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Symmetry, Volume 11, Issue 12 (December 2019) – 102 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): A certain kind of small deviations from Lorentz symmetry can produce transition frequency shifts that depend on the direction of the orbital velocity of the Earth relative to a vector background Lorentz-violating field. As the Earth moves around the Sun, this can cause an annual variation of the atomic transition frequency. View this paper.
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3 pages, 191 KiB  
Erratum
Kim, T. et al. Degenerate Stirling Polynomials of the Second Kind and Some Applications. Symmetry, 2019, 11(8), 1046
by Taekyun Kim, Dae San Kim, Han Young Kim and Jongkyum Kwon
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1530; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121530 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1445
Abstract
The authors wish to make the following corrections to the published paper [...] Full article
17 pages, 330 KiB  
Article
Bounds for the Generalized Distance Eigenvalues of a Graph
by Abdollah Alhevaz, Maryam Baghipur, Hilal Ahmad Ganie and Yilun Shang
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1529; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121529 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2299
Abstract
Let G be a simple undirected graph containing n vertices. Assume G is connected. Let D ( G ) be the distance matrix, D L ( G ) be the distance Laplacian, D Q ( G ) be the distance signless Laplacian, and [...] Read more.
Let G be a simple undirected graph containing n vertices. Assume G is connected. Let D ( G ) be the distance matrix, D L ( G ) be the distance Laplacian, D Q ( G ) be the distance signless Laplacian, and T r ( G ) be the diagonal matrix of the vertex transmissions, respectively. Furthermore, we denote by D α ( G ) the generalized distance matrix, i.e., D α ( G ) = α T r ( G ) + ( 1 α ) D ( G ) , where α [ 0 , 1 ] . In this paper, we establish some new sharp bounds for the generalized distance spectral radius of G, making use of some graph parameters like the order n, the diameter, the minimum degree, the second minimum degree, the transmission degree, the second transmission degree and the parameter α , improving some bounds recently given in the literature. We also characterize the extremal graphs attaining these bounds. As an special cases of our results, we will be able to cover some of the bounds recently given in the literature for the case of distance matrix and distance signless Laplacian matrix. We also obtain new bounds for the k-th generalized distance eigenvalue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discrete Mathematics and Symmetry)
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14 pages, 882 KiB  
Review
Modified Gravity in Higher Dimensions, Flux Compactification, and Cosmological Inflation
by Sergei V. Ketov
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1528; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121528 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2146
Abstract
We review a possible origin of cosmological inflation from higher ( D ) spacetime dimensions in the context of modified gravity theory. It is demonstrated that it requires a spontaneous warped compactification of higher ( D ) spacetime dimensions together with the stabilization [...] Read more.
We review a possible origin of cosmological inflation from higher ( D ) spacetime dimensions in the context of modified gravity theory. It is demonstrated that it requires a spontaneous warped compactification of higher ( D ) spacetime dimensions together with the stabilization of extra ( D 4 ) dimensions by Freund–Rubin mechanism. The relevant tools include an extra gauge ( D / 2 1 ) -form field with a non-vanishing flux in compact dimensions and a positive cosmological constant in D dimensions. Those features are illustrated on the specific example in eight spacetime dimensions compactified on a four-sphere with a warped factor and a flux, which leads to a viable Starobinsky-like inflationary model in four (non-compact) spacetime dimensions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cosmoparticle Physics - dedicated to A.D.Sakharov's 100 Anniversary)
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29 pages, 1856 KiB  
Article
A New Model for Stock Management in Order to Rationalize Costs: ABC-FUCOM-Interval Rough CoCoSo Model
by Živko Erceg, Vitomir Starčević, Dragan Pamučar, Goran Mitrović, Željko Stević and Srđan Žikić
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1527; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121527 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4344
Abstract
Cost rationalization has become imperative in every economic system in order to create adequate foundations for its efficient and sustainable management. Competitiveness in the global market is extremely high and it is challenging to manage business and logistics systems, especially with regards to [...] Read more.
Cost rationalization has become imperative in every economic system in order to create adequate foundations for its efficient and sustainable management. Competitiveness in the global market is extremely high and it is challenging to manage business and logistics systems, especially with regards to financial parameters. It is necessary to rationalize costs in all activities and processes. The presence of inventories is inevitability in every logistics system, and it tends to create adequate and symmetrical policies for their efficient and sustainable management. In order to be able to do this, it is necessary to determine which products represent the largest percentage share in the value of procurement, and which are the most represented quantitatively. For this purpose, ABC analysis, which classifies products into three categories, is applied taking into account different constraints. The aim of this paper is to form a new model that involves the integration of ABC analysis, the Full Consistency Method (FUCOM), and a novel Interval Rough Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) for stock management in the storage system. A new IRN Dombi weighted geometric averaging (IRNDWGA) operator is developed to aggregate the initial decision matrix. After grouping the products into three categories A, B and C, it is necessary to identify appropriate suppliers for each category in order to rationalize procurement costs. Financial, logistical, and quality parameters are taken into account. The FUCOM method has been used to determine the significance of these parameters. A new Interval CoCoSo approach is developed to determine the optimal suppliers for each product group. The results obtained have been modeled throughout a multi-phase sensitivity analysis. Full article
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12 pages, 2799 KiB  
Article
Optimal Parameter Selection in Robotic Belt Polishing for Aeroengine Blade Based on GRA-RSM Method
by Jian Guo, Yaoyao Shi, Zhen Chen, Tao Yu, Pan Zhao and Bijan Shirinzadeh
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121526 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
Due to its flexibility and versatility, robotic belt polishing is one of the most effective processing methods to improve the surface quality of aeroengine blades. Since belt polishing of blades is a material removal process aimed at reducing surface roughness, it is difficult [...] Read more.
