Next Article in Journal
Hereditary Coreflective Subcategories in Certain Categories of Abelian Semitopological Groups
Next Article in Special Issue
Relatively Cyclic and Noncyclic P-Contractions in Locally K-Convex Space
Previous Article in Journal
Harmonic Coordinates for the Nonlinear Finsler Laplacian and Some Regularity Results for Berwald Metrics
Previous Article in Special Issue
Best Proximity Point Results for Geraghty Type Ƶ-Proximal Contractions with an Application
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

On Fixed Point Results for Modified JS-Contractions with Applications

1
Department of Mathematics, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Mathematics, King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Mathematics and General Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
4
Institut Supérieur d’Informatique et des Techniques de Communication, Université de Sousse, H. Sousse 4000, Tunisia
5
China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Submission received: 8 June 2019 / Revised: 17 July 2019 / Accepted: 23 July 2019 / Published: 24 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fixed Point Theory and Related Topics)

Abstract

:
In [Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2015 (2015):185], the authors introduced a new concept of modified contractive mappings, generalizing Ćirić, Chatterjea, Kannan, and Reich type contractions. They applied the condition ( θ 4 ) (see page 3, Section 2 of the above paper). Later, in [Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2016 (2016):62], Jiang et al. claimed that the results in [Fixed Point Theory Appl., 2015 (2015):185] are not real generalizations. In this paper, by restricting the conditions of the control functions, we obtain a real generalization of the Banach contraction principle (BCP). At the end, we introduce a weakly JS-contractive condition generalizing the JS-contractive condition.

1. Introduction

The Banach contraction principle (BCP) [1] is one of the famous results in fixed point theory which has attracted many authors. Many extensions and generalizations have been appeared in literature by weakening the topology itself of the space or by considering different contractive conditions (for single and valued mappings). For more details, see ([2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23]).
Definition 1.
Given a mapping Y : X X on a metric space ( X , d ) .
(a) 
Such Y is a C-contraction if there is μ 0 , 1 2 such that for all Ω , ω X , [24]
d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) μ d ( Ω , Y ω ) + d ( ω , Y Ω ) .
(b) 
Such Y is a K-contraction if there is μ 0 , 1 2 such that for all Y Ω X , [25]
d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) μ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) + d ( ω , Y ω ) .
(c) 
Such Y is a Reich contraction if there are q, r and s 0 with q + r + s < 1 such that for all Ω , ω X ,
d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) < q · d ( Ω , ω ) + r · d ( Ω , Y Ω ) + s · d ( ω , Y ω ) .
Denote by Θ the set of functions θ : ( 0 , ) ( 1 , ) satisfying the following assertions:
( θ 1 )
θ is non-decreasing;
( θ 2 )
for each { h k } ( 0 , ) , lim k θ ( h k ) = 1 if and only if lim k h k = 0 ;
( θ 3 )
there are m ( 0 , 1 ) and τ ( 0 , ] so that
lim u 0 + θ ( u ) 1 u m = τ ;
( θ 4 )
θ ( i + j ) θ ( i ) θ ( j ) for all i , j > 0 .
By Δ we denote the class of functions θ Θ without condition ( θ 4 ) .
Theorem 1.
([26, Corollary 2.1]) Let Y : X X be a self-mapping on a complete metric space ( X , d ) . Suppose there are θ Δ and μ ( 0 , 1 ) so that
Ω , ω X , d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) 0 i m p l i e s θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) θ d ( Ω , ω ) μ .
Then T has a unique fixed point.
Note that the BCP comes immediately from Theorem 1. Motivated by [26], Hussain et al. [27] gave sufficient conditions for the existence of a fixed point of a class of generalized contractive mappings via a control function θ Θ in the setting of complete metric spaces and b-complete b-metric spaces. Denote by Λ the set of functions θ : ( 0 , ) ( 1 , ) verifying ( θ 1 ) , ( θ 2 ) and ( θ 4 ) . On the other hand, when considering ( X , d ) as a metric space and θ Λ (that is, the condition ( θ 3 ) is omitted from Θ ), Jiang et al. [28] proved that D ( x , y ) = ln ( θ ( d ( x , y ) ) ) defines itself a metric on X (see Lemma 1 in [28]) and proved that the results in [27] are not generalizations of Ćirić, Chatterjea, Kannan, and Reich results.
In this paper, we more restrict the conditions on the control function θ . For this, denote by Θ the set of functions θ : 0 , 1 , so that
( θ 1 )
θ is continuous and strictly increasing;
( θ 2 )
for each { h k } ( 0 , ) , lim k θ ( h k ) = 1 if and only if lim k h k = 0 .
Let ( X , d ) be a metric space. For θ Θ (that is, without the condition ( θ 4 ) ), note that D ( x , y ) = ln ( θ ( d ( x , y ) ) ) does not define a metric on X (we can not ensure the triangular inequality for a metric). Consequently, we are not in same direction as Jiang et al. [28]. Even for such restricted control function θ , we also obtain a real generalization of the Banach contraction principle. In fact, we will complete the work of Hussain et al. [27]. We refer the readers to Theorem 3 of [16].

