis-elements in the promoter regions of watermelon CYP74 genes. Cis-elements are shown by different colors and numbers in the grids.
Figure 6. Analysis of development-, hormone-, and stress-related cis-elements in the promoter regions of watermelon CYP74 genes. Cis-elements are shown by different colors and numbers in the grids.
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Figure 7. Expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes in different tissues and during fruit development in watermelon. (A) qRT-PCR analysis. L, leaf; R, root; S, stem; F, flower; Fr, fruit. (B) The expression levels are indicated as log2-based FPKM+1 values. DAP, days after pollination.
Figure 7. Expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes in different tissues and during fruit development in watermelon. (A) qRT-PCR analysis. L, leaf; R, root; S, stem; F, flower; Fr, fruit. (B) The expression levels are indicated as log2-based FPKM+1 values. DAP, days after pollination.
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Figure 8. qRT-PCR analysis of the expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes in leaves and roots under jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) treatments. The leaves (A,C,D) and roots (B) of the watermelon seedlings were used to examine the expression levels of the ClHPL and ClAOS genes using qRT-PCR at different time points (0, 1, 3, 9 and 24 h). The differences between different treatment times are indicated by different letters above the bars (Tukey’s multiple range tests, p < 0.05).
Figure 8. qRT-PCR analysis of the expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes in leaves and roots under jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) treatments. The leaves (A,C,D) and roots (B) of the watermelon seedlings were used to examine the expression levels of the ClHPL and ClAOS genes using qRT-PCR at different time points (0, 1, 3, 9 and 24 h). The differences between different treatment times are indicated by different letters above the bars (Tukey’s multiple range tests, p < 0.05).
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Figure 9. Expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes in leaves and roots with nematode inoculation under the treatments of CK (white light and water solution), RL (red light and water solution), RKN (white light and M. incognita infection), and RR (red light and M. incognita infection). The expression levels are indicated as log2-based FPKM+1 values.
Figure 9. Expression profiles of watermelon CYP74 genes in leaves and roots with nematode inoculation under the treatments of CK (white light and water solution), RL (red light and water solution), RKN (white light and M. incognita infection), and RR (red light and M. incognita infection). The expression levels are indicated as log2-based FPKM+1 values.
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Table
Table 1. Accession members and characteristics of the CYP74 genes in watermelon.
Table 1. Accession members and characteristics of the CYP74 genes in watermelon.
GeneGene IDGenomic PositiongDNA (bp)CDS (bp)Protein (aa)pIMW (kDa)GRAVYSubcellular Prediction
ClHPL1Cla007649Chr2: 1075–3042 (+)19685731909.6921.54–0.217Chloroplast
ClHPL2Cla007650Chr2: 7515–11478 (+)396410083355.5538.07−0.170Chloroplast
ClHPL3Cla015969Chr2: 5586383–5587923 (−)154114464818.1054.14−0.160Cytoplasmic
ClHPL4Cla015970Chr2: 5597014 –5598539 (−)152614434807.6254.20−0.132Chloroplast
ClAOSCla022526Chr8: 24373048–24374646 (+)159915995329.0260.18−0.285Chloroplast

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Zhou, Y.; Guang, Y.; Li, J.; Wang, F.; Ahammed, G.J.; Yang, Y. The CYP74 Gene Family in Watermelon: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling Under Hormonal Stress and Root-Knot Nematode Infection. Agronomy 2019, 9, 872. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy9120872

AMA Style

Zhou Y, Guang Y, Li J, Wang F, Ahammed GJ, Yang Y. The CYP74 Gene Family in Watermelon: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling Under Hormonal Stress and Root-Knot Nematode Infection. Agronomy. 2019; 9(12):872. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy9120872

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhou, Yong, Yelan Guang, Jingwen Li, Fei Wang, Golam Jalal Ahammed, and Youxin Yang. 2019. "The CYP74 Gene Family in Watermelon: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling Under Hormonal Stress and Root-Knot Nematode Infection" Agronomy 9, no. 12: 872. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agronomy9120872

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