Due to its flexibility and versatility, robotic belt polishing is one of the most effective processing methods to improve the surface quality of aeroengine blades. Since belt polishing of blades is a material removal process aimed at reducing surface roughness, it is difficult to achieve both minimum surface roughness and maximum material removal rates. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an optimization method combining grey correlation analysis (GRA), the Taguchi method, and the response surface method (RSM) for the multiobjective optimization of the process parameters of Ti–6Al–4V aeroengine blade polishing. Meanwhile, the problem of the influence of asymmetry on the polishing process parameters vis-a-vis the optimization goal was solved. Experiments of robotic belt polishing for aeroengine blades were carried out. Based on the results of the principal component analysis, the grey relational grade was established to turn multiobjective optimization into single-objective optimization. A quadratic regression model of Grey correlation grade was developed, and an optimal parameter combination was obtained by the RSM. Finally, verification experiments were performed, and the combination of optimal parameters was obtained as follows: feed rate of 232.09 mm/min, compression amount of 0.08 mm, and belt line speed of 16 m/s, which reduced surface roughness by 6.29% and increased the material removal rate by 16.11%. Comparing the results of GRA-RSM and GRA, the Grey correlation grade increased by 10.96%. In other words, the goal of simultaneously reducing the surface roughness and improving the material removal rate was achieved in robotic belt polishing for aeroengine blades. Full article
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27 pages, 4548 KiB  
Article
Detection of Communities within the Multibody System Dynamics Network and Analysis of Their Relations
by Daniel García-Vallejo, Alfredo Alcayde, Javier López-Martínez and Francisco G. Montoya
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1525; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121525 - 17 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2928
Abstract
Multibody system dynamics is already a well developed branch of theoretical, computational and applied mechanics. Thousands of documents can be found in any of the well-known scientific databases. In this work it is demonstrated that multibody system dynamics is built of many thematic [...] Read more.
Multibody system dynamics is already a well developed branch of theoretical, computational and applied mechanics. Thousands of documents can be found in any of the well-known scientific databases. In this work it is demonstrated that multibody system dynamics is built of many thematic communities. Using the Elsevier’s abstract and citation database SCOPUS, a massive amount of data is collected and analyzed with the use of the open source visualization tool Gephi. The information is represented as a large set of nodes with connections to study their graphical distribution and explore geometry and symmetries. A randomized radial symmetry is found in the graphical representation of the collected information. Furthermore, the concept of modularity is used to demonstrate that community structures are present in the field of multibody system dynamics. In particular, twenty-four different thematic communities have been identified. The scientific production of each community is analyzed, which allows to predict its growing rate in the next years. The journals and conference proceedings mainly used by the authors belonging to the community as well as the cooperation between them by country are also analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Engineering Sciences II)
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15 pages, 905 KiB  
Hypothesis
Extending UTAUT Theory to Compare South Korean and Chinese Institutional Investors’ Investment Decision Behavior in Cambodia: A Risk and Asset Model
by Wei Sun, Alisher Tohirovich Dedahanov, Ho Young Shin and Ki Su Kim
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1524; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121524 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2802
Abstract
This study is designed to provide strategic inspiration in multinational institutions’ investment behavior in Cambodia. Most factors affecting the investment decisions of South Korean and Chinese institutional investors in Cambodia are investigated based on UTAUT theory. Perceived asset price and perceived asset quality [...] Read more.
This study is designed to provide strategic inspiration in multinational institutions’ investment behavior in Cambodia. Most factors affecting the investment decisions of South Korean and Chinese institutional investors in Cambodia are investigated based on UTAUT theory. Perceived asset price and perceived asset quality proves to have a significant effect on perceived asset value, whereas perceived financial risk proves to have a significant negative effect on the relationship between perceived asset value and investment decision for the Chinese group, but not for the South Korean group. Facilitating conditions proves to have an important effect in investment decisions for the South Korean group, but not for the Chinese group. Furthermore, perceived asset value, social influence and performance expectancy prove to have a significant effect on investment decisions for both groups. Although both South Korean and Chinese institutional investors are plentiful in Cambodia, the investigation indicates that they maintain symmetry in investment competition due to their different preferences in investment objects and types. The results reinforce major implications in offering a more symmetrical and fair competition environment for both Cambodian regulators and multinational institutions. Full article
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20 pages, 6583 KiB  
Article
Equilibrium of Two-Dimensional Cycloidal Pantographic Metamaterials in Three-Dimensional Deformations
by Daria Scerrato and Ivan Giorgio
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1523; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121523 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2697
Abstract
A particular pantographic sheet, modeled as a two-dimensional elastic continuum consisting of an orthogonal lattice of continuously distributed fibers with a cycloidal texture, is introduced and investigated. These fibers conceived as embedded beams on the surface are allowed to be deformed in a [...] Read more.