2. Main Results

Definition 2.
Let Y : X X be a self-mapping on a metric space ( X , d ) . Such Y is said to be a P -contraction, whenever there are θ Θ and τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 , τ 4 0 with τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 + τ 4 < 1 such that the following holds:
θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) θ d ( Ω , ω ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 2 θ d ( ω , Y ω ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω , Y ω ) + d ( ω , Y Ω ) 2 τ 4 ,
for all Ω , ω X .
As a new generalization of the BCP, we have
Theorem 2.
Each P -contraction mapping on a complete metric space has a unique fixed point.
Proof. 
Let Ω 0 X be arbitrary. Define { Ω n } by Ω n = Y Ω n 1 , n 1 . If there is Ω N = Ω N + 1 for some N, nothing is to prove. We assume that Ω n Ω n + 1 for each n 0 .
We claim that
lim n d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) = 0 .
In view of (1), we have
θ d ( Ω n + 1 , Ω n ) = θ d ( Y Ω n , Y Ω n 1 ) θ d ( Ω n , Ω n 1 ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω n , Y Ω n ) τ 2 θ d ( Ω n 1 , Y Ω n 1 ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω n , Y Ω n 1 ) + d ( Ω n 1 , Y Ω n ) 2 τ 4 θ d ( Ω n , Ω n 1 ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) τ 2 θ d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n + 1 ) 2 τ 4 θ d ( Ω n , Ω n 1 ) τ 1 + τ 3 θ d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) τ 2 θ max { d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) , d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) } τ 4 .
If for some N, we have
d ( Ω N 1 , Ω N ) < d ( Ω N , Ω N + 1 ) ,
then in view of ( θ 1 ) , we get that
θ ( d ( Ω N 1 , Ω N ) ) < θ ( d ( Ω N , Ω N + 1 ) ) .
Using (2), we have
θ d ( Ω N + 1 , Ω N ) θ d ( Ω N , Ω N 1 ) τ 1 + τ 3 θ d ( Ω N , Ω N + 1 ) τ 2 + τ 4 .
Therefore,
θ d ( Ω N + 1 , Ω N ) θ d ( Ω N , Ω N 1 ) τ 1 + τ 3 1 τ 2 τ 4 θ d ( Ω N , Ω N 1 ) ,
which is a contradiction with respect to (3).
Consequently, for all n 1 ,
max d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) , d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) = d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) ,
which yields that
1 < θ ( d ( Ω n + 1 , Ω n ) ) ( θ ( d ( Ω 1 , Ω 0 ) ) ) [ τ 1 + τ 3 + τ 4 1 τ 2 ] n .
At the limit, we have
lim n θ ( d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) ) = 1 .
According to ( θ 2 ) , we get
lim n d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) = 0 .
In order to show that { Ω n } is a Cauchy sequence, suppose the contrary, i.e., there is ε > 0 for which we can find m i and n i so that
n i > m i > i , d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) ε .
That is,
d ( Ω m i , Ω n i 1 ) < ε .
From (6), one writes
d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i 1 ) d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω m i ) + d ( Ω m i , Ω n i 1 ) .
In view of (5) and (7), we get
lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i 1 ) ε .
Analogously,
lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i ) ε .
On the other hand, we have
θ d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) = θ d ( Y Ω m i 1 , Y Ω n i 1 ) θ d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i 1 ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω m i 1 , Y Ω m i 1 ) τ 2 θ d ( Ω n i 1 , Y Ω n i 1 ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω m i 1 , Y Ω n i 1 ) + d ( Ω n i 1 , Y Ω m i 1 ) 2 τ 4 θ d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i 1 ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω m i ) τ 2 θ d ( Ω n i 1 , Ω n i ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i ) + d ( Ω n i 1 , Ω m i ) 2 τ 4 .
Using now ( θ 1 ) and (5)–(8), we have