A particular pantographic sheet, modeled as a two-dimensional elastic continuum consisting of an orthogonal lattice of continuously distributed fibers with a cycloidal texture, is introduced and investigated. These fibers conceived as embedded beams on the surface are allowed to be deformed in a three-dimensional space and are endowed with resistance to stretching, shearing, bending, and twisting. A finite element analysis directly derived from a variational formulation was performed for some explanatory tests to illustrate the behavior of the newly introduced material. Specifically, we considered tests on: (1) bias extension; (2) compressive; (3) shear; and (4) torsion. The numerical results are discussed to some extent. Finally, attention is drawn to a comparison with other kinds of orthogonal lattices, namely straight, parabolic, and oscillatory, to show the differences in the behavior of the samples due to the diverse arrangements of the fibers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Study of Symmetry and Continuum Mechanics)
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12 pages, 1092 KiB  
Article
Analytical Solution of Heat Conduction in a Symmetrical Cylinder Using the Solution Structure Theorem and Superposition Technique
by Rasool Kalbasi, Seyed Mohammadhadi Alaeddin, Mohammad Akbari and Masoud Afrand
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1522; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121522 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2881
Abstract
In this paper, non-Fourier heat conduction in a cylinder with non-homogeneous boundary conditions is analytically studied. A superposition approach combining with the solution structure theorems is used to get a solution for equation of hyperbolic heat conduction. In this solution, a complex origin [...] Read more.
In this paper, non-Fourier heat conduction in a cylinder with non-homogeneous boundary conditions is analytically studied. A superposition approach combining with the solution structure theorems is used to get a solution for equation of hyperbolic heat conduction. In this solution, a complex origin problem is divided into, different, easier subproblems which can actually be integrated to take the solution of the first problem. The first problem is split into three sub-problems by setting the term of heat generation, the initial conditions, and the boundary condition with specified value in each sub-problem. This method provides a precise and convenient solution to the equation of non-Fourier heat conduction. The results show that at low times (t = 0.1) up to about r = 0.4, the contribution of T1 and T3 dominate compared to T2 contributing little to the overall temperature. But at r > 0.4, all three temperature components will have the same role and less impact on the overall temperature (T). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aero/Hydrodynamics and Symmetry)
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7 pages, 216 KiB  
Article
Some Identities and Inequalities Involving Symmetry Sums of Legendre Polynomials
by Tingting Wang and Liang Qiao
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1521; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121521 - 16 Dec 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1638
Abstract
By using the analysis methods and the properties of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, this paper studies certain symmetry sums of the Legendre polynomials, and gives some new and interesting identities and inequalities for them, thus improving certain existing results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Symmetric Polynomials with Their Applications Ⅱ)
19 pages, 3939 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Aligned Magnetic Flow Comprising Nanoliquid over a Radial Stretchable Surface with Cattaneo–Christov Heat Flux with Entropy Generation
by A. Zaib, Umair Khan, Ilyas Khan, Asiful H. Seikh and El-Sayed M. Sherif
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1520; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121520 - 15 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2250
Abstract
The influence of entropy generation on aligned magnetic flow-including nanoparticles through a convectively heated radial stretched surface in the existence of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux is inspected. The highly nonlinear leading PDE’s via the similar scaling transformation are developed. The resulting system via the [...] Read more.
The influence of entropy generation on aligned magnetic flow-including nanoparticles through a convectively heated radial stretched surface in the existence of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux is inspected. The highly nonlinear leading PDE’s via the similar scaling transformation are developed. The resulting system via the bvp4c technique from Matlab is computed. The impacts of rising constraints on the liquid velocity, nanoparticles concentration and temperature profile are argued and showed via portraits and table. In addition, the performance of liquid flow is inspected through the friction factor, the mass and heat transfer rate. With the rise in the thermal relaxation constraint, the thermal boundary layer is appreciably altered. Due to an aligned angle, the velocity of nanoliquid declines, while the concentration and temperature of nanofluid augment. It is also observed that the values of friction factor increase, whereas the values of heat and mass transfer decline due to an aligned angle. Entropy generation profiles developed due to magnetic parameters and the aligned angle. Lastly, a comparative scrutiny is composed via the previous studies which lead to support for our presently developed model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids)
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23 pages, 2817 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Consensus Protocol Modified from Doubly Stochastic Quadratic Operators in Networks of Dynamic Agents
by Rawad Abdulghafor, Sultan Almotairi, Hamad Almohamedh, Sherzod Turaev and Badr Almutairi
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1519; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121519 - 15 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2404
Abstract
This article explores nonlinear convergence to limit the effects of the consensus problem that usually occurs in multi-agent systems. Most of the existing research essentially considers the outline of linear protocols, using complex mathematical equations in various orders. In this work, however, we [...] Read more.