θ ε θ lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) θ lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i 1 ) τ 1 θ lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω m i ) τ 2 θ lim   sup i   d ( Ω n i 1 , Ω n i ) τ 3 θ lim   sup i d ( Ω m i 1 , Ω n i ) + d ( Ω n i 1 , Ω m i ) 2 τ 4 θ ε τ 1 θ ε τ 4 .
This implies that
1 < θ ε θ ε τ 1 + τ 4 ,
which is a contradiction. Thus, { Ω n } is a Cauchy sequence. The completeness of X implies that there is Ω X so that Ω n Ω as n . On the other hand,
θ d ( Ω n , Y Ω ) = θ d ( Y Ω n 1 , Y Ω ) θ d ( Ω n 1 , Ω ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω n 1 , Y Ω n 1 ) τ 2 θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 3 θ d ( Y Ω , Ω n 1 ) + d ( Ω , Y Ω n 1 ) 2 τ 4 θ d ( Ω n 1 , Ω ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) τ 2 θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 3 θ d ( Y Ω , Ω n 1 ) + d ( Ω , Ω n ) 2 τ 4 .
Taking n and using ( θ 1 ) and (5), we have
θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) θ d ( Ω , Ω ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω , Ω ) τ 2 θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 4 = θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 3 + τ 4 .
We deduce that Ω = Y Ω , so Ω is a fixed point.
Let there are two points Ω , ω which are two different fixed points of Y . So,
θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) θ d ( Ω , ω ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 2 θ d ( ω , Y ω ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 4 = θ d ( Ω , Y Ω ) τ 3 + τ 4 .
We deduce that Ω = Y Ω , so Ω is a fixed point.
Let Ω , ω be two distinct fixed points of Y . We have
θ d ( Ω , ω ) = θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) θ d ( Ω , ω ) τ 1 θ d ( Ω , Ω ) τ 2 θ d ( ω , ω ) τ 3 θ d ( Ω , ω ) τ 4 = θ d ( Ω , ω ) τ 1 + τ 4 < θ d ( Ω , ω ) ,
which is a contradiction. So, Ω has a unique fixed point. □
Remark 1.
In Theorem 2, we can substitute the continuity of θ by the continuity of Y .
By setting θ ( t ) = e t , we have
Corollary 1.
Let Y : X X be a mapping on a complete metric space ( X , d ) such that the following holds:
d Y Ω , Y ω τ 1 d Ω , ω + τ 2 d Ω , Y Ω + τ 3 d ω , Y ω + τ 4 d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 ,
for all Ω , y X , where θ P and τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 , τ 4 0 so that τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 + τ 4 < 1 . Then Y has a unique fixed point.
Remark 2.
Taking τ 1 = τ 4 = 0 in the Corollary 1, we get Theorem 2.6 of [27].
Taking τ 4 = 0 in Theorem 1, we get Theorem 2.8 of [27].
Setting θ t = e t n in Theorem 2, we have
Corollary 2.
Let ( Ω , d ) be a complete metric space and let Y : X X be such that the following holds:
d Y Ω , Y ω n τ 1 d Ω , ω n + τ 2 d Ω , Y Ω n + τ 3 d ω , Y ω n + τ 4 d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 n ,
for all Ω , ω X , where θ P and τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 , τ 4 0 such that τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 + τ 3 < 1 . Then Y has a unique fixed point.
Remark 3
([12]). Other examples of functions in the set P are
f t = cosh t , f t = 2 cosh t 1 + cosh t , f t = 1 + ln 1 + t , f t = 2 + 2 ln 1 + t 2 + ln 1 + t , f t = e t e t , f t = 2 e t e t 1 + e t e t , f t = e t e t , f t = 2 e t e t 1 + e t e t , f t = e t e t , f t = 2 e t e t 1 + e t e t ,
for all t > 0 .
By setting θ ( t ) = e t e t , we have
Corollary 3.
Let Y : X X be a continuous mapping on a complete metric space ( X , d ) . Suppose that there are τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 , τ 4 0 with τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 + τ 4 < 1 such that the following holds:
d Y Ω , Y ω e d Y Ω , Y ω τ 1 d Ω , ω e d Ω , ω + τ 2 d Ω , Y Ω e d Ω , Y Ω + τ 3 d ω , Y ω e d ω , Y ω + τ 4 d ω , Y Ω e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 ,
for all Ω , ω X . Then there is a unique fixed point of Y.
Corollary 4.
Let Y : X X be a continuous mapping on a complete metric space ( X , d ) . Suppose that there are τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 , τ 4 0 with τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 + τ 4 < 1 such that the following holds:
2 e d Y Ω , Y ω e d Y Ω , Y ω 1 + e d Y Ω , Y ω e d Y Ω , Y ω 2 e d Ω , ω e d Ω , ω 1 + e d Ω , ω e d Ω , ω τ 1 2 e d Ω , Y Ω e d Ω , Y Ω 1 + e d Ω , Y Ω e d Ω , Y Ω τ 2 2 e d ω , Y ω e d ω , Y ω 1 + e d ω , Y ω e d ω , Y ω τ 3 2 e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 1 + e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 τ 4 ,
for all Ω , ω X . Then there is a unique fixed point of Y.
Corollary 5.
Let Y : X X be a continuous mapping on a complete metric space ( X , d ) . Suppose that there are τ 1 , τ 2 , τ 3 , τ 4 0 with τ 1 + τ 2 + τ 3 + τ 4 < 1 such that the following holds:
1 + ln 1 + d Y Ω , Y ω 1 + ln 1 + d Ω , ω τ 1 1 + ln 1 + d Ω , Y Ω τ 2 1 + ln 1 + d ω , Y ω τ 3 1 + ln 1 + d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 τ 4 ,
for all Ω , ω X . Then Y has a unique fixed point.
Example 1.
Let X = 0 , 5 be endowed with the metric d ( Ω , ω ) = Ω ω for all Ω , ω X . Define Y : X X and θ : ( 0 , ) 1 , by
Y Ω = 2 3 π Ω arctan Ω , i f Ω 0 , α , 1 3 sinh 1 Ω i f Ω α , + 5 ,
where α ( 2.06 ) is the positive solution of the equation
2 3 π Ω arctan Ω = 1 3 sinh 1 Ω .
Take θ ( t ) = e t e t . Choose τ 1 = 37 100 and τ i = 1 5 for i = 2 , 3 , 4 .
Let Ω , ω X = 0 , 5 . We have the following cases:
Case 1: Ω , ω 0 , α . According to the mean value Theorem for t g ( t ) : = 2 3 π t arctan t on the interval J = ( min ( ω , Ω ) , max ( ω , Ω ) ) 0 , α , there is some c J such that
d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) = 2 3 π Ω arctan Ω 2 3 π ω arctan ω g ( c ) d ( Ω , ω ) ,
where
g ( c ) = 2 3 π arctan c + 2 3 π c 1 + c 2 2 3 π 6 5 + 2 3 π 1 2 17 15 π 37 100 ,
because that arctan c 6 5 , for each c 0 , α , and c 1 + c 2 1 2 , for each c 0 .
Therefore,
θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) = e d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) e d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) = e d ( 2 3 π Ω arctan Ω , 2 3 π ω arctan ω ) e d ( 2 3 π Ω arctan Ω , 2 3 π ω arctan ω ) e d ( Ω , ω ) e d ( Ω , ω ) 37 100 e d ( Ω , ω ) e d ( Ω , ω ) 37 100 · e d ( Ω , Y Ω ) e d ( Ω , Y Ω ) 20 100 · e d ( ω , Y ω ) e d ( ω , Y ω ) 20 100 · e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 20 100 .
Case 2: Ω 0 , α and ω α , 5 . Here,
2 3 π ω arctan ω 1 3 sinh 1 ω
for all ω α , 5 . Using the mean value Theorem on the function t 2 3 π t arctan t on the interval Ω , ω , we have
d Y Ω , Y ω = 2 3 π Ω arctan Ω 1 3 sinh 1 ω = 1 3 sinh 1 ω 2 3 π Ω arctan Ω 2 3 π ω arctan ω 2 3 π Ω arctan Ω 37 100 d ( Ω , ω ) ,
Therefore, as in case 1,
θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) = e d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) e d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) e d ( Ω , ω ) e d ( Ω , ω ) 37 100 · e d ( Ω , Y Ω ) e d ( Ω , Y Ω ) 20 100 · e d ( ω , Y ω ) e d ( ω , Y ω ) 20 100 · e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 20 100 .
Case 3: ω 0 , α and Ω α , 5 . It is similar to case 2.
Case 4: Ω , ω α , 5 . Here, one writes
d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) = 1 3 sinh 1 Ω 1 3 sinh 1 ω 37 100 d ( Ω , ω ) .
Similarly,
θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) e d ( Ω , ω ) e d ( Ω , ω ) 37 100 · e d ( Ω , Y Ω ) e d ( Ω , Y Ω ) 20 100 · e d ( ω , Y ω ) e d ( ω , Y ω ) 20 100 · e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 e d Ω , Y ω + d ω , Y Ω 2 20 100 .
Hence, Y is a P -contraction. Thus all the conditions of Theorem 2 hold and Y has a fixed point ( Ω = 0 ) .