This article explores nonlinear convergence to limit the effects of the consensus problem that usually occurs in multi-agent systems. Most of the existing research essentially considers the outline of linear protocols, using complex mathematical equations in various orders. In this work, however, we designed and developed an alternative nonlinear protocol based on simple and effective mathematical approaches. The designed protocol in this sense was modified from the Doubly Stochastic Quadratic Operators (DSQO) and was aimed at resolving consensus problems. Therefore, we called it Modified Doubly Stochastic Quadratic Operators (MDSQO). The protocol was derived in the context of coordinated systems to overcome the consensus issue related to multi-agent systems. In the process, we proved that by using the proposed nonlinear protocol, the consensus could be reached via a common agreement among the agents (average consensus) in a fast and easy fashion without losing any initial status. Moreover, the investigated nonlinear protocol of MDSQO realized the reaching consensus always as well as DSQO in some cases, which could not reach consensus. Finally, simulation results were given to prove the validity of the theoretical analysis. Full article
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16 pages, 12242 KiB  
Article
Automatic Defect Inspection for Coated Eyeglass Based on Symmetrized Energy Analysis of Color Channels
by Ngoc Tuyen Le, Jing-Wein Wang, Chou-Chen Wang and Tu N. Nguyen
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1518; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121518 - 15 Dec 2019
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 4334
Abstract
Nowadays, eyeglassesare used for vision correction as well as in the fashion industry. Eyeglasses have become more expensive and the eyewear industry has grown rapidly, thereby requiring the development of advanced coating technologies. However, defect detection by visual inspection in the manufacturing process [...] Read more.
Nowadays, eyeglassesare used for vision correction as well as in the fashion industry. Eyeglasses have become more expensive and the eyewear industry has grown rapidly, thereby requiring the development of advanced coating technologies. However, defect detection by visual inspection in the manufacturing process of eyeglass coatings is difficult. To solve this problem, we propose the coated eyeglass defect detection system framework based on machine vision for real-time inspection. First, we locate and extract regions of interest (ROI) ofthe coated eyeglass by adopting cross-projection based on symmetrizedenergy analysis. Next, we propose an efficient method based on the symmetrized energy analysis of color channelsto enhance defectsin each color channel of the ROI of the coated eyeglass. Then, we adoptsymmetrized cross-projection energy analysis for locating defective areas inside the ROI of the coated eyeglass. Finally, we compare the defect detection resultsfor the coated eyeglass with the standard manufacturingquality. An experiment is conducted using real data collected froma Taiwanese eyeglass factory to validate the performance of the proposed framework. This framework achieves a 100% defect detection rate, demonstrating that it is valid and useful for inspecting coated eyeglasses in industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Technologies and Electronics)
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10 pages, 249 KiB  
Article
S-Subgradient Projection Methods with S-Subdifferential Functions for Nonconvex Split Feasibility Problems
by Jinzuo Chen, Mihai Postolache and Yonghong Yao
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1517; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121517 - 14 Dec 2019
Viewed by 1729
Abstract
In this paper, the original C Q algorithm, the relaxed C Q algorithm, the gradient projection method ( G P M ) algorithm, and the subgradient projection method ( S P M ) algorithm for the convex split feasibility problem are reviewed, and [...] Read more.
In this paper, the original C Q algorithm, the relaxed C Q algorithm, the gradient projection method ( G P M ) algorithm, and the subgradient projection method ( S P M ) algorithm for the convex split feasibility problem are reviewed, and a renewed S P M algorithm with S-subdifferential functions to solve nonconvex split feasibility problems in finite dimensional spaces is suggested. The weak convergence theorem is established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization)
18 pages, 2557 KiB  
Article
Study on Adaptive Cruise Control Strategy for Battery Electric Vehicle Considering Weight Adjustment
by Sheng Zhang and Xiangtao Zhuan
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1516; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121516 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2710
Abstract
This paper studies control strategies for adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). A hierarchical control structure is adopted for the ACC system, and the structure contains an upper controller and a lower controller. This paper focuses on the upper [...] Read more.
This paper studies control strategies for adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). A hierarchical control structure is adopted for the ACC system, and the structure contains an upper controller and a lower controller. This paper focuses on the upper controller. In the upper controller, model predictive control (MPC) is applied for optimizing multiple objectives in the car-following process. In addition, multiple objectives, including safety, tracking, comfort, and energy economy, can be transformed into a symmetric objective function with constraints in MPC. In the objective function, the corresponding weight matrix for the optimization of multiple objectives is implemented in symmetric form to reduce the computational complexity. The weights in the weight matrix are usually set to be constant. However, the motion states of the own vehicle and the front vehicle change with respect to time during a car-following process, resulting in variation of the driving conditions. MPCs with constant weights do not adapt well to changes in driving conditions, which limits the performance of the ACC system. Therefore, a strategy for weight adjustment is proposed in order to improve the tracking performance, in which some weights in MPC can be adjusted according to the relative velocity of two vehicles in real time. The simulation experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy for weight adjustment. Based on achieving the other control objectives, the ACC system with the weight adjustment has better tracking performance than the ACC system with the constant weight. While the tracking is improved, the energy economy is also improved. Full article
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15 pages, 17438 KiB  
Article
Radiative Processes of Two Accelerated Entangled Atoms Near Boundaries
by Chi Zhang and Wenting Zhou
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1515; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121515 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1669
Abstract
By considering the interaction between a two-atom system and the vacuum massless scalar field in the viewpoint of an instantaneously inertial observer, we study the rates of transition of a uniformly accelerated two-atom system in the symmetric/antisymmetric entangled state near a reflecting boundary [...] Read more.
By considering the interaction between a two-atom system and the vacuum massless scalar field in the viewpoint of an instantaneously inertial observer, we study the rates of transition of a uniformly accelerated two-atom system in the symmetric/antisymmetric entangled state near a reflecting boundary and in a cavity, respectively. We find that both the downward transition | ψ ± | g A g B and the upward transition | ψ ± | e A e B occur for the accelerated two-atom system, as in sharp contrast with the case of a static two-atom system, in which the upward transition can never happen. Similar to the rates of transition of atoms immersed in a thermal bath with the FDU temperature, both the downward transition rate and the upward transition rate are characterized by the Plank factor ( e 2 π ω 0 / a 1 ) 1 . This character of the transition rates is very different from the other radiative properties of the accelerated two-atom system, such as the resonance interatomic energy, for which the revisions of the effects of uniform acceleration are never characterized by such a factor. We show with analytical and numerical results that both the downward transition and the upward transition processes can be effectively manipulated by the atomic non-inertial motion and by the presence of boundaries. By comparing the upward transition rate with the downward transition rate, we discover that, when ω 0 a , with ω 0 and a being the energy space and the proper acceleration of the two-atom system, the disentanglement caused by the upward transition is negligible, while, if ω 0 a , the disentanglement caused by the upward transition becomes as important as that caused by the downward transition. Full article
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13 pages, 744 KiB  
Article
New Results on Neutrosophic Extended Triplet Groups Equipped with a Partial Order
by Xin Zhou, Ping Li, Florentin Smarandache and Ahmed Mostafa Khalil
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1514; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121514 - 13 Dec 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2044
Abstract
Neutrosophic extended triplet group (NETG) is a novel algebra structure and it is different from the classical group. The major concern of this paper is to present the concept of a partially ordered neutrosophic extended triplet group (po-NETG), which is a NETG equipped [...] Read more.
Neutrosophic extended triplet group (NETG) is a novel algebra structure and it is different from the classical group. The major concern of this paper is to present the concept of a partially ordered neutrosophic extended triplet group (po-NETG), which is a NETG equipped with a partial order that relates to its multiplicative operation, and consider properties and structure features of po-NETGs. Firstly, in a po-NETG, we propose the concepts of the positive cone and negative cone, and investigate the structure features of them. Secondly, we study the specificity of the positive cone in a partially ordered weak commutative neutrosophic extended triplet group (po-WCNETG). Finally, we introduce the concept of a po-NETG homomorphism between two po-NETGs, construct a po-NETG on a quotient set by providing a multiplication and a partial order, then we discuss some fundamental properties of them. Full article
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16 pages, 301 KiB  
Article
Quantum Estimates of Ostrowski Inequalities for Generalized ϕ-Convex Functions
by Miguel J. Vivas-Cortez, Artion Kashuri, Rozana Liko and Jorge E. Hernández Hernández
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1513; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121513 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2170
Abstract
In this paper, the study is focused on the quantum estimates of Ostrowski type inequalities for q-differentiable functions involving the special function introduced by R.K. Raina which depends on certain parameters. Our methodology involves Jackson’s q-integral, the basic concepts of quantum [...] Read more.
In this paper, the study is focused on the quantum estimates of Ostrowski type inequalities for q-differentiable functions involving the special function introduced by R.K. Raina which depends on certain parameters. Our methodology involves Jackson’s q-integral, the basic concepts of quantum calculus, and a generalization of a class of special functions used in the frame of convex sets and convex functions. As a main result, some quantum estimates for the aforementioned inequality are established and some cases involving the special hypergeometric and Mittag–Leffler functions have been studied and some known results are deduced. Full article
12 pages, 944 KiB  
Article
Nonparametric Tensor Completion Based on Gradient Descent and Nonconvex Penalty
by Kai Xu and Zhi Xiong
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121512 - 12 Dec 2019
Viewed by 1930
Abstract
Existing tensor completion methods all require some hyperparameters. However, these hyperparameters determine the performance of each method, and it is difficult to tune them. In this paper, we propose a novel nonparametric tensor completion method, which formulates tensor completion as an unconstrained optimization [...] Read more.