3. Weak-JS Contractive Conditions

Let Φ be the class of functions ϕ : [ 1 , ) [ 0 , ) satisfying the following properties:
( ϕ 1 )
ϕ is continuous;
( ϕ 2 )
ϕ ( 1 ) = 0 ;
( ϕ 3 )
or each { b n } ( 1 , ) , lim n ϕ ( b n ) = 0 iff lim n b n = 1 .
Remark 4.
It is clear that Y ( t ) = t t n ( n 1 ) belongs to Φ. Other examples are Y ( t ) = e t 1 1 and Y ( t ) = ln t .
Definition 3.
Let ( X , d ) be a metric space and let Y be a self-mapping on X .
We say that Y is a weakly JS-contraction if for all Ω , ω X with d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) > 0 , we have
θ d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) θ d ( Ω , ω ) ϕ θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) )
where ϕ Φ and θ Θ .
Theorem 3.
Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space. Let Y be a self-mapping on X so that
(i) 
Y is a weakly JS-contraction;
(ii) 
Y is continuous.
Then Y has a unique fixed point.
Proof. 
Let Ω 0 X be arbitrary. Define { Ω n } by Ω n = Y n Ω 0 = Y Ω n 1 . Without loss of generality, assume that Ω n Ω n + 1 for each n 0 . Since Y is a weakly JS-contraction, we derive
θ d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) = θ d ( Y Ω n 1 , Y Ω n ) θ d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) ϕ θ ( d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) ) .
So, we deduce that { θ d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) } is decreasing, and so there is r 1 so such lim n θ d ( Ω n , Ω n + 1 ) = r . We will prove that r = 1 .
Taking n , we have
r ϕ ( r ) = r .
So,
lim n ϕ θ ( d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) ) = 0 .
That is,
lim n θ ( d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) ) = 1 ,
i.e.,
lim n d ( Ω n 1 , Ω n ) = 0 .
We claim that { Ω n } is a Cauchy sequence.
We argue by contradiction, i.e., there is ε > 0 for which there are { Ω m i } and { Ω n i } of { Ω n } so that
n i > m i > i and d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) ε .
From (16) and using the triangular inequality, we get
ε d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) d ( Ω m i , Ω m i + 1 ) + d ( Ω m i + 1 , Ω n i ) d ( Ω m i , Ω m i + 1 ) + d ( Ω m i + 1 , Ω n i + 1 ) + d ( Ω n i + 1 , Ω n i ) .
Taking i , and using (15), we get
ε lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i + 1 , Ω n i + 1 ) .
Also,
d ( Ω n i , Ω m i ) d ( Ω n i , Ω n i 1 ) + d ( Ω n i 1 , Ω m i ) .
Then, from (15),
lim   sup i   d ( Ω n i , Ω m i ) ε .
As d ( Y Ω m i , Y Ω n i ) > 0 , we may apply (10) to get that
θ ( d ( Ω m i + 1 , Ω n i + 1 ) ) = θ ( d ( Y Ω m i , Y Ω n i ) ) θ ( d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) ) ϕ ( θ ( d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) ) ) .