Existing tensor completion methods all require some hyperparameters. However, these hyperparameters determine the performance of each method, and it is difficult to tune them. In this paper, we propose a novel nonparametric tensor completion method, which formulates tensor completion as an unconstrained optimization problem and designs an efficient iterative method to solve it. In each iteration, we not only calculate the missing entries by the aid of data correlation, but consider the low-rank of tensor and the convergence speed of iteration. Our iteration is based on the gradient descent method, and approximates the gradient descent direction with tensor matricization and singular value decomposition. Considering the symmetry of every dimension of a tensor, the optimal unfolding direction in each iteration may be different. So we select the optimal unfolding direction by scaled latent nuclear norm in each iteration. Moreover, we design formula for the iteration step-size based on the nonconvex penalty. During the iterative process, we store the tensor in sparsity and adopt the power method to compute the maximum singular value quickly. The experiments of image inpainting and link prediction show that our method is competitive with six state-of-the-art methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iterative Numerical Functional Analysis with Applications)
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20 pages, 2836 KiB  
Article
Research on Nonlinear Coupling Anti-Swing Control Method of Double Pendulum Gantry Crane Based on Improved Energy
by Huaitao Shi, Gang Li, Xin Ma and Jie Sun
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1511; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121511 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4090
Abstract
The double pendulum type gantry crane is a typical symmetry underactuated motion system. It has control problems in that the swing of the payload is difficult to suppress and the precise positioning of the trolley is not accurate. A new nonlinear coupling control [...] Read more.
The double pendulum type gantry crane is a typical symmetry underactuated motion system. It has control problems in that the swing of the payload is difficult to suppress and the precise positioning of the trolley is not accurate. A new nonlinear coupling control method based on improved energy is proposed in this paper. We define coupled control signal among trolley, hook and payload. An improved energy storage function is established based on the new coupling control signal. Consequently, a nonlinear anti-swing controller is constructed straightforwardly, and the closed-loop system stability is subject to strict mathematics analysis by Lyapunov and LaSalle’ s theorem. Moreover, the new energy function based on the coupling behaving between the trolley motion and the payload swing leads to the improved control performance. Numerical simulation results show that the proposed method has better performance than traditional controllers. It not only effectively suppresses the swing of the load and the hook, but also precisely controls the displacement of the trolley. It has strong robustness to the displacement of the payload, the change of the gantry crane parameters and the external disturbance. Full article
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31 pages, 9775 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Benzopyran and Benzodihydropyran (Chromane) Nuclei
by Renato Dalpozzo and Raffaella Mancuso
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1510; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121510 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3711
Abstract
Benzopyran and benzodihydropyran (chromane) nuclei are the core structure of many natural products, in particular flavonoids. Many compounds possessing this structure are nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical nutrients. Therefore, benzopyran and chromane scaffolds are important building blocks in organic synthesis and many efforts have been made [...] Read more.
Benzopyran and benzodihydropyran (chromane) nuclei are the core structure of many natural products, in particular flavonoids. Many compounds possessing this structure are nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical nutrients. Therefore, benzopyran and chromane scaffolds are important building blocks in organic synthesis and many efforts have been made to set up efficient methods for their synthesis. In particular, asymmetric methods are of great importance, being natural products, and generally chiral substances. This review aims to cover literature in the range 2017–first half of 2019. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemistry: Symmetry/Asymmetry)
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17 pages, 444 KiB  
Article
Multivariate Skew-Power-Normal Distributions: Properties and Associated Inference
by Guillermo Martínez-Flórez, Artur J. Lemonte and Hugo S. Salinas
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1509; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121509 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2197
Abstract
The univariate power-normal distribution is quite useful for modeling many types of real data. On the other hand, multivariate extensions of this univariate distribution are not common in the statistic literature, mainly skewed multivariate extensions that can be bimodal, for example. In this [...] Read more.
The univariate power-normal distribution is quite useful for modeling many types of real data. On the other hand, multivariate extensions of this univariate distribution are not common in the statistic literature, mainly skewed multivariate extensions that can be bimodal, for example. In this paper, based on the univariate power-normal distribution, we extend the univariate power-normal distribution to the multivariate setup. Structural properties of the new multivariate distributions are established. We consider the maximum likelihood method to estimate the unknown parameters, and the observed and expected Fisher information matrices are also derived. Monte Carlo simulation results indicate that the maximum likelihood approach is quite effective to estimate the model parameters. An empirical application of the proposed multivariate distribution to real data is provided for illustrative purposes. Full article
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11 pages, 291 KiB  
Article
Properties of Partially Degenerate Complex Appell Polynomials
by Dojin Kim and Sangil Kim
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121508 - 11 Dec 2019
Viewed by 1602
Abstract
Degenerate versions of polynomial sequences have been recently studied to obtain useful properties such as symmetric identities by introducing degenerate exponential-type generating functions. As part of our continued work in degenerate versions of generating functions, we subsequently present our study on degenerate complex [...] Read more.
Degenerate versions of polynomial sequences have been recently studied to obtain useful properties such as symmetric identities by introducing degenerate exponential-type generating functions. As part of our continued work in degenerate versions of generating functions, we subsequently present our study on degenerate complex Appell polynomials by considering a partially degenerate version of the generating functions of ordinary complex Appell polynomials in this paper. We only consider partially degenerate generating functions to retain the crucial properties of the Appell sequence, and we present useful identities and general properties by splitting complex values into their real and imaginary parts; moreover, we provide several explicit examples. Additionally, the differential equations satisfied by degenerate complex Bernoulli and Euler polynomials are derived by the quasi-monomiality principle using Appell-type polynomials. Full article
16 pages, 415 KiB  
Article
Supersymmetric NJL-Type Model for a Real Superfield Composite
by Yifan Cheng, Yan-Min Dai, Gaber Faisel and Otto C. W. Kong
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1507; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121507 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2165
Abstract
The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model is a classic theory for the strong dynamics of composite fields and symmetry breaking. Supersymmetric versions of the NJL-type models are certainly of interest too. Particularly, the case with a composite (Higgs) chiral superfield formed by two (quark) chiral [...] Read more.
The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model is a classic theory for the strong dynamics of composite fields and symmetry breaking. Supersymmetric versions of the NJL-type models are certainly of interest too. Particularly, the case with a composite (Higgs) chiral superfield formed by two (quark) chiral superfields has received much attention. Here, we propose a prototype model with a four-chiral-superfield interaction, giving a real superfield composite. It has a spin-one composite vector field with properties being somewhat similar to a massive gauge boson of spontaneously broken gauge symmetry. As such, it is like the first supersymmetric analog to non-supersymmetric models with spin-one composites. The key formulation developed here is the picture of quantum effective action as a superfield functional with parameters like constant superfields, having explicit supersymmetric and Grassmann number dependent supersymmetry breaking parts. Following the standard non-perturbative analysis for NJL-type models, the gap equation analysis shows plausible signature of dynamical supersymmetry breaking which is worth more serious analysis. With an extra superfield model Lagrangian included, comparison between the models and their non-supersymmetric counterparts is discussed, illustrating the notion of supersymmetrization is nontrivial in the setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Application of Symmetry Principles to High Energy Physics)
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12 pages, 560 KiB  
Article
Model of Threats to Computer Network Software
by Aleksey Novokhrestov, Anton Konev and Alexander Shelupanov
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1506; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121506 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3334
Abstract
This article highlights the issue of identifying information security threats to computer networks. The aim of the study is to increase the number of identified threats. Firstly, it was carried out the analysis of computer network models used to identify threats, as well [...] Read more.
This article highlights the issue of identifying information security threats to computer networks. The aim of the study is to increase the number of identified threats. Firstly, it was carried out the analysis of computer network models used to identify threats, as well as in approaches to building computer network threat models. The shortcomings that need to be corrected are highlighted. On the basis of the mathematical apparatus of attributive metagraphs, a computer network model is developed that allows to describe the software components of computer networks and all possible connections between them. On the basis of elementary operations on metagraphs, a model of threats to the security of computer network software is developed, which allows compiling lists of threats to the integrity and confidentiality of computer network software. These lists include more threats in comparison with the considered analogues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Technologies and Electronics)
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16 pages, 7731 KiB  
Article
Digital Watermarking Image Compression Method Based on Symmetric Encryption Algorithms
by Yanli Tan and Yongqiang Zhao
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1505; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121505 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2493
Abstract
A digital watermarking image compression method based on symmetrical encryption algorithm is proposed in this study. First, the original image and scrambled watermarking image are processed by wavelet transform, and then the watermarking image processed by the Arnold replacement method is transformed into [...] Read more.
A digital watermarking image compression method based on symmetrical encryption algorithm is proposed in this study. First, the original image and scrambled watermarking image are processed by wavelet transform, and then the watermarking image processed by the Arnold replacement method is transformed into a meaningless image in the time domain to achieve the effect of encryption. Watermarking is generated by embedding the watermarking image into the important coefficients of the wavelet transform. As an inverse process of watermarking embedding, watermarking extraction needs to be reconstructed by the wavelet transform. Finally, the watermarking is extracted from the inverse scrambled watermarking image, and a new symmetrically encrypted digital watermarking image is obtained. The compression method compresses the embedded digital watermarking image, so that the volume of the compressed watermarking image is greatly reduced when the visual difference is very small. The experimental results show that the watermarking image encrypted by this method not only has good transparency, but also has strong anti-brightness/contrast attack, anti-shearing, and anti-noise performance. When the volume of the compressed image is greatly reduced, the root mean square error and visual difference measurement of the watermarking image are very small. Full article
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31 pages, 1412 KiB  
Article
Variance Ranking for Multi-Classed Imbalanced Datasets: A Case Study of One-Versus-All
by Solomon H. Ebenuwa, Mhd Saeed Sharif, Ameer Al-Nemrat, Ali H. Al-Bayatti, Nasser Alalwan, Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani and Osama Alfarraj
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1504; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121504 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2936
Abstract
Imbalanced classes in multi-classed datasets is one of the most salient hindrances to the accuracy and dependable results of predictive modeling. In predictions, there are always majority and minority classes, and in most cases it is difficult to capture the members of item [...] Read more.