Now, taking i and using ( θ 1 ) , (17) and (18), we have
θ ( ε ) θ ( lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i + 1 , Ω n i + 1 ) ) θ ( lim   sup i   d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) ) lim   inf i   ϕ ( θ ( d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) ) ) θ ( ε ) lim   inf i   ϕ ( θ ( d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) ) ) .
This implies that
lim   inf i   d ( Ω m i , Ω n i ) = 0 ,
which is a contradiction with respect to (16).
Thus, { Ω n } is a Cauchy sequence in the complete metric space ( Ω , d ) , so there is some Ω X such that lim n d ( Ω n , Ω ) = 0 .
Now, since Y is continuous, we get that Ω n + 1 = Y Ω n Y Ω as n . That is, Ω = Y Ω . Thus, Y has a fixed point.
Let Ω , ω F i x ( T ) so that Ω ω . Consider
θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) ) = θ ( d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) ) θ ( d ( Ω , y ) ) ϕ ( θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) ) ) .
Thus,
ϕ ( θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) ) ) = 0 .
which is a contradiction. Hence, Ω = ω . □
One can obtain many other contractive conditions by substituting suitable values of θ and ϕ in (10).
Taking ϕ ( t ) = t t α for all t 1 and α [ 0 , 1 ) , we obtain the JS-contractive condition.
Without the continuity assumption of Y , we have
Theorem 4.
Let ( X , d ) be a complete metric space. Let Y : X X be a mapping. Suppose that
θ ( d ( Y Ω , Y ω ) ) θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) ) ϕ ( θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) ) ) ,
for all Ω , ω X , where θ Θ and ϕ Φ . Then Y has a unique fixed point.
Proof. 
For Ω 0 X , let { Ω n } be defined by Ω n + 1 = Y Ω n for n 0 . Note that there is Ω X such that
lim n d ( Ω n , Ω ) = 0 .
We also have
d ( Ω , Y Ω ) d ( Ω , Y Ω n ) + d ( Y Ω n , Y Ω ) .
From (19),
1 θ ( d ( Y Ω n , Y Ω ) ) θ ( d ( Ω n , Ω ) ) ϕ ( θ ( d ( Ω n , Ω ) ) ) ,
Hence, we get that lim n θ ( d ( Y Ω n , Y Ω ) ) = 1 . Thus, we have lim n d ( Y Ω n , Y Ω ) = 0 which by (20), implies that Y Ω = Ω . □
Example 2.
Let Ω = [ 2 , ) . Take the metric
d ( ρ , ϱ ) = | ρ ϱ |
for all ρ , ϱ Ω . Define Y : Ω Ω , φ : [ 1 , ) [ 0 , ) and θ : [ 0 , ) [ 1 , ) by
Y ρ = ln ( 100 + ρ ) ,
φ ( ρ ) = ln ( ρ ) ,
and θ ( t ) = e t . Note that for all x 0 , one has e x 100 e x x . Now, for all ρ , ϱ Ω , we have
θ ( d ( Y ρ , Y ϱ ) ) = e d ( Y ρ , Y ϱ ) = e ( | ln ( 100 + ρ ) l n ( 100 + ϱ ) ) | e | ρ ϱ | 100 e | ρ ϱ | | ρ ϱ | = e d ( ρ , ϱ ) d ( ρ , ϱ ) = θ ( d ( ρ , ϱ ) ) φ ( θ ( d ( ρ , ϱ ) ) ) .
Thus, Y is a weakly JS-contraction. All hypotheses of Theorem 3 are verified, so Y has a unique fixed point, which is, u 4651 1000 .