Imbalanced classes in multi-classed datasets is one of the most salient hindrances to the accuracy and dependable results of predictive modeling. In predictions, there are always majority and minority classes, and in most cases it is difficult to capture the members of item belonging to the minority classes. This anomaly is traceable to the designs of the predictive algorithms because most algorithms do not factor in the unequal numbers of classes into their designs and implementations. The accuracy of most modeling processes is subjective to the ever-present consequences of the imbalanced classes. This paper employs the variance ranking technique to deal with the real-world class imbalance problem. We augmented this technique using one-versus-all re-coding of the multi-classed datasets. The proof-of-concept experimentation shows that our technique performs better when compared with the previous work done on capturing small class members in multi-classed datasets. Full article
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21 pages, 1110 KiB  
Article
A Cross-Efficiency Evaluation Method Based on Evaluation Criteria Balanced on Interval Weights
by Hailiu Shi, Yingming Wang and Xiaoming Zhang
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1503; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121503 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2190
Abstract
Cross-efficiency evaluation approaches and common set of weights (CSW) approaches have long been suggested as two of the more important and effective methods for the ranking of decision making units (DMUs) in data envelopment analysis (DEA). The former emphasizes the flexibility of evaluation [...] Read more.
Cross-efficiency evaluation approaches and common set of weights (CSW) approaches have long been suggested as two of the more important and effective methods for the ranking of decision making units (DMUs) in data envelopment analysis (DEA). The former emphasizes the flexibility of evaluation and its weights are asymmetric, while the latter focuses on the standardization of evaluation and its weights are symmetrical. As a compromise between these two approaches, this paper proposes a cross-efficiency evaluation method that is based on two types of flexible evaluation criteria balanced on interval weights. The evaluation criteria can be regarded as macro policy—or means of regulation—according to the industry’s current situation. Unlike current cross-efficiency evaluation methods, which tend to choose the set of weights for peer evaluation based on certain preferences, the cross-efficiency evaluation method based on evaluation criterion determines one set of input and output weights for each DMU. This is done by minimizing the difference between the weights of the DMU and the evaluation criteria, thus ensuring that the cross-evaluation of all DMUs for evaluating peers is as consistent as possible. This method also eliminates prejudice and arbitrariness from peer evaluations. As a result, the proposed cross-efficiency evaluation method not only looks for non-zero weights, but also ranks efficient DMUs completely. The proposed DEA model can be further extended to seek a common set of weights for all DMUs. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the applications of the cross-efficiency evaluation method based on evaluation criterion in DEA ranking. Full article
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13 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Algorithms for Variational Inequalities Involving a Strict Pseudocontraction
by Sun Young Cho
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1502; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121502 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1766
Abstract
In a real Hilbert space, we investigate the Tseng’s extragradient algorithms with hybrid adaptive step-sizes for treating a Lipschitzian pseudomonotone variational inequality problem and a strict pseudocontraction fixed-point problem, which are symmetry. By imposing some appropriate weak assumptions on parameters, we obtain a [...] Read more.
In a real Hilbert space, we investigate the Tseng’s extragradient algorithms with hybrid adaptive step-sizes for treating a Lipschitzian pseudomonotone variational inequality problem and a strict pseudocontraction fixed-point problem, which are symmetry. By imposing some appropriate weak assumptions on parameters, we obtain a norm solution of the problems, which solves a certain hierarchical variational inequality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Optimization Theory)
13 pages, 289 KiB  
Article
Oscillation Criteria for Third Order Neutral Generalized Difference Equations with Distributed Delay
by P. Venkata Mohan Reddy, M. Maria Susai Manuel and Adem Kılıçman
Symmetry 2019, 11(12), 1501; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/sym11121501 - 11 Dec 2019
Viewed by 1819
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the criteria of behavior of a certain type of third order neutral generalized difference equations with distributed delay. With the technique of generalized Riccati transformation and Philos-type method, we obtain criteria to ensure convergence and oscillatory solutions and [...] Read more.
This paper aims to investigate the criteria of behavior of a certain type of third order neutral generalized difference equations with distributed delay. With the technique of generalized Riccati transformation and Philos-type method, we obtain criteria to ensure convergence and oscillatory solutions and suitable examples are provided to illustrate the main results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Differential and Difference Equations and Symmetry)
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