4. Application to Nonlinear Integral Equations

Consider the following nonlinear integral equation
Ω ( t ) = ϕ ( t ) + a b χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) d s ,
where a , b R , Ω C [ a , b ] (the set of continuous functions from [ a , b ] to R ), ϕ : [ a , b ] R and χ : [ a , b ] × [ a , b ] × R R are given functions.
Theorem 5.
Assume that
(i) 
χ : [ a , b ] × [ a , b ] × R R is continuous and there is θ θ so that θ ( sup t [ a , b ] f ( t ) ) sup t [ a , b ] θ ( f ( t ) ) for arbitrary function f with
θ ( a b | ( χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) d s χ ( t , s , ω ( s ) ) | d s ) a b θ ( | χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) χ ( t , s , ω ( s ) ) | ) d s ;
(ii) 
there is τ i ( 0 , 1 ) so that
θ ( | χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) χ ( t , s , ω ( s ) ) | ) [ θ ( | Ω ( t ) y ( t ) | ) ] τ 1 [ θ ( | Ω ( t ) a b χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) d s ) | ) ] τ 2 [ θ ( | ω ( t ) a b χ ( t , s , ω ( s ) ) d s | ) ] τ 3 b a [ θ ( | ω ( t ) a b χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) d s | ) ] τ 4
for all Ω , ω C [ a , b ] and t , s [ a , b ] .
Then (22) has a unique solution.
Proof. 
Let X = C [ a , b ] . Define the metric d on X by d ( Ω , ω ) = sup t [ a , b ] | Ω ( t ) ω ( t ) | . Then ( X , d ) is a complete metric space. Consider Y : X X by Y Ω ( t ) = ϕ ( t ) + a t χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) d s . Let Ω , ω X and t [ a , b ] . We have
θ ( | Y Ω ( t ) Y ω ( t ) | ) = θ ( | a t χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) d s a t χ ( t , s , ω ( s ) ) d s | ) a b θ ( | χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) χ ( t , s , ω ( s ) ) | ) d s a b [ θ ( | Ω ( t ) ω ( t ) | ) ] τ 1 [ θ ( | Ω ( t ) a b χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) d s ) | ) ] τ 2 [ θ ( | ω ( t ) a b χ ( t , s , ω ( s ) ) d s | ) ] τ 3 b a [ θ ( | ω ( t ) a b χ ( t , s , Ω ( s ) ) d s | ) ] τ 4 d s 1 b a a b [ θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) ) ] τ 1 [ θ ( d ( Ω , Y Ω ) ) ] τ 2 [ θ ( d ( ω , Y ω ) ) ] τ 3 [ θ ( d ( ω , Y Ω ) ) ] τ 4 d s = [ θ ( d ( Ω , ω ) ) ] τ 1 [ θ ( d ( Ω , Y Ω ) ) ] τ 2 [ θ ( d ( ω , Y ω ) ) ] τ 3 [ θ ( d ( ω , Y Ω ) ) ] τ 4 .
Thus Y is a P -contraction. All the conditions of Theorem 2 hold, and so Y has a unique fixed point, that is, (22) has a unique solution. □

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we restricted the conditions on the control function θ (with respect to the ones given in [27,28]) and we obtained a real generalization of the Banach contraction principle (BCP). We also initiated a weakly JS-contractive condition that generalizes its corresponding of Jleli and Samet [26], and we provided some related fixed point results.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

The third author would like to thank Prince Sultan University for funding this work through research group Nonlinear Analysis Methods in Applied Mathematics (NAMAM) group number RG-DES-2017-01-17.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

  1. Banach, S. Sur Les Operations Dans Les Ensembles Abstraits et Leur Application Aux Equations Integrales. Fund. Math. 1922, 3, 133–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Aydi, H.; Abbas, M.; Vetro, C. Partial Hausdorff metric and Nadler’s fixed point theorem on partial metric spaces. Topol. Appl. 2012, 159, 3234–3242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Aydi, H.; Bota, M.F.; Karapinar, E.; Moradi, S. A common fixed point for weak ϕ-contractions on b-metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory 2012, 13, 337–346. [Google Scholar]
  4. Aydi, H.; Karapinar, E.; Samet, B. Fixed point Theorems for various classes of cyclic mappings. J. Appl. Math. 2012, 2012, 867216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Aydi, H.; Shatanawi, W.; Vetro, C. On generalized weakly G-contraction mapping in G-metric spaces. Comput. Math. Appl. 2011, 62, 4222–4229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Boyd, D.W.; Wong, J.S.W. On nonlinear contractions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1969, 20, 458–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Ćirić, L.B. A generalization of Banach’s contraction principle. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1974, 45, 267–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Ćirić, L.B. Generalized contractions and fixed-point theorems. Publ. Inst. Math. 1971, 12, 19–26. [Google Scholar]
  9. Ćirić, L.B. Multi-valued nonlinear contraction mappings. Nonlinear Anal. 2009, 71, 2716–2723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Ćirić, L.B.; Samet, B.; Aydi, H.; Vetro, C. Common fixed points of generalized contractions on partial metric spaces and an application. Appl. Math. Comput. 2011, 218, 2398–2406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Geraghty, M. On contractive mappings. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1973, 40, 604–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Hussain, N.; Dorić, D.; Kadelburg, Z.; Radenović, S. Suzuki-type fixed point results in metric type spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012, 2012, 126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Karapinar, E.; Alqahtani, O.; Aydi, H. On interpolative Hardy-Rogers type contractions. Symmetry 2018, 11, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Meir, A.; Keeler, E. A theoremon contraction mapping. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1969, 28, 326–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Mizoguchi, N.; Takahashi, W. Fixed point theorems for multivalued mappings on complete metric spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 1989, 141, 177–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Mustafa, Z.; Parvaneh, V.; Jaradat, M.M.M.; Kadelburg, Z. Extended rectangular b-metric spaces and some fixed point theorems for contractive mappings. Symmetry 2019, 11, 594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Patle, P.; Patel, D.; Aydi, H.; Radenović, S. On H+-type multivalued contractions and applications in symmetric and probabilistic spaces. Mathematics 2019, 7, 144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Reich, S. Some remarks concerning contraction mappings. Can. Math. Bull. 1971, 14, 121–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Wardowski, D. Fixed points of a new type of contractive mappings in complete metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012, 2012, 94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Lohawech, P.; Kaewcharoen, A. Fixed point theorems for generalized JS-quasi-contractions in complete partial b-metric spaces. J. Nonlineart Sci. Appl. 2019, 12, 728–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Mlaiki, N.; Kukić, K.; Gardasević-Filipović, M.; Aydi, H. On almost b-metric spaces and related fixed point results. Axioms 2019, 8, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Dosenović, T.; Radenović, S. A comment on “Fixed point theorems of JS-quasi-contractions”. Indian J. Math. Dharma Prakash Gupta Meml. 2018, 60, 141–152. [Google Scholar]
  23. Kadelburg, Z.; Radenović, S.; Shukla, S. Boyd-Wong and Meir-Keeler type theorems in generalized metric spaces. J. Adv. Math. Stud. 2016, 9, 83–93. [Google Scholar]
  24. Chatterjea, S.K. Fixed Point Theorems. C. R. Acad. Bulgare Sci. 1972, 25, 727–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Kannan, R. Some results on fixed points. Bull. Calc. Math. Soc. 1968, 60, 71–76. [Google Scholar]
  26. Jleli, M.; Samet, B. A new generalization of the Banach contraction principle. J. Inequal. Appl. 2014, 2014, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Hussain, N.; Parvaneh, V.; Samet, B.; Vetro, C. Some fixed point theorems for generalized contractive mappings in complete metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2015, 2015, 185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Jiang, S.; Li, Z.; Damjanović, B. A note on Some fixed point theorems for generalized contractive mappings in complete metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2016, 2016, 62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Parvaneh, V.; Hussain, N.; Mukheimer, A.; Aydi, H. On Fixed Point Results for Modified JS-Contractions with Applications. Axioms 2019, 8, 84. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/axioms8030084

AMA Style

Parvaneh V, Hussain N, Mukheimer A, Aydi H. On Fixed Point Results for Modified JS-Contractions with Applications. Axioms. 2019; 8(3):84. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/axioms8030084

Chicago/Turabian Style

Parvaneh, Vahid, Nawab Hussain, Aiman Mukheimer, and Hassen Aydi. 2019. "On Fixed Point Results for Modified JS-Contractions with Applications" Axioms 8, no. 3: 84. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/axioms8030084

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop