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Review

Fossil History of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) from the Paleogene

by
Andrei A. Legalov
1,2
1
Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Frunze, 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
2
Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Lenin Ave, 36, 634050 Tomsk, Tomsk Oblast, Russia
Geosciences 2020, 10(9), 358; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10090358
Submission received: 23 June 2020 / Revised: 30 August 2020 / Accepted: 4 September 2020 / Published: 6 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2020: A 10 Years Journey-Advances in Geosciences)
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Abstract

:
Currently, some 564 species of Curculionoidea from nine families (Nemonychidae—4, Anthribidae—33, Ithyceridae—3, Belidae—9, Rhynchitidae—41, Attelabidae—3, Brentidae—47, Curculionidae—384, Platypodidae—2, Scolytidae—37) are known from the Paleogene. Twenty-seven species are found in the Paleocene, 442 in the Eocene and 94 in the Oligocene. The greatest diversity of Curculionoidea is described from the Eocene of Europe and North America. The richest faunas are known from Eocene localities, Florissant (177 species), Baltic amber (124 species) and Green River formation (75 species). The family Curculionidae dominates in all Paleogene localities. Weevil species associated with herbaceous vegetation are present in most localities since the middle Paleocene. A list of Curculionoidea species and their distribution by location is presented.

1. Introduction

Research into the biodiversity of the past is very important for understanding the development of life on our planet. Insects are one of the main components of both extinct and recent ecosystems. Coleoptera occupied a special place in the terrestrial animal biotas of the Mesozoic and Cenozoics, as they are characterized by not only great diversity but also by their ecological specialization. The largest superfamily in the Coleoptera is the Curculionoidea, which, among beetles, is one of the main plant consumers. They develop in living or dead tissues of various plant organs as well as in soil, feeding on roots. As an exception, some weevil larvae can develop completely exposed on plants, as well as on the surface of the soil as detritivores or predators.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diversity of Curculionoidea in the Paleogene and to show the specificity of faunas in various epochs, ages and localities. This is the first time a review of the Paleogene Curculionoid beetle has been undertaken.

2. Materials and Methods

The Paleogene is the first period of the Cenozoic, consisting of three epochs, the Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene (Figure 1). The Paleogene started at about 66 Ma and ended around 23 Ma. The Late Cretaceous preceded it. The Miocene (from the Neogene) began after the Paleogene. The Paleocene consists of three ages (Danian, Selandian and Thanetian). The Eocene is subdivided into three subepochs (Early, Middle and Late) with four ages (Ypresian, Lutetian, Bartonian and Priabonian). The Bridgerian stands out for the North American Provincial Ages at the end of the Ypresian and the beginning of the Lutetian. This age corresponds with the Green River Formation. The Oligocene consists of two subepochs (Early and Late) and two ages (Rupelian and Chattian).
Curculionoidea have been found from 53 localities in 18 countries (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 9, Figure 12, Figure 14, Figure 20, Figure 21), spanning all ages of the Paleogene (Table 1).
Maps for Paleogene localities were from Scotese [1].
The ages of fossil deposits used are from the website Fossilworks—http://fossilworks.org and some publications [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. Baltic amber from the Prussian Formation ranges from 33–48 million years (Lutetian-Bartonian) [22] and in this work the Bartonian age is accepted [23].
The systematics of the superfamily Curculionoidea is currently not stable [24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Previously, it included the Mesozoic family Obrieniidae, the systematic position of which is assumed to be related to the Curculionoidea [31] or considered as a family within the Archostemata [32] or a separate superfamily within the Curculioniformia [30,33] and is not considered in this paper. The number of families, groups related to these families and their taxonomic status are not universally accepted [24,25,26,27,28,29,30,34,35,36]. Also the families Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Ithyceridae, Brentidae, Curculionidae, Platypodidae and Scolytidae not universally accepted. In this work the higher classification proposed by the author [29,30,37,38,39,40,41,42] is adopted. The subfamily Cimberidinae is considered part of the family Nemonychidae [26,29,37,38,43], in contrast to the opinion of Seunggwan et al. [44]. The families Anthribidae and Belidae are accepted in the traditional composition [25,27,29,30,32,38,45]. Ithyceridae and Caridae are often regarded as unrelated groups [25,26,27,28,32,36,44]; however, the author considers the family Ithyceridae (incl. Caridae and Ulyanidae) as a diverse, predominantly extinct group, including five fossil (Mongolocarinae, Baissorhynchinae, Montsecanomalinae, Ulyaninae, Slonikinae) and three recent subfamilies (Carinae, Chilecarinae, Ithycerinae) [29,30,38,46,47,48,49,50,51]. Rhynchitidae and Attelabidae are considered as independent families [30,38,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]. The family Brentidae consists of six subfamilies [38]. Nanophyinae and Apioninae, sometimes considered as separate families [26,62,63,64], are included in Brentidae [25,27,30,32,36,38]. The family Curculionidae includes Erirhininae according to Zherikhin and Egorov [65] and Legalov [30,41]. Scolytidae and Platypodidae are considered as separate families [29,30,34,66].
Many Paleogene species were described in the 19th - first half of the 20th century in modern genera. The descriptions and illustrations of many have been re-studied. If the generic affiliation was in doubt, then the genus has been placed in quotes. The results of these studies were presented by Legalov [30,47,50,67,68,69,70,71].
The studied fossil forms are deposited in—A. Bukejs’s collection, Daugavpils, Latvia; A. Górski’s collection, Bielsko-Biala, Poland; Borissiak Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; C. Gröhn’s collection (Glinde, Germany) deposited in the Center of Natural History (formerly Geological–Paleontological Institute and Museum), Hamburg, Germany; Center of Natural History (formerly Geological–Paleontological Institute and Museum), Hamburg, Germany; Centre de Conservation du musée des confluences, Lyon, France; Earth Institute, Warsaw, Poland; F. Kernegger’s collection, Hamburg, Germany, deposited in the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Friedhelm Eichmann, Hannover, Germany; Górnośląskie Muzeum Przyrodnicze w Bytomiu, Poland; Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum, Kaliningrad, Russia; Legalov’s fossil insects collection maintained at Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia; Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Museum of Amber Inclusions, University of Gdańsk, Poland; Museum of the World Ocean, Kaliningrad, Russia; Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz, Landessammlung für Naturkunde Rheinland-Pfalz; Poinar amber collection maintained at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine; V. Alekseev’s collection, Kaliningrad, Russia; V. Gusakov’s collection, Russia, Moscow; Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
The specimens were studied using a stereomicroscope Zeiss Stemi 2000-C in the Institute of Systematic and Ecology of Animals (Novosibirsk, a Leica M165C binocular microscope, with Leica DFG 425, MBS 10, MBS 12 in the Paleontological Institute (Moscow), a Leica MZ 16.0 stereomicroscope with a DFC290 camera in the Zoological Institute (St. Petersburg) and an Olympus SCX9 stereomicroscope with an Olympus camera and a Nikon SMZ1500 with Microscope Eyepiece Camera 9.0MP Aptina Color CMOS MU900 in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris).
The present work is registered in ZooBank (www.zoobank.org) under LSID urn—lsid:zoobank.org:pub:125CCA9E-7288-4C12-88C9-BDEBDC300A9C.

3. Results

Four species of the family Nemonychidae, 33 species of the family Anthribidae, three species of the family Ithyceridae, nine species of the family Belidae, 41 species of the family Rhynchitidae, three species of the family Attelabidae, 47 species of the family Brentidae, 384 species of the family Curculionidae, two species of the family Platypodidae and 37 species of the family Scolytidae were described from the Paleogene (Table 2).

3.1. Paleocene Weevil Fauna

The weevil fauna of the Paleocene is the poorest among the Paleogene faunas. This is primarily due to the small number of Paleocene localities, as well as the lack of Paleocene amber with Curculionoidea. Curculionoid beetles were found in five localities, including France, Svalbard (Denmark), south of the Russian Far East, China (Hong Kong) and Argentina (Figure 2). Three of these localities are of early Paleocene age (Arkhara, Starostin and Sunchal) and one of them is late Paleocene (Menat). The age of Mirs Bay from Hong Kong, the Ping Chau Formation (China) is assumed to be Paleocene, however the stage is not specified [176].
Twenty seven species were described from the Paleocene (Figure 3). Additionally, 18 species were known from Starostin, Sunchal and Mirs based on isolated elytra, which are assigned to recent genera or placed in the formal genera Otiorhynchites and Curculionites that were established for elytra [131,134,158,159,161]. “Cossonus” devoratus and “Anthonomus” sunchalensis from the early Paleocene of Argentina are not only the earliest findings of the tribes Cossonini and Anthinomini but also the first appearance of the subfamilies Cossoninae and Curculioninae in the fossil record. The only early Paleocene beetle represented by an almost complete impression is Archaralites zherichini of the subfamily Molytinae (earliest record of this subfamily) from the Danian of Outer Manchuria.
Eight species represented as complete impressions are known from Selandian-Thanetian of France. The families Ithyceridae, Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae and Curculionidae are recorded. Ithyceridae is represented by one species of the subfamily Chilecarinae. This is the only representative of the family in the Paleocene and the last find in the Eastern Hemisphere. Records of Ithyceridae are common in Cretaceous of the Northern Hemisphere [29,30,48,49,51,177]. One species, the genus of which requires clarification, is from the subfamily Rhynchitinae of the family Rhynchitidae. The families Attelabidae and Brentidae are each represented by one species of the recent tribe Attelabini and the extinct species of the recent genus Perapion from the tribe Aplemonini (earliest record, 61.0–59.0 Ma). Four species belong to the family Curculionidae. One species of the recent genus Lixus is from the subfamily Lixinae (earliest record, 61.0–59.0 Ma). Two species of the subfamily Curculioninae, one of which belongs to the extinct genus of the tribe Curculionini (earliest record, 61.0–59.0 Ma), and the systematic position of the second (“Centrinus” longipes) in the subfamily require clarification. One species, “Hipporhinus” ventricosus with an unclear generic position, is in the tribe Naupactini from the diverse subfamily Entiminae (earliest record, 61.0–59.0 Ma). Representatives of other families were not found in the Paleocene.
Most of the forms represented in the Paleocene belong to widespread groups (Attelabini, Aplemonini (Perapion), Lixini (Lixus), Cossonini (Cossonus), Curculionini, Anthonomini (Anthonomus)), are now found in the recent fauna. Two species show characters typical of the Paleocene fauna of Europe. Petropsis rostratus somehow links the fauna of Menat with recent relict fauna of the Chilean-Patagonian and Australian regions, where modern representatives of the tribe Chilecarini live [178,179]. The discovery of species of the tribe Naupactini similar to Neotropical forms provides additional evidence for the faunogenetic relationships of the Paleocene Europe, with Central and South America. The ecological composition of these beetles is homogeneous. Mostly they are forest forms. Petropsis rostratus, like the recent Ithyceridae of the subfamily Chilecarinae, could be associated with gymnosperms from the family Cupressaceae [178,179], which were found at the site [99]. “Phytonomus” punctatus (Attelabini) folded tubes from angiosperm leaves, for example, from oak known from the deposit [99], as recent representatives of this tribe [180]. Archaralites zherichini and “Cossonus” devoratus developed in wood. Menatorhis elegans, like modern Curculionini, developed in flower buds or fruits of angiosperms [181], for example, on oak, several species that are known from this locality [99]. “Anthonomus” sunchalensis could be connected with trees or shrubs. Two species were very probably associated with herbaceous vegetation, the recent species of the genus Lixus usually develop on herbaceous plants and, as an exception, with shrubby plants [182]. Lixus ligniticus could be associated with Atriplex (Amaranthaceae). Perapion menatensis, as well as recent representatives of the genus, probably developed on Polygonaceae [183]. Polygonaceae are not known from Menat but pollen of Polygonum was recorded in the late Paleocene of France [184]. Curculionoidea of Menat shows the presence of coniferous-deciduous forest and herbaceous near-water vegetation.

3.2. Eocene Weevil Fauna

As many as 441 species of weevil-shaped beetles were described from Eocene deposits (Figure 4), which originated from 24 localities. Undescribed forms are known from Quilchena (Canada) [185], Romanian amber [186], Huitrera Formation (Argentina) [187] and Bitterfeld amber.

3.2.1. Review of Curculionoidea Families in the Eocene

Nemonychidae in the Eocene

Three species of the family Nemonychidae from the extinct subfamily Cretonemonychinae and recent Cimberidinae were found in the Eocene. The subfamily Cretonemonychinae is also known in the early and late Cretaceous [29,30,177].

Anthribidae in the Eocene

Nearly thirty species of Anthribidae were described from the early, middle and late Eocene of America and Europe. The subfamily Anthribinae is most represented. Twenty seven species from eight tribes are known in this subfamily from the Eocene. Twelve species from three genera of the tribes Mecocerini, Allandrini, Oiserhinini and Zygaenodini were described from European amber and 15 species from seven genera of the tribes Cratoparini, Anthribini, Ecelonerini and Tropiderini from North American localities. There are no common genera and tribes between the American and European deposits. The subfamily Choraginae is represented by two species from two tribes. “Choragus“ fictilis of the tribe Choragini was described from the Eocene of the United States and Eduardoxenus unicus of the tribe Valenfriesiini from Rovno amber.

Ithyceridae in the Eocene

Two American genera Eoceneithycerus and Ithyceroides close to the recent American genus Ithycerus were found in North America.

Belidae in the Eocene

Nine species from the subfamily Oxycoryninae belong to the family Belidae. Several species of the tribe Oxycraspedini were found in Baltic amber, one of which was described. The tribe Metrioxenini is found both in American deposits and the middle Eocene amber. The extinct tribe Palaeorhopalotriini, close to the recent Central American tribe Allocorynin, was found in the Eocene of France.

Rhynchitidae in the Eocene

The family Rhynchitidae is found in American and European deposits and is represented by 34 described species. Five species of the genus Baltocar of the tribe Sanyrevilleini from the subfamily Sayrevilleinae are known only from Baltic amber. The subfamily Rhynchitinae is represented by species of the tribes Auletini, Rhynchitini and Eugnamptini. Thirteen species from subtribes Auletina, Pseudauletina and Pseudomesauletina were described in the tribe Auletini. Most species (nine) are known from the terminal Eocene of Florissant. Finds of Auletini are rare in the Green River deposits as well as in Baltic and Rovno amber. The tribe Rhynchitini is represented by 12 species, with nine of them recorded in the late Eocene of the United States and their affiliation to the subtribes has not yet been established. Two species from Baltic amber belong to the archaic subtribes Temnocerina and Perrhynchitina. One genus with three species of the tribe Eugnamptini is described from the Florissant beds.

Attelabidae in the Eocene

One or two extinct genera, Palaeoalatorostrum of the subtribe Attelabini from the tribe Attelabini and Paleoclinolabus of the subtribe Clinolabina from the tribe Euscelini, belonging to the subfamily Attelabinae of the Attelabidae, are known from the middle Eocene of Germany and the Late Eocene of the United States.

Brentidae in the Eocene

The family Brentidae is represented in the Eocene by three subfamilies, the Apioninae, Nanophyinae and Brentinae. Thirty six species belong to this family. The subfamily Apioninae is the most species-rich. The primitive tribes Tanaini, Rhadinocybini, Notapionini and Palaeotanaini each have one monotypic genus in the early Eocene of Europe and Asia, as well as in the end of the middle Eocene of Europe. The supertribes Aspidapiitae and Apionitae include representatives of recent (Pseudaspidapion, Melanapion, Conapium, Perapion, Apionion and Toxorhynchus) and extinct genera (Baltoapion, Succinapion, Baltoconapium, Electrapion). A third of the species of the latter groups belong to the extinct genera and two-thirds to the recent ones. Both known tribes (Nanophyini and Corimaliini) of the subfamily Nanophyinae were found in the Eocene. Three extinct genera of the Nanophyini were described from the middle Eocene of the USA and Baltic amber. One species placed in the genus Corimalia is known from the middle Eocene of France. The subfamily Brentinae is recorded only in the middle Eocene of Germany, where the extinct genus Eckfelderolispa with three species and extinct representative of the recent genus Cerobates, belonging to the tribe Trachelizini, were described.

Curculionidae in the Eocene

The Curculionidae is the main group of Eocene Curculionoidea numbering 290 described species. All known subfamilies (Erirhininae, Molytinae, Lixinae, Dryophthorinae, Cossoninae, Conoderinae, Curculioninae, Cyclominae and Entiminae) are represented in the Eocene (Figure 5).
The most primitive subfamily Erirhininae is represented by species from the tribes Erirhinini and Dorytomini. Several species from different genera of the former tribe were recorded in the early Eocene of England, the middle and the late Eocene of the USA. The genus Dorytomus from the Dorytomini includes nine extinct species from Baltic and Rovno amber, as well as species from the terminal Eocene of North America.
The subfamily Molytinae is one of the most diverse groups of Curculionidae [39,188]. The tribes Molytini, Plinthini, Acicnemidini, Magdalini, Cleogonini, Sciabregmini, Camptorhinini, Aedemonini and Cryptorhynchini were found in Eocene deposits. Two extinct genera, Furhylobius—with one species from the early Eocene of Denmark—and Archaeoheilus—with five species from the early-middle and terminal Eocene of the USA—belong to the tribe Molytini. One species of the recent genus Leiosoma of the tribe Plinthini was described from Baltic amber. One extinct genus Electrotribus of the tribe Acicnemidini is known from Baltic amber, where its species are one of the most common Curculionidae. In other Eocene localities, neither the tribe Acicnemidini, nor this genus were found. “Magdalis“ sedimentorum of the tribe Magdalini is recorded from the Eocene of the United States. The American tribe Cleogonini is represented in the Eocene of the United States by two species of the extinct genus Rhysosternum and one species of the genus Conotrachelus. The extinct tribe Sciabregmini with one genus is known from three species, one from the early Eocene of France and two from the early-middle Eocene of North America. Two fossil genera from the early Eocene of England belong to the tribe Camptorhinini. The Afrotropical tribe Aedemonini was recently discovered in Baltic amber. Eleven species from six genera (five of which are extinct) of the tribe Cryptorhynchini are known from the Eocene.
The subfamily Lixinae is represented in the Eocene by only the tribe Cleonini. The extinct genus Eocleonus with one species and five species formally placed in the genus Cleonus were described from the late Eocene of the United States.
Eleven Eocene species belong to the subfamily Dryophthorinae. Most species (seven) are from the tribes Stromboscerini and Dryophthorini living in the forest litter. The former tribe is noted in Baltic and Rovno amber and the latter is in early Eocene Oise amber and late Eocene Florissant deposits. Four species of the tribe Sphenophorini were described from the late Eocene of the United States.
The subfamily Cossoninae is represented by the tribe Dryotribini in middle Eocene amber and Cossonini in early-middle and late Eocene deposits of the United States.
The diverse subfamily Conoderinae is divided into four supertribes [40], three of which are found in Eocene. Thirty species belong to the supertribe Bariditae of which twenty nine were described from early-middle and late Eocene of the USA and one from the middle Eocene of England. Most North American species belong to the subtribe Coelonertina of the tribe Apostasimerini. They were described both in recent (Geraeus, Pachybaris, Nicentrus) and extinct (Miogeraeus, Lithogeraeus, Steganus) genera. Six species belong to the tribe Baridini. These are four representatives of the recent genus Baris and one of the extinct genus Catobaris (Baridina), as well as one species of the recent genus Eurhinus (Eurhinina). Two monotypic extinct genera of the recent tribe Conoderini and the extinct tribe Palaeomallerini are from the early Eocene of France and the early-middle Eocene of the United States belong to the supertribe Conoderintae. The supertribe Ceutorhynchitae is represented by ten species of the tribe Ceutorhynchini and one species of the tribe Cnemogonini, which was noted in the late Eocene of the United States. Two genera, the recent genus Ceutorhynchus marked from the early to late Eocene of Europe and the USA and extinct Baltocoeliodes from Baltic amber, belong to the tribe Ceutorhynchini.
The subfamily Curculioninae is the second largest group by species of Eocene Curculionidae. Nine tribes with 53 species are known from the Eocene. The tribe Acalyptini is represented by an extinct monotypic genus in early Eocene Oise amber. Two species from Baltic amber belong to the tribe Ellescini. The monotypic tribe Palaeoanoplini is known only from the middle Eocene of Europe. Fifteen species were described in the tribe Curculionini. Representatives of the subtribes Erganiina and Timolina are found only in Baltic amber. The most common group in the modern fauna on all continents is the subtribe Curculionina. In the Eocene, all (without Curculio havighorstensis) species of this subtribe were described from the terminal Eocene of the USA and one species from the early Eocene of Germany. The situation is similar with the tribe Anthonomini. All Eocene species of this tribe are known only from North America. The tribe Eugnomini is represented by five species from four genera found in Baltic amber. The extinct subtribe Palaeorhamphina with three species from Baltic amber and the recent subtribe Rhamphina with species of the recent genera Orchestes and Tachyerges from middle Eocene amber and the terminal Eocene of the USA belong to the tribe Rhamphini. The tribe Tychiini is noted in Baltic amber and the late Eocene of the USA, where it is represented by five species from the recent genera Sibinia, Tychius, Macrorhoptus and the extinct genus Eocenesibinia. The tribe Camarotini is noted in the middle Eocene of Europe and the late Eocene of North America.
The subfamily Cyclominae is known only from the Eocene of the USA, where species of the recent genera Listronotus and Listroderes were described. Ьщые place of the numberrous species among the Eocene Curculionidae are in the subfamily Entiminae. Ninety species were described from the tribes Tropiphorini, Entimini, Eudiagogini, Hyperini, Hormorini, Sciaphilini, Trachyphloeini, Sitonini, Anypotactini, Naupactini, Geonemini, Psallidiini, Eustylini, Polydrusini, Brachyderini and Tanymecini. Twenty four species belong to the tribe Tropiphorini. All but one representative of this tribe were found in the Eocene of North America and only one species of the genus Limalophus has recently been described from middle Eocene Baltic (Polish) amber. The Neotropical tribe Entimini is known from the early-middle Eocene Green River deposits by one extinct species of the recent genus Entimus. The tribe Eudiagogini is now distributed only in the Western Hemisphere [26]. Tolstonosik oisensis was found in the early Eocene of France, Eudiagogus vossi from the early-middle Eocene, Oligocryptus sectus and the genus Eudomus with two species from the late Eocene of the United States. Three species of the tribe Hyperini from the subtribe Cepurina have been described since the end of the middle Eocene of Europe, the late Eocene of the USA and the Far East of Russia. One species, “Hormorus” saxorum Scudder, 1893 from the late Eocene of the USA was described in the American tribe Hormorini. The tribe Sciaphilini with a contemporary centre of diversity in the Western Palaearctic [26] was found only in the early-middle Eocene of North America. The tribe Trachyphloeini is represented by the extinct genus Archaeocallirhopalus with two species belonging to the subtribe Pseudocneorrhinina, which is now distributed in East Asia. One species of the extinct genus Sitonitellus from the middle Eocene of Germany was assigned to the tribe Sitonini. The Neotropical tribe Anypotactini was found in the middle Eocene of Europe. In Baltic amber, this is one of the most common groups. It is interesting to note that this tribe was not found in the Eocene deposits of North America. The tribe Naupactini is noted in Baltic and Rovno amber and in the late Eocene of the Florissant. Thirteen species of the tribe Geonemini are found in the Eocene of the United States. The tribe Psallidiini is represented by one species of the genus Trigonoscuta from the terminal Eocene of North America. The extinct genus Pseudophaops of the tribe Eustylini was described from the early-middle Eocene of Green River. Two species of the genus Polydrusus and one species of the extinct genus Archaeosciaphilus of the tribe Polydrusini were found in Baltic amber. Three species from extinct genera Palaeocrassirhinus and Palaeocneorhinus from the Lutetian of Germany and one species placed in the genus Brachyderes from the Bartonian of the Czech Republic belong to the tribe Brachyderini. Only one species of the tribe Tanymecini was described in the recent genus Pandeleteinus from the late Eocene of North America.

Platypodidae in the Eocene

The family Platypodidae, with two species of the tribe Tesserocerini, were described from Baltic and Romanian amber [71,167,186,189].

Scolytidae in the Eocene

Scolytidae is represented by 35 species, 24 of which were described from Baltic and Rovno amber. Twenty six species belong to the subfamily Hylesininae and four to Scolytinae. The systematic position of five species requires clarification. Three genera are extinct, known only from the late Eocene and nine genera are recent. The genera Hylurgops and Phloeosinus are the richest in species with 8 species in each. The largest number of species (21) of bark beetles was described from Baltic amber.

3.2.2. Early Eocene Weevil Fauna

Early Eocene (Ypresian) localities (Figure 6) are in the USA, England (Peckham, London Clay), France (Oise amber), Denmark (Mors), Germany (Havighorst) and the south of the Russian Far East (Tadushi). Twenty one species of Curculionoidea were described from these localities (Figure 7). The families Anthribidae, Ithyceridae, Brentidae, Curculionidae and Scolytidae were recorded for Oise amber [190] from the early Eocene. Unfortunately, the fauna of Oise amber and the London clays include only 7–8 described species, with 1–2 species known (Figure 8) from other localities. The USA contains representatives of the subfamily Ithycerinae now living in North America and has a fundamentally different biota from the rest of the Eocene faunas. Common species and genera intermediate between the early Eocene faunas are absent. Representatives of the tribes Oiserhinini, Palaeotanaini, Sciabregmini, Cryptorhynchini, Dryophthorini, Conoderini, Acalyptini, Eudiagogini are found in Oise amber, Ceutorhynchini in Peckham, Curculionini in Havighorst, Erirhinini, Camptorhinini and Cryptorhynchini in London Clay, Molytini in Mors and Tanaini in Tadushi. Here are found some of the earliest records of representatives of the tribes Sciabregmini (53.0 Ma), Cryptorhynchini (54.0–50.0 Ma), Dryophthorini (53.0 Ma), Eudiagogini (53.0 Ma), Ceutorhynchini and Camptorhinini (54.0–50.0 Ma) and the latest find of the tribe Tanaini in the fossil record. The tribes Oiserhinini, Palaeotanaini, Conoderini and Acalyptini are noted only in the early Eocene. The Oise amber fauna is the most diverse in taxonomic composition and includes four families Anthribidae, Brentidae, Curculionidae and Scolytidae. Only Curculionidae were described from Peckham, London Clay, Havighorst and Mors.
The connections between the Paleocene and the early Eocene faunas are in a similar fauna structure with a dominance of Curculionidae and the presence of Ithyceridae. Common genera are not found. Almost all of the early Eocene Curculionidae were associated with trees. The only species which could develop on herbs was “Ceutorhynchus” eocenicus.

3.2.3. Bridgerian Weevil Fauna

Within the American localities Green River and Roan Mountain of the Green River Formation (Figure 9), dating from the end of the early to the beginning of middle Eocene, 75 weevil species were described, with six being common to both localities. Two species of the family Nemonychidae, six species of the family Anthribidae, one species of the family Belidae, one species of the family Rhynchitidae, three species of the family Brentidae, 58 species of the family Curculionidae and four species of the family Scolytidae were described (Figure 10). Entiminae dominate the Curculionidae (Figure 11).
Here are the earliest records (53.5–48.5 Ma) of the subfamilies Nanophyinae, Conoderinae and Cyclominae, tribes Eocaenonemonychini, Cratoparini, Anthribini, Tropiderini, Choragini, Metrioxenini, Apionini, Apostasimerini, Listroderini, Tropiphorini, Entimini, Sciaphilini, Geonemini, Eustylini and Dryocoetini in the fossil record. The faunas of Green River (51 species) and Roan Mountain (30 species) are very similar. In addition to common species, the generic composition is similar also. Five genera (Sciabregma, Lithogeraeus, Anthonomus, Mitostylus and Epicaerus) are shared by both localities. More samples were collected from the Green River and accordingly more described species. Roan Mountain has a depleted version of the Green River but representatives of the tribes Metrioxenini, Apionini, Erirhinini, Cossonini, Ceutorhynchini and the extinct genus Steganus are known only from this locality. Representatives of Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Rhynchitidae, Aplemonini, Nanophyinae, Molytini, Cryptorhynchini, Conoderintae, Primocentron, Limalophus, Entimini, Eudiagogini, Eustylini and Dryocoetini are found in the Green River.
The early-middle Eocene faunas of the Green River Formation are quite isolated and do not show obvious connections with other weevil faunas. The genus Perapion connects the Green River fauna with the Paleocene of Menat, the tribe Molytini with the Paleocene of Arkhara, the genera Cossonus and Anthonomus with the Paleocene of Argentina but these widespread groups do not show specificity of the faunogenetic relationships. Two taxa, the genus Sciabregma and the tribe Eudiagogini, show specific relationships between the early Eocene of France and the early-middle Eocene of North America. Most of the Curculionoidea of the Green River were associated with forests. It can be assumed that Aplemonini, Nanophyini, Ceutorhynchini, Apostasimerini, Listroderini and possibly some Entiminae lived on riverine meadows.

3.2.4. Middle Eocene Weevil Fauna

The middle Eocene consists of two stages, Lutetian and Bartonian. Lutetian localities (Figure 9) are Corfe with one described Curculionoid beetle species, Bournemouth with five species (England), Messel with four species, Geiseltal with six species and Eckfelder Maar with four species (Germany). The systematic position of nine species requires clarification. Here are the earliest records of the subfamily Brentinae (48.27 ± 0.22–47.0 Ma) and the tribes Baridini (50.0–42.0 Ma), Brachyderini (48.27 ± 0.22–47.0 Ma) and Sitonini (47.5–42.5 Ma) in the fossil record. Comparison of the fauna of the Lutheian localities among themselves is impossible due to the small number of described forms. I note that the genera Palaeoalatorostrum, Eckfelderolispa, Cryptorrhynchites, Palaeocrassirhinus, Palaeocneorhinus and Sitonitellus are known only from Lutetian. The richest fauna of Messel and Eckfelder Maar have not yet been described.
Bartonian localities (Figure 12) are Kutschlin (Czech Republic) with one species of the subfamily Molytinae and middle Eocene amber (with 140 species). Specimens in Baltic and Rovno amber are usually separate but an attempt has been made to compare Baltic amber from individual localities, namely, from Scandinavia, Poland and the Kaliningrad Region. There are very few samples of weevis in Polish and Scandinavian amber. Five species (Baltocyba electrinus, Toxorhynchus michalskii, Baltonanophyes crassirostre, Tachyerges hyperoche and Limalophus poinari) were described from Polish and four species (Archinvolvulus liquidus, Baltoconapium anderseni, Electrotribus henningseni and Ampharthropelma decipiens) from Scandinavian amber were not found in Kaliningrad amber. The tribes Rhadinocybini and Notapionini from the Rhadinocybitae were found only in these ambers, respectively. However, there is no reason to consider these amber separate, since the common species (Electrotribus theryi and Paonaupactus sitonitoides) in Kaliningrad amber were found in Scandinavian and Polish ambers. The absence of species in Kaliningrad amber can be explained by their rarity. Together, 124 species from the families Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Rhynchitidae, Brentidae, Curculionidae, Platypodidae and Scolytidae are recorded fromBaltic amber. The fauna of Rovno amber with 16 species of Curculionoidea has no common species with other amber localities and the two most common species, Electrotribus theryi and Paonaupactus sitonitoides, were not found in Rovno amber. At the generic level, the fauna of Rovno amber is also quite separate since from 13 genera, only 7 genera are common with Baltic amber. All tribes (except Valenfriesiini) recorded in Rovno amber were also found in Baltic amber. Representatives of eight families were found in Rovno and Baltic amber (Figure 13). A detailed analysis of the faunas of Eocene ambers was carried out in other articles [71,191]. In Eocene amber are the first records of the subfamily Tesserocerinae, the supertribes Rhadinocybitae and Aspidapiitae, the tribes Mecocerini, Allandrini, Zygaenodini, Oxycraspedini, Piezotrachelini, Dorytomini, Plinthini, Acicnemidini, Stromboscerini, Dryotribini, Ellescini, Eugnomini, Rhamphini, Camarotini, Hyperini, Trachyphloeini, Anypotactini, Polydrusini, Hylastini, Hylurgini, Phloeosinini and Polygraphini and the last find of the Sayrevilleinae subfamily in the fossil record. The faunas of Bartonian are very different from the fauna of Lutetian. Common genera are absent.
In general, the weevil fauna of the middle Eocene of Europe is very distinct from earlier faunas. The connections between it and the North American Ypresian-Luthean faunas includethe subtribe Zherichinixenina of the tribe Metrioxenini and the genus Limalophus, in both of them. The similarity with the Ypresian and Paleocene faunas of Europe lies only in the presence of widespread groups at the level of tribes (Cryptorhynchini, Ceutorhynchini, Curculionini and Naupactini) and subfamilies (Anthribinae, Apioninae, Molytinae, Dryophthorinae, Cossoninae, Curculioninae).

3.2.5. Late Eocene Weevil Fauna

The Priabonian faunas are described from five localities (Figure 14), two in France (Celas and Ales-Monteils), one in the USA (Florissant), one in the south of the Russian Far East (Biamo) and one in Brazil (Fonseca). Some 184 species were described from these localities. One species of the tribe Hyperini was described from Biamo. The genus Duartia, probably related to Scolytidae, is known from Fonseca. Palaeorhopalotria neli was described from Ales-Monteils. This species belongs to the extinct tribe Palaeorhopalotriini belonging to the supertribe Allocorynitae now distributed in Central America [192] and also noted in the Miocene [193]. The three representatives of Entiminae and species from the tribe Corimaliini (earliest record) are known from Celas.
The Florissant fauna, from which 177 species are known (Figure 15), is of great interest as being the richest of the Paleogene fauna. However, families Nemonychidae, Ithyceridae and Platypodidae are absent in this fauna. Representatives of the tribes Cratoparini, Anthribini, Ecelonerini, Tropiderini, Metrioxenini, Auletini, Rhynchitini, Eugnamptini (earliest record), Euscelini (earliest record), Apionini, Erirhinini, Dorytomini, Molytini, Magdalini (earliest record), Cryptorhynchini, Cleonini (earliest record), Dryophthorini, Sphenophorini (earliest record), Cossonini, Apostasimerini, Baridini, Ceutorhynchini, Cnemogonini (earliest record), Curculionini, Anthonomini, Rhamphini, Tychiini, Camarotini, Listroderini, Tropiphorini, Eudiagogini, Hyperini, Hormorini (earliest record), Naupactini, Geonemini, Psallidiini (earliest record), Tanymecini (earliest record), Hylastini and Phloeotribini (earliest record) are found in Florissant deposits (34.07 ± 0.10 Ma).
About half (52%) of the genera are recent. This fauna of Florissant is very different from the fauna of Barton amber, where 70% of genera are extinct. The structure of the fauna is rather unusual (Figure 15). Curculionidae dominates but Rhynchitidae and Brentidae also play an important role. Three subfamilies (Curculioninae, Conoderinae and Entiminae) of the weevils form the basis of the fauna (Figure 16), while Curculioninae and Entiminae and Conoderinae do not play a significant role (Figure 17) in Baltic amber. It differs from the fauna of the Green River, where only Curculionidae dominates and at the subfamily level of this family, the fauna is formed by Entiminae and Conoderinae. However, due to the presence of common groups (genera and tribes, usually found only in these localities), the Florissant fauna shows similarities primarily with the Green River (15 common genera and tribes) and Baltic and Rovno amber (11 common genera and tribes) faunas.

3.2.6. Comparison of the Eocene Weevil Faunas

In the Eocene, weevil diversity occurs from early to late (Figure 18 and Figure 19). A small number of species in the Lutetian is due to poorly studied fauna. The number of representatives of modern genera increases towards the late Eocene.

3.3. Oligocene Weevil Fauna

The Oligocene fauna of Curculionoid beetles is represented by 94 described species from six families. Ten localities related to the early (White River Badlands from USA, Brunnstatt and Corent from France), middle (border between early and late) (Sieblos and Kleinkembs from Germany, Gaube and Puy-Saint-Jean from France) and late Oligocene (Luzice from Czech Republic, Aix-en-Provance from France, Rott from Germany) (Figure 20 and Figure 21), contain the remains of Curculionoidea that were described. The Greenland locality of Kap Dalton, where representative of the Nemonychidae family was described, dates from the Oligocene without specifying the stage [194]. Curculionoidea are also represented in the Rupelian Quilchena (Canada), Cereste (France), Seifhennersdorf (Germany), Ahuehuetes (Mexico), Kundratice (Czech Republic), Hutt Enspel (Germany), Ashutas (Kazakhstan), Perekishkyul’ (Azerbaijan) localities [30,195,196,197,198,199].
Representatives of the family Curculionidae and a few species of the subfamily Apioninae from the family Brentidae were found in these localities.

3.3.1. Review of Curculionoidea Families in the Oligocene

Nemonychidae in the Oligocene

The family Nemonychidae in the Oligocene is represented by one species assigned to the tribe Eocaenonemonychini from the subfamily Cretonemonychinae. This is the latest find of the family in the fossil record.

Anthribidae in the Oligocene

The family Anthribidae is very poorly represented in Oligocene deposits (Figure 22). No representatives of the subfamily Anthribinae were found. One species of the tribe Choragini was described from the late Oligocene. Choraginae were very rare in the Eocene, so this find shows a greater abundance of this subfamily in the Oligocene. Three species of the genus Bruchela of the subfamily Urodontinae were described from the Oligocene of France and Germany. This is the first reliable indication of Urodontinae in the fossil record.

Rhynchitidae in the Oligocene

Six species of the family Rhynchitidae occur in the late Oligocene. The extinct genus of the tribe Vossicartini, now distributed only in tropical Africa and Madagascar [60], is the only find of this tribe in the fossil record. The tribe Rhynchitini is represented by extinct species of recent genera belonging to both the primitive subtribe Perrhynchitina and the advanced subtribe Rhynchitina.

Attelabidae in the Oligocene

The Attelabidae family was not found in the Oligocene.

Brentidae in the Oligocene

The family Brentidae is found in the Oligocene of Europe. Eight species belong to the subfamily Apioninae and one to the subfamily Nanophyinae (tribe Nanophyini). The systematic position of most species in the tribes and genera requires clarification. One species can be assigned to the genus Perapion of the tribe Aplemonini. Previously, this genus was discovered in the Paleocene of Europe and the Eocene of North America.

Curculionidae in the Oligocene

The Curculionidae family is represented by 72 species from the subfamilies Erirhininae, Molytinae, Lixinae, Dryophthorinae, Cossoninae, Conoderinae, Curculioninae and Entiminae (Figure 23). Only the subfamily Cyclominae was not encounteredin Oligocene deposits. Two species from the tribes Erirhinini and Bagoini of the subfamily Erirhininae are noted in the Oligocene. Representatives of the tribes Molytini, Pissodini, Magdalini and Cryptorhynchini belonging to the subfamily Molytinae were described from different Oligocene localities. Lithopissodes luschitzensis is the only Pissodini in the fossil record. Two species of the genus Larinus of the tribe Lixini and two species formally assigned to the genus Cleonis belong to the subfamily Lixinae. The subfamily Dryophthorinae with one species of the tribe Dryophthorini and one species of the tribe Sphenophorini is known from the late Oligocene. Here is the only record of the tribe Sphenophorini in the Paleogene of Europe. Only two species from the tribes Rhyncolini and Cossonini of the subfamily Cossoninae were found in the late Oligocene. It is important to note that the tribe Dryotribini common in the middle Eocene amber are not found in the Oligocene. The diverse subfamily Conoderinae is poorly represented in the Oligocene. Two species of Bariditae are noted. Lithogeraeus comminute from the tribe Apostasimerini was described from the early Oligocene of the United States. One species placed in the genus Baris of the tribe Baridini is known from the early Oligocene of Europe. The supertribe Conoderintae is not found in the Oligocene. The supertribe Ceutorhynchitae is represented by the tribes Ceutorhynchini and Phytobiini. The tribes Smicronychini, Anthonomini and Tychiini from the subfamily Curculioninae are found in the Oligocene. “Smicronyx” antiquus is the only species of the tribe Smicronychini in the fossil record. “Anthonomus” soporus from the tribe Anthonomini is marked for the early Oligocene of the United States. The Oligocene species of the genera Sibinia and Tychius belong to the tribe Tychiini. Twenty three species from six tribes belong to the subfamily Entiminae. The most diverse tribes are Tropiphorini with 7 species and Tanymecini with 6 species. One or two species belong to the tribes Sciaphilini, Sitonini, Geonemini and Brachyderini. The position of four species in these tribes requires clarification. The family Platypodidae is not found in the Oligocene. Two species of the genus Hylesinus of the tribe Hylesinini from the family Scolytidae are known from the late Oligocene of France.
Localities with the described fauna are divided into those located in North America and Europe. Curculionidae from the only Asian locality in Kazakhstan have not yet been described. Species were described from the White River Badlands and Kap Dalton in Greenland. Their fauna is radically different from the fauna of the Old World. At least 13 species of the family Curculionidae are known from the White River Badlands. These are representatives of the genera Procas, Archaeoheilus, Lithogeraeus, Anthonomus, Limalophus, Mitostylus and Epicaerus. None of these genera were found in the Oligocene of Europe. The fauna of this locality shows a close similarity with the fauna of the middle Eocene, Green River and Road Mountain. Moreover, three species from the White River are found inthese faunas. At the level of genera and tribes, the similarity between them is complete. One can consider White River as a reduced version of the Eocene American faunas. The only Curculionoidea from the Oligocene of Greenland belongs to the North American tribe Eocaenonemonychini and possibly to a genus described from the Green River.

3.3.2. Early Oligocene Weevil Fauna

Twenty one species are found in the early Oligocene of Europe (France), 13 species in Brunnstatt and 8 species in Corent. There is one species of the subfamily Urodintinae (Anthribidae), three species of the subfamily Apioninae (Brentidae), 17 species of Curculionidae (one species of the subfamily Erirhininae, five species of the subfamily Molytinae, three species of the subfamily Lixinae, four species of the subfamily Conoderinae, two species of the subfamily Curculioninae, one species of the subfamily Entiminae and one species of the subfamily insertae sedis). The faunas of Brunnstatt and Corent are very different. No species and genera occur in both localities. Three species in Corent can be attributed to the meadow complex (Anisorhynchus and Cleonini) and three to the forest complex (representatives of Molytinae). The fauna of Brunnstatt is much more diverse. Most species noted there belong to the meadow-steppe complex (11 species from the genera Bruchela, Larinus, Baris, Ceutrhynchus, Smicronyx, Tychius and the subfamily Apioninae) while Molytinae probably belonged to the forest complex and Bagous to the near-water habitat.

3.3.3. Middle Oligocene Weevil Fauna

Only ten weevil species were described from the middle Oligocene (boundaries are of the early and late Oligocene) and six of them belong to Curculionidae insertae sedis. The rest belong to the subfamilies Molytinae, Conoderinae and Curculioninae of the family Curculionidae.

3.3.4. Late Oligocene Weevil Fauna

Thirty four species were described from the late Oligocene. One species is known from Luzice, 22 from Aix-en-Provance and 27 from Rott. The fauna of Aix-en-Provance is represented by the three families, Brentidae, Curculionidae and Scolytidae (Figure 24). They involveforest species (Dryophthorus incertus, Cossonus robustus, Rhytidoderes spp., Hylesinus spp.) and open space species (Apioninae, “Sibinia” whitneyi), Protainophthalmus spp. Extinct species belong to widespread groups. Noteworthy are six species of the extinct genus Protainophthalmus known only from this locality. This genus belongs to the subtribe Tainophthalmina that is distributed in Central and East Asia and is also found in the Mediterranean. Three extinct species of the recent genus Rhytideres from the Mediterranean are also only found in Aix-en-Provance. The families Anthribidae, Rhynchitidae, Brentidae and Curculionidae form the Rott fauna (Figure 25). Species of the family Curculionidae dominate. Most species belong to widespread genera (Choragus, Perapion, Nanophyes, Hylobius, Magdalis, Acalles, Larinus, Sphenophorus, Rhyncolus, Ceutorhynchus and Tychius). Three species belong to the West Palaearctic genera Bruchela and Tatianaerhynchites. Representatives of the oriental genera Cartorhynchites and Opacoinvolvulus are also present. The two genera Germanocartus and Brachymycterus are endemic to this locality. The Rott fauna consisted of approximately half forest and meadow species. It is obviousthat the Rott fauna is much more diverse than that of Aix-en-Provance. Common genera are absent.

3.3.5. Comparing of the Oligocene Weevil Faunas

Comparing the faunas of the early and late Oligocene, it is noted that the Chattian faunas are more diverse. They contain not only representatives of widespread or West Palaearctic genera but also oriental forms. Relationships with the African fauna are indicated the presence of a representative of the tribe Vossicartini. In general, the Oligocene fauna was formed by forest and meadow-steppe species, which indicates the presence of open spaces.

4. Discussion

In total, 564 species of Curculionoidea from nine families were described from the Paleogene. They occur in seven localities in North America (four from Eocene and three from Oligocene), three in South America (one from the Paleocene and two from the Eocene), 34 in Europe (two from the Paleocene, 18 from the Eocene and 14 from the Oligocene) and six in North and East Asia (two from each of the Paleocene, the Eocene and the Oligocene). They have not yet been found in African, South Asian and Australian Paleogene localities. An increase in the number of species is observed from the Paleocene to the Eocene (end of the Eocene) and then decreases in the Oligocene (Figure 26). The greatest diversity of Curculionoidea is described from the Eocene of Europe and North America. The richest faunas are known from the terminal Eocene of Florissant (177 species), the middle Eocene Baltic amber (124 species) and the early-middle Eocene Green River formation (75 species). Discovery of relict groups with a local distribution in the contemporary fauna, such as Ithyceridae—Chilecarinae and Ithycerinae, Belidae—Metrioxenini, Rhynchitinae—Sayrevilleinae, were made in the Eocene of America and the Eocene and Oligocene of Europe. The most numerous group of all the Paleogene Coleoptera faunas is the superfamily Curculionoidea [200]. The family Curculionidae dominates in all localities of the Paleogene. Anthribidae, Rhynchitidae, Brentidae and Scolytidae are sometimes subdominant in Eocene localities. For example, Anthribidae, Brentidae and Scolytidae account for 40% of the Baltic amber fauna (weevils 47%) and Rhynchitidae comprise 13% of the Florissant fauna (weevils 72%). In all localities, species associated with woody vegetation dominate. Species associated with herbaceous vegetation are present in most localities since the middle Paleocene. Their proportion is increasing in the Oligocene. Further study of the Curculionoidea from Paleogene localities may clarify the picture somewhat.

Funding

The study was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project nos. 18-04-00243-a and 19-04-00465-a) and the Federal Fundamental Scientific Research Program for 2013–2020 (project no. AAAA-A16-116121410121-7).

Acknowledgments

The author thanks many colleagues for their assistance throughout his studies: V.I. Alekseev, A.R. Manukyan and A.V. Smirnova (Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum, Russia: Kaliningrad), A. Allen (USA: Boise), A. Bukejs (Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Latvia: Daugavpils), D. Berthet (Centre de Conservation du musée des confluences, France, Lyon), J. Damzen (Lithuania: Vilnius), F. Eichmann (Germany: Hannover), A. Górski (Poland: Bielsko-Biaùa), C. Gröhn (Germany: Glinde), V.A. Gusakov (Russia: Moscow), A.G. Kirejtshuk (Zoological Institute RAS, Russia: St. Petersburg), U. Kotthoff (Center of Natural History, Germany: Hamburg), N.V. Martynovich (Museum of the World Ocean, Russia: Kaliningrad), A. Nel (Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, France: Paris), E.E. Perkovsky and V.Y. Nazarenko (Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NASU, Ukraine: Kiev), A.G. Ponomarenko, A.P. Rasnitsyn, E.D. Lukashevich, D.E. Shcherbakov, I.D. Sukatsheva, D.V. Vassilenko (Borissiak Paleontological Institute RAS, Russia: Moscow), E. Yu. Shevnin (Russia: Novosibirsk), L.B. Vilhelmsen (Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Denmark: Copenhagen), K. Szczepaniak (Earth Institute, Poland: Warsaw), T. Wappler (Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Germany: Darmstadt), Ch. R. Scotese (Northwestern University, USA: Evanston) allowing me to use his paleomaps and G.O. Poinar, Jr (Oregon State University, USA: Corvallis) for improving the manuscript. The two reviewers are also acknowledged for the valuable comments that improved the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Geochronology of the Paleogene (Ma).
Figure 1. Geochronology of the Paleogene (Ma).
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Figure 2. Paleocene Curculionoidea deposits: octagon—Sunchal; square—Starostin; rhombus—Menat; circle—Arkhara; ring—Mirs Bay.
Figure 2. Paleocene Curculionoidea deposits: octagon—Sunchal; square—Starostin; rhombus—Menat; circle—Arkhara; ring—Mirs Bay.
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Figure 3. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Paleocene fauna.
Figure 3. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Paleocene fauna.
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Figure 4. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Eocene fauna.
Figure 4. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Eocene fauna.
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Figure 5. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Eocene fauna.
Figure 5. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Eocene fauna.
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Figure 6. Early Eocene Curculionoidea deposits: square—Oise amber; circle—Peckham and London Clay; rhombus—Havighorst; ring—Mors; red circle—Republic; blue circle—Quilchena; triangle—Tadushi; octagon—Huitrera Formation.
Figure 6. Early Eocene Curculionoidea deposits: square—Oise amber; circle—Peckham and London Clay; rhombus—Havighorst; ring—Mors; red circle—Republic; blue circle—Quilchena; triangle—Tadushi; octagon—Huitrera Formation.
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Figure 7. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Early Eocene fauna.
Figure 7. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Early Eocene fauna.
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Figure 8. Composition of Curculionoidea species between Early Eocene localities.
Figure 8. Composition of Curculionoidea species between Early Eocene localities.
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Figure 9. Lutetian Curculionoidea deposits: octagon—Roan Mountain and Green River; square—Corfe and Bournemouth; circle—Messel and Eckfelder Maar, rhombus—Geiseltal.
Figure 9. Lutetian Curculionoidea deposits: octagon—Roan Mountain and Green River; square—Corfe and Bournemouth; circle—Messel and Eckfelder Maar, rhombus—Geiseltal.
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Figure 10. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Green River Formation.
Figure 10. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Green River Formation.
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Figure 11. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Green River Formation.
Figure 11. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Green River Formation.
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Figure 12. Bartonian Curculionoidea deposits: red circle—Baltic amber (Kaliningrad region); blue circle—Polish amber; yellow circle—Scandinavian amber; pink circle—Bitterfeld amber; ring—Romanian amber; circle—Rovno amber; square—Kutschlin.
Figure 12. Bartonian Curculionoidea deposits: red circle—Baltic amber (Kaliningrad region); blue circle—Polish amber; yellow circle—Scandinavian amber; pink circle—Bitterfeld amber; ring—Romanian amber; circle—Rovno amber; square—Kutschlin.
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Figure 13. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Baltic amber.
Figure 13. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Baltic amber.
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Figure 14. Priabonian Curculionoidea deposits: Circle—Celas and Ales-Monteils; octagon—Florissant; square—Biamo; rhombus—Fonseca.
Figure 14. Priabonian Curculionoidea deposits: Circle—Celas and Ales-Monteils; octagon—Florissant; square—Biamo; rhombus—Fonseca.
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Figure 15. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Florissant.
Figure 15. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Florissant.
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Figure 16. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Florissant.
Figure 16. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Florissant.
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Figure 17. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Baltic amber.
Figure 17. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Baltic amber.
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Figure 18. Change in the number of Curculionoidea species in the Eocene.
Figure 18. Change in the number of Curculionoidea species in the Eocene.
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Figure 19. Change in the number of Curculionoidea species in the Eocene.
Figure 19. Change in the number of Curculionoidea species in the Eocene.
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Figure 20. Rupelian Curculionoidea deposits: octagon—White River Badlands; circle—Brunnstatt; square—Corent; ring—Cereste; rhombus—Seifhennersdorf; red circle—Ahuehuetes; triangle—Kundratice; yellow circle—Kap Dalton; pink circle—Kenderlyk II.
Figure 20. Rupelian Curculionoidea deposits: octagon—White River Badlands; circle—Brunnstatt; square—Corent; ring—Cereste; rhombus—Seifhennersdorf; red circle—Ahuehuetes; triangle—Kundratice; yellow circle—Kap Dalton; pink circle—Kenderlyk II.
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Figure 21. Middle and late Oligocene Curculionoidea deposits: circle—Luzice; rhombus—Rott and Enspel; octagon—Aix-en-Provance; pink circle—Ashutas; ring—Perekishkyul’; triangle—Sieblos; square—Kleinkembs; blue circle—Gaube and Puy-Saint-Jean.
Figure 21. Middle and late Oligocene Curculionoidea deposits: circle—Luzice; rhombus—Rott and Enspel; octagon—Aix-en-Provance; pink circle—Ashutas; ring—Perekishkyul’; triangle—Sieblos; square—Kleinkembs; blue circle—Gaube and Puy-Saint-Jean.
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Figure 22. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Oligocene.
Figure 22. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in the Oligocene.
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Figure 23. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Oligocene.
Figure 23. Composition of species of Curculionidae in the Oligocene.
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Figure 24. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in Aix-en-Provance.
Figure 24. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in Aix-en-Provance.
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Figure 25. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in Rott.
Figure 25. Composition of species of Curculionoidea in Rott.
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Figure 26. Change in number of Curculionoidea species in the Paleogene subepochs. The fauna of the Green River Formation is included in the Early Eocene.
Figure 26. Change in number of Curculionoidea species in the Paleogene subepochs. The fauna of the Green River Formation is included in the Early Eocene.
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Table
Table 1. Localities with Curculionoidea from the Paleogene.
Table 1. Localities with Curculionoidea from the Paleogene.
NameAbbreviationLocationAge
ArkharaArkh (P1d)Russia: Amurskaya Region, Arkharinskii District, quarry at Arkhara Railway StationLower Paleocene, Danian, Cagayan
StarostinStar (P1d)Norway: Spitsbergen, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Firkanten FormationLower Paleocene, Danian, 63 ± 2 Ma
SunchalSunc (P1d)Argentina: northern Argentina, Jujuy Province, La Mendieta, Maiz Gordo FormationLower Paleocene, Danian, 66.0−55.8 Ma
MenatMena (P1sl-t)France: Puy-de-DomeMiddle-Upper Paleocene, Selandian-Thanetian, 61.0–59.0 Ma
Mirs BayMirs (P1)China: Hong Kong, Peng Chau Island, gray sandy shales, Ping Chau FormationPaleocene
MorsMors (P2i)Denmark, Fur FormationLower Eocene, Ypresian, 54.0 Ma
London ClayLonC (P2i)United Kingdom: England: Sussex, Bognor RegisLower Eocene, Ypresian, 54.0–50.0 Ma
Roan MountainRoaM (P2i-l)United States: Colorado, Green River FormationLower-Middle Eocene, Bridgerian, 53.5–48.5 Ma
Green RiverGreR (P2i-l)United States: Colorado, Wyoming, Utah States, 3–4 km west of railway crossing of Green River, Green-River FormationLower-Middle Eocene, Bridgerian, 53.5–48.5 Ma
Oise amberOisJ(P2i)France: Paris basin, Creil, OiseLowermost Eocene, Ypresian, 53.0 Ma
Huitrera Formation Argentina: Arroyo Chacay, Río Negro, near Estancia Don Hipólito, W, about 60 km east from San Carlos de Bariloche, Huitrera FormationLower Eocene, Ypresian, 54.24 ± 0.45 Ma
PeckhamPeck (P2i)England: South London, Reding BedsLower Eocene, Ypresian
HavighorstHavi (P2i)Germany: east of Hamburg, Schleswig HolsteinLower Eocene, Ypresian
Quilchena Canada: British Columbia, 3 km south of Nicola Lake, lacustrine shaleLower Eocene, Ypresian, 51.5 ± 0.4 Ma
RepublicRepu (P2i)United States: Northeast Washington State, Klondike Mountain FormationLower Eocene, Ypresian, 49.0–48.0Ma
TadushiTadu (P2i)Russia: Russian Far East, Primorsky Krai, Kavalerovsky District, Pestrushka River near mouth and Ugol’nyi Creek, tributary of Zerkal’nyi (Tadushi) River, near village of Suvorovo, Tadushi FormationLower Eocene, Ypresian
MesselMess (P2l)Germany: near Frankfurt, oil shalesMiddle Eocene, Upper Ypresian Lower Lutetian, 48.27 ± 0.22–47.0 Ma
CorfeCorf (P2l)United Kingdom: England: Dorset, Corfe Clay, Lower Bagshot BedsMiddle Eocene, Lutetian,
BournemouthBour (P2l)United Kingdom: England, Dorset, Bagshot SeriesMiddle Eocene, Lutetian, 50.0–42.0 Ma
GeiseltalGeis (P2l)Germany: near HalleMiddle Eocene, Lutetian, 47.5–42.5 Ma
Eckfelder MaarMaar (P2l)Germany: Rheinland-Pfalz, Rhine PalatineMiddle Eocene, Lutetian, 44.3 Ma
Baltic amber (Kaliningrad region)BalJ(P2b)Russia: Kaliningrad Region, Baltic Sea coast and Amber Jantarnyi quarry near Kaliningrad, Prussian FormationMiddle Eocene, Bartonian, 48.0–33.0 Ma
Polish amberPolJ(P2b)Poland: Gdansk city area, at the Wisla River Estuary, Baltic amber, Prussian Formation;Middle Eocene, Bartonian, 48.0–33.0 Ma
Scandinavian amberScanJ(P2b)Denmark, amber deposits on the Danish coast, Baltic amber, Prussian FormationMiddle Eocene, Bartonian, 48.0–33.0 Ma
Rovno amberRovJ (P2b)Ukraine: Rovno Region, Klesov and Dubrovice quarriesMiddle Eocene, Bartonian, 48.0–33.0 Ma
Bitterfeld amber Germany: Saxony-Anhalt, Goitzsche near BitterfeldMiddle Eocene, Bartonian, 48.0–33.0 Ma
Romanian amber Romania: Alunisului Hill, Valea Sibiciului, ColtiMiddle Eocene, Bartonian, 48.0–33.0 Ma
KutschlinKuts (P2b)Czech Republic, northwest Bohemia, near BilinaMiddle Eocene, Bartonian
CelasCela (P2p)France: Gard Department, railway Uze’s–Saint-Julien-de-Casig-nac, Fumades, Corents, Bassein AlesUpper Eocene, Priabonian
Ales-MonteilsAles (P2p)France: GardUpper Eocene, Priabonian
FlorissantFlor (P2p)United States: Colorado, Rocky Mountains near Pike’s Peak, Florissant FormationLatest Eocene, Priabonian, 34.07 ± 0.10 Ma
BiamoBiam (P2p)Russia: Russian Far East, Primorsky Region, Pozharskii District, source of Barachek Creek, right tributary of Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya (formerly Biamo) RiverUpper Eocene, Priabonian
FonsecaFons (P2p)Brazil: Minas Gerais State, near Fonseca municipality, Whitish shales, under bituminous shales, Fonseca Basin, Fonseca FormationOligocene, Priabonian
White River BadlandsWhiR (P3r)United States: South DakotaLower Oligocene, Rupelian, 34.0–31.2 Ma
BrunnstattBrun (P3r)France: Alsace, Haut-Rhine Dept., 5 km southwest of MulhouseLower Oligocene, Rupelian, 33.9 Ma
CorentCore (P3r)France: South France, Puy-de-Dom Department, Gergovia Plateau, south of Clermon-FerranLower Oligocene, Rupelian
Cereste France: Alpes-de-Haute Province, Basses Alp DepartmentLower Oligocene, Rupelian
Seifhennersdorf Germany: Saxony, OberlausitzLower Oligocene, Rupelian, 30.5–30.2 Ma
Ahuehuetes Mexico: Puebla, 4.5 km NNE from Tepexi de Rodrigues, Los Ahuehuetes, Coatzingo FormationLower Oligocene, Rupelian
Kundratice Czech Republic: near Litomioice and SeifhennersdorfLower Oligocene, Rupelian
SieblosSieb (P3)Germany: Hessen, RhonMiddle Oligocene
KleinkembsKlei (P3)Germany: Baden-Wurtemberg, 10 km northwest of Lorrach, Pays de Bade, Salt FormationMiddle Oligocene
GaubeGaub (P3)France: Puy-de-Dome, ravin de la GaubeLower Oligocene, Rupelian
Puy-Saint-JeanPuStJ (P3)France: Puy-de-St. JeanMiddle Oligocene
LuziceLuzi (P3h)Czech Republic: northwest BohemiaUpper Oligocene, Chattian
Enspel Germany: Rheinland-Pfalz, Westerwald, Bad MarienbergUpper Oligocene, Chattian, 24.79 − 24.56 Ma
Ashutas Kazakhstan: East Kazakhstan Region, Kurshim District, right bank of River Cherny IrtyshUpper Oligocene, Chattian
Perekishkyul’ Azerbaijan: middle course of Sumgait River, village of Perekeshkul, Maikop FormationUpper Oligocene, Chattian
RottRott (P3h)Germany: North Rhine-Westfalia, Siebengebirge, near Bonn, Rott FormationLatest Oligocene, Upper Chattian, 24.0–23.0 Ma
Aix-en-ProvanceAix (P3h)France: Bouches-du-Rhane, Aix-en-Provence FormationLatest Oligocene, Upper Chattian
Kap DaltonKapD (P3)Denmark: GreenlandOligocene
Kenderlyk II Kazakhstan: East Kazakhstan Region, Zaisan district, left bank of Kenderlyk River, 6 km from village of KenderlykOligocene
Table 2. List of species of Curculionoidea from Paleogene [8,29,30,47,50,67,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175].
No.TaxonLocalityAgeSources
Nemonychidae Bedel, 1882
Cretonemonychinae Gratshev et Legalov, 2009
Eocaenonemonychini Legalov, 2013
1Eocaenonemonyx kuscheli Legalov, 2013GreRP2i-l72
2“Sitones” grandaevus Scudder, 1876GreRP2i-l73
3“Eugnamptus” decemsatus Scudder, 1878KapDP374
Cimberidinae Gozis, 1882
Kuschelomacerini Riedel, 2010
4Kuschelomacer kerneggeri Riedel, 2010BalJP2b75
Anthribidae Billberg, 1820
Anthribinae Billberg, 1820
Cratoparini LeConte, 1876
5“Euparius” elusus (Scudder, 1878)GreRP2i-l74
6“E.” repertus (Scudder, 1878)FlorP2p74
7“E.” adumbratus (Wickham, 1911)FlorP2p76
8”E.” arcessitus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
Anthribini Billberg, 1820
9“Ormiscus“ partitus (Scudder, 1890)GreRP2i-l78
10“Trigonorhinus“ pristinus (Scudder, 1876)GreRP2i-l73
11“T.“ sordidus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
Ecelonerini Lacordaire, 1865
12Pseudochirotenon eocaenicus Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l69
13Saperdirhynchus prisctitillator Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Mecocerini Lacordaire, 1865
14Pseudoecocerus aleksevi Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
Tropiderini Lacordaire, 1865
15“Tropideres“ remotus Scudder, 1893GreRP2i-l77
16“T.“ vastats Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Allandrini Pierce, 1930
17Pseudomecorhis orlovi Zherikhin, 1971BalJP2b79
18P. simulator Voss, 1953BalJP2b80
19Allandroides vossi Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
Oiserhinini Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019
20Oiserhinus insolitus Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019OisJP2i81
Zygaenodini Lacordaire, 1865
21Glaesotropis (Pseudoglaesotropis) balticus Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
22G. (P.) martynovi (Legalov, 2012)BalJP2b82
23G. (Glaesotropis) diadiasashai Gratshev et Perkovsky, 2008RovJP2b83
24G. (G.) gusakovi Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
25G. (G.) minor Gratshev et Zherikhin, 1995BalJP2b84
26G. (G.) succiniferus Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
27G. (G.) weitschati Gratshev et Zherikhin, 1995BalJP2b84
28G. (Electranthribus) alleni Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
29G. (E.) gratshevi Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
30G. (E.) zherikhini (Legalov, 2013)BalJP2b47
Tribe incertae sedis
31Stiraderes conradi Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Choraginae W. Kirby, 1819
Choragini W. Kirby, 1819
32“Choragus“ fictilis Scudder, 1890GreRP2i-l78
33“Ch.“ tertiarius Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Valenfriesiini Alonso-Zarazaga et Lyal, 1999
34Eduardoxenus unicus Legalov, Nazarenko et Perkovsky, 2018RovJP2b86
Urodontinae C.G Thomson, 1859
35“Bruchela“ cincta (Foerster, 1891)BrunP3r87
36“B.“ priscus (C. Heyden, 1862)RottP3h88
37“B.“ multipunctata (Schlechtendal, 1894)RottP3h89
Ithyceridae Schoenherr, 1823
Chilecarinae Legalov, 2009
Chilecarini Legalov, 2009
38Petropsis rostratus Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2017MenaP1sl-t50
Ithycerinae Schoenherr, 1823
39Eoceneithycerus carpenteri Legalov, 2013RepuP2i47
40Ithyceroides klondikensis Legalov, 2015RepuP2i30
Belidae Schoenherr, 1826
Oxycoryninae Schoenherr, 1840
Oxycraspedini Marvaldi et Oberprieler, 2006
41Oxycraspedus poinari Legalov, 2016BalJP2b90
Metrioxenini Voss, 1953
Metrioxenina Voss, 1953
42Archimetrioxena electrica Voss, 1953BalJP2b80
43A. zherikhini (Legalov, 2012)BalJP2b82
Zherichinixenina Legalov, 2009
44Paltorhynchus bisculcatus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
45P. narwhal Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
46Succinometrioxena attenuata Legalov et Poinar, 2020BalJP2b91
47S. bachofeni Legalov, 2013BalJP2b47
48S. poinari Legalov, 2012BalJP2b92
Allocorynitae Sharp, 1890
Palaeorhopalotriini Legalov, 2013
49Palaeorhopalotria neli Legalov, 2013AlesP2p47
Rhynchitidae Gistel, 1856
Sayrevilleinae Legalov, 2003
Sanyrevilleini Legalov, 2003
50Baltocar convexus Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
51B. groehni Riedel, 2012BalJP2b93
52B. hoffeinsorum Riedel, 2012BalJP2b93
53B. subnudus Riedel, 2012BalJP2b93
54B. succinicus (Voss, 1953)BalJP2b80
Vossicartini Legalov, 2003
55Germanocartus heydeni (Schlechtendal, 1894)RottP3h89
Rhynchitinae Gistel, 1856
Auletini Desbrochers des Loges, 1908
Auletina Desbrochers des Loges, 1908
56Electrauletes unicus Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
Pseudauletina Voss, 1933
57Eoropseudauletes plucinskii Kania et Legalov, 2019BalJP2b94
Pseudomesauletina Legalov, 2003
58Pseudomesauletes groehni Bukejs et Legalov, 2019RovJP2b95
59P. culex (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
60P. ibis (Wickham, 1912)FlorP2p96
61P. obliquus (Wickham, 1913)FlorP2p97
62P. striaticeps (Wickham, 1911)FlorP2p76
Subtribe incertae sedis
63“Teretrum” quiescitum Scudder, 1893GreRP2i-l77
64T. primulum Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
65Docirhynchus terebrans Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
66“Trypanorhynchus” depratus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
67“Paltorhynchus” rectirostris Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
68“Trypanorhynchus” sedatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Rhynchitini Gistel, 1856
Temnocerina Legalov, 2003
69Eocenorhynchites vossi Legalov, 2012BalJP2b74
Perrhynchitina Legalov, 2003
70Succinorhynchites alberti Legalov, 2013BalJP2b47
71Tatianaerhynchites goergesi (Zherikhin, 1992)RottP3h98
Rhynchitina Gistel, 1856
72Cartorhynchites struvei Zherikhin, 1992RottP3h98
73Opacoinvolvulus rottensis (Zherikhin, 1992)RottP3h98
74O. zherichini Legalov, 2003RottP3h55
Subtribe incertae sedis
75“Rhysosternum” punctatolineatum Piton, 1940MenaP1sl-t99
76Isothea alleni Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
=Trypanorhynchus corruptivus Scudder, 1893 77
77Prodeporaus curiosum (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
78P. exanimale (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
79P. exilis (Wickham, 1913)FlorP2p97
80P. minutissimus (Wickham, 1913)FlorP2p97
81P. smithii (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
82“Prodeporaides“ laminarum (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
83“P.“ subterraneus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
84“P.“ vulcan (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
85P. wymani (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
86“Masteutes” saxifer Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
87“Rhynchites” hageni Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Eugnamptini Voss, 1930
88“Eugnamptidea” florissantensis Wickham, 1913FlorP2p97
89E. robusta Wickham, 1916FlorP2p100
90E. tertiaria Wickham, 1912FlorP2p101
Attelabidae Billberg, 1820
Attelabinae Billberg, 1820
Attelabitae Billberg, 1820
Euscelini Voss, 1925
Clinolabina Legalov, 2003
91Paleoclinolabus dormitus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
Attelabini Billberg, 1820
92“Phytonomus” punctatus Piton, 1940MenaP1sl-t99
93Palaeoalatorostrum schaali Rheinheimer, 2007MessP2l102
Brentidae Billberg, 1820
Apioninae Schoenherr, 1823
Tanaitae Schoenherr, 1839
Tanaini Schoenherr, 1839
94Cretotanaos bontsaganensis Legalov, 2014TaduP2i103
Rhadinocybitae Alonso-Zarazaga, 1992
Rhadinocybini Alonso-Zarazaga, 1992
95Baltocyba electrinus Legalov, 2018PolJP2b104
Notapionini Zimmerman, 1994
96Archinvolvulus liquidus Voss, 1972ScanJP2b105
Palaeotanaitae Kirejtshuk, Legalov et Nel, 2015
Palaeotanaini Kirejtshuk, Legalov et Nel, 2015
97Palaeotanaos oisensis Kirejtshuk, Legalov et Nel, 2015OisJP2i8
Aspidapiitae Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990
Aspidapiini Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990
98Pseudaspidapion khnzoriani (Zherikhin, 1971)BalJP2b79
99Baltoapion gusakovi (Legalov, 2015)BalJP2b30
100B. subdiscedens (Voss, 1953)BalJP2b80
Kalcapiini Alonso-Zarazaga, 1990
101Melanapion (Melanapionoides) poinari Legalov, 2015BalJP2b30
102M. (M.) wanati Legalov, 2012BalJP2b67
103Succinapion telnovi Legalov et Bukejs, 2014BalJP2b106
Apionitae Schoenherr, 1823
Piezotrachelini Voss, 1959
104Conapium alleni Legalov, 2012BalJP2b67
105Baltoconapium anderseni (Voss, 1972)ScanJP2b105
106Electrapion kuntzeni (Wagner, 1924)BalJP2b107
Aplemonini Kissinger, 1968
107Perapion menatensis Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2017MenaP1sl-t50
108P. rasnitsyni Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l69
109“P.“ profundum (Schlechtendal, 1894)RottP3h89
Apionini Schoenherr, 1823
Toxorhynchina Scudder, 1893
110Apionion evestigatum (Scudder, 1893)RoaMP2i-l77
111Toxorhynchus europeoeocenicus Bukejs et Legalov, 2020RovJP2b108
112T. michalskii Legalov, in print.PolJP2b109
113“T.“ arctus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
114“T.“ confectum (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
115“T.“ corruptus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
116T. florissantensis (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
117T. minusculus (Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
118T. oculatus (Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
119“T.” pumilum (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
120“T.” refrenatum (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
121“T.” reventus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
122T. scudderianum (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
Tribe incertae sedis
123“Apion” cockerelli Wickham, 1911FlorP2p76
124“A.” obtusus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
125“A.” levirostre Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
126“A.” parvum Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
127“A.” sulcatum Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
128“Rhynchites” orcinus Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
129“Apion” primordiale Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
130“A.” profundum Schlechtendal, 1894RottP3h89
131“Coeliodes” primigenius Oustalet, 1874AixP3h110
Nanophyinae Gistel, 1856
Nanophyini Gistel, 1856
132Palaeonanophyes zherikhini Legalov, 2015GreRP2i-l111
133Baltonanophyes crassirostre Legalov, 2018PolJP2b104
134Zherikhiniellus rarus Legalov, in print.BalJP2b109
135“Nanophyes” japetus Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Corimaliini Alonso-Zarazaga, 1989
136“Corimalia” cycloptera Theobald, 1937CelaP2p112
Brentinae Billberg, 1820
Trachelizini Lacordaire, 1865
Stereodermina Sharp, 1895
137Cerobates (Cerobates) eocenicus Legalov et Wappler, in print.MaarP2l113
Trachelizina Lacordaire, 1865
138Eckfelderolispa petrefacta Legalov et Wappler, in print.MaarP2l113
139E. perita Legalov et Wappler, in print.MaarP2l113
140E. manderschieta Legalov et Wappler, in print.MaarP2l113
Curculionidae Latreille, 1802
Erirhininae Schoenherr, 1825
Erirhinini Schoenherr, 1825
Erirhinina Schoenherr, 1825
141Erirhinites bognorensis Britton, 1960LonCP2i114
142“Procas” vinculatus Scudder 1893RoaM,P2i-l,77
WhiRP3r
143“P.” verberatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
144“Erycus” brevicollis Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Dorytomini Bedel, 1886
145Dorytomus bukejsi Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
146D. electrinus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b90
147D. groehni Bukejs et Legalov, 2019BalJP2b116
148D. korotyaevi Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
149D. nudus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
150D. vlaskini Legalov, Nazarenko et Perkovsky, 2019RovJP2b117
151“D.” coercitus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
152“D.” vulcanicus Wickham, 1912FlorP2p101
153“D.” williamsi Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Bagoini C.G. Thomson, 1859
154“Bagous” palintonus Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
Molytinae Schoenherr, 1823
Molytini Schoenherr, 1823
Hylobiina W. Kirby, 1837
155Archaralites zherichini Legalov, 2010ArkhP1d118
156Furhylobius troesteri Legalov, 2015MorsP2i30
157Archaeoheilus packardii (Scudder, 1893)GreRP2i-l77
158A. provectus (Scudder, 1876)GreRP2i-l73
159A. scudderi Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l69
160A. ovalis Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l69
161A. deleticius (Scudder, 1893)WhiRP3r77
162A. lacoei (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
163“Anisorhynchus” offosus Oustalet, 1870CoreP3r119
164“Hylobius” antiquus Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Plinthini Lacordaire, 1863
Leiosomatina Reitter, 1913
165Leiosoma klebsi Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
Pissodini Gistel, 1856
166Lithopissodes luschitzensis Beier, 1952LuziP3h120
Acicnemidini Lacordaire, 1865
167Electrotribus henningseni (Voss, 1972)ScanJ, PolJP2b105
BalJ, PolJ
168E. theryi Hustache, 1942 P2b121
=Paleopissodes weigangae Ulke, 1947 122
=Anchorthorrhinus incertus Voss, 1953 80
=Isalcidodes macellus Voss, 1953BalJ 80
169E. wolfschwenningerae (Rheinheimer, 2007)BalJP2b102
170E. rarus Legalov, 2020 P2b71
Magdalini Pascoe, 1870
171“Magdalis“ sedimentorum Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
172“M.“ moesta Schlechtendal, 1894RottP3h89
173“M.“ deucalionis (Heyden et Heyden, 1866)RottP3h85
174“M.“ protogenius (Heyden et Heyden, 1866)RottP3h85
Cleogonini Gistel, 1856
175Rhysosternum aeternabile Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
176Rh. longirostre Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
177“Conotrachelus” florissantensis Wickham, 1912FlorP2p102
Sciabregmini Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019
178Sciabregma rugosa Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
179S. squamosa Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019OisJP2i81
180S. tenuicornis Cockerell, 1921GreRP2i-l123
Camptorhinini Lacordaire, 1865
181Camptorrhinites orarius Britton, 1960LonCP2i114
182Korystina gracilis Britton, 1960LonCP2i114
Aedemonini Faust, 1898
183Electrorhinus friedhelmi Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
Cryptorhynchini Schoenherr, 1825
Cryptorhynchina Schoenherr, 1825
184Taylorius litoralis Britton, 1960LonCP2i114
185“Cryptorhynchus“ annosus Scudder, 1876GreRP2i-l73
186“C.” coloradensis Wickham, 1912FlorP2p102
187“C.” evinctus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
188“C.” falli Wickham, 1912FlorP2p102
189“C.” kerri Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
190“C.” profusus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
191Oisecalles latosquamosus Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019OisJP2i81
192Cryptorrhynchites sculpturatus Haupt, 1950GeisP2l124
193Succinacalles uniqus Zherikhin, 1971BalJP2b79
Tylodina Lacordaire, 1865
194Baltacalles triumurbium Bukejs, Alekseev et Legalov, 2020BalJP2b125
195“Acalles” icarus Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Tribe incertae sedis
196Lutago fetosus Britton, 1960LonCP2i114
197L. nanus Britton, 1960LonCP2i114
198Pissodites argillosus Britton, 1960LonCP2i114
199“Chalcodermus” kirschi Deichmueller, 1881KutsP2b126
200Laccopygus nilesii Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
201L. rhenanus Meunier, 1924RottP3h127
202“Acalles” exhumatus Wickham, 1913FlorP2p97
203“Pissodes” planatus Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
204“Hylobius” deletus Oustalet, 1870CoreP3r119
205“Plinthus” redivivus Oustalet, 1870CoreP3r119
206“Hylobius” morosus Oustalet, 1874CoreP3r110
207“Molytes” hassencampi Heyden, 1858SiebP3128
208“Pissodes” effossus Heyden, 185SiebP3128
2098
“Hylobius” carbo Oustalet, 1874		AixP3h110
210“Plinthus” heerii Oustalet, 1874AixP3h110
Lixinae Schoenherr, 1823
Lixini Schoenherr, 1823
212Lixus ligniticus Piton, 1940MenaP1sl-t99
213“Larinus“ longirostris Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
214“L.“ bronni Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Cleonini Schoenherr, 1826
215Eocleonus subjectus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
216“Cleonus” degenerates Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
217“C.” estriatus Wickham, 1912FlorP2p102
218“C.” exterraneus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
219“C.” foersteri Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
220“C.” primoris Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
221“C.” rohweri Wickham, 1911FlorP2p76
222“C.” arvernensis Oustalet, 1870CoreP3r119
223“C.” fouilhouxii Oustalet, 1870CoreP3r119
Dryophthorinae Schoenherr, 1825
Stromboscerini Lacordaire, 1865
224Palaeodexipeus kirejtshuki Legalov, 2016BalJP2b90
225Rovnoslonik damzeni Legalov, Nazarenko et Perkovsky, 2019RovJP2b117
226Stenommatomorphus hexarthrus Nazarenko, 2009RovJP2b129
Dryophthorini Schoenherr, 1825
227Rhinoporkus gratiosus Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019OisJP2i81
228Lithophthorus rugosicollis Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
229Spodotribus terrulentus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
230Dryophthorus incertus (Theobald, 1935)AixP3h130
Sphenophorini Lacordaire, 1865
Sphenophorina Lacordaire, 1865
231“Scyphophorus“ fossionis Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
232S. laevis Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
233“S.” tertiarius Wickham, 1911FlorP2p76
234Oryctorhinus tenuirostris Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
235“Sphenophorus“ proluviosus Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Tribe incertae sedis
236Hipporhinops sternbergi Cockerell, 1926FlorP2p131
Cossoninae Schoenherr, 1825
Dryotribini LeConte, 1876
237Ampharthropelma decipiens Voss, 1972ScanJP2b105
238Caulophilus martynovae Legalov, Nazarenko et Perkovsky, 2019RovJP2b117
239C. rarus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
240C. squamosus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
241C. sucinopunctatus (Kuska, 1992)BalJP2b132
242C. zherikhini Nazarenko, Legalov et Perkovsky, 2011RovJP2b133
243Necrodryophthorus inquilinus Voss, 1953BalJP2b80
244Synommatodes patruelis (Voss, 1953)BalJP2b80
245Electrocossonus kirejtshuki Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
Rhyncolini Gistel, 1856
Rhyncolina Gistel, 1856
246Rhyncolus sitonifrons Zherikhin, 1992RottP3h98
Cossonini Schoenherr, 1825
247“Cossonus” devoratus Cockerell, 1925SuncP1d134
248“C.” rutus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
249“C.” gabbii Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
250C. robustus Meunier, 1916AixP3h135
Conoderinae Schoenherr, 1833
Bariditae Schoenherr, 1836
Apostasimerini Schoenherr, 1844
Coelonertina Casey, 1922
251Geraeus diruptus (Scudder, 1893)GreRP2i-l77
252G. anvilis Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l70
253G. fossilis Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l70
254G. antediluviana (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
255G. hoveyi (Wickham, 1912)FlorP2p101
256G. hypogaeus (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
257G. matura (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
258G. obnuptus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
259G. schucherti (Wickham, 1912)FlorP2p101
260G. vulcanicus (Wickham, 1913)FlorP2p97
261Lithogeraeus greenriverensis Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l70
262L. circumscripta (Scudder, 1893)RoaMP2i-l77
263L. ancilla (Scudder, 1893)RoaMP2i-l77
264L. comminute (Scudder, 1893)WhiRP3r77
265L. damnata (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
266L. cremastorhynchoides (Wickham, 1913)FlorP2p97
267L. florissantensis (Wickham, 1913)FlorP2p97
268L. nearctica (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
269L. primalis (Wickham, 1917)FlorP2p136
270L. renovata (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p100
271Nicentrus curvirostris Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l70
272Steganus barrandei Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
273Miogeraeus recurrens Wickham, 1916FlorP2p100
274“Pachybaris” rudis Wickham, 1912FlorP2p96
Baridini Schoenherr, 1836
Baridina Schoenherr, 1836
275“Baris” palaeophilus Cockerell, 1920BourP2l137
276“B.” divisa Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
277“B.” harlani Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
278“B.” imperfecta Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
279“B.” naviculare (Foerster, 1891)BrunP3r87
280Catobaris coenosa Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Eurhinina Lacordaire, 1865
281Eurhinus occultus Scudder, 1876FlorP2p77
Tribe incertae sedis
282“Ceutorhynchus” clausus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Conoderintae Schoenherr, 1833
Conoderini Schoenherr, 1833
283Jantarhinus compressus Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019OisJP2i81
Palaeomallerini Legalov, 2018
284Palaeomallerus longirostris Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l70
Ceutorhynchitae Gistel, 1848
Ceutorhynchini Gistel, 1848
285“Ceutorhynchus” degravatus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
286“C.” eocenicus Cockerell, 1920PeckP2i137
287C. alekseevi Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
288C. electrinus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
289C. succinus Legalov, 2013BalJP2b47
290“C.” blaisdelli Wickham, 1916FlorP2p100
291“C.” compactus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
292“C.” duratus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
293“C.” irvingi (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
294“C.” fischeri Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
295“C.” crassirostris Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
296“C.” obliquus Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
297“C.” funeratus Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
298Baltocoeliodes sontagae Legalov et Bukejs, 2018BalJP2b138
Cnemogonini Colonnelli, 1979
299“Coeliodes” primotinus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Phytobiini Gistel, 1848
300“Ceuthorrhynchus”miegi Theobald, 1937KleiP3112
Curculioninae Latreille, 1802
Acalyptini C.G. Thomson, 1859
301Jantaronosik nebulosus Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019OisJP2i81
Ellescini C.G. Thomson, 1859
302Succinostyphlus mroczkowskii Kuska, 1996BalJP2b139
=Electrotribus erectosquamata Rheinheimer, 2007 122
303Pachytychius eocenicus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
Palaeoanoplini Legalov, in print.
304Palaeoanoplus horridus Legalov, in print.BalJP2b140
Smicronychini Seidlitz, 1891
305“Smicronyx” antiquus Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
Curculionini Latreille, 1802
Erganiina Pelsue et O’Brien, 2011
306Pseudoergania perkovskyi Legalov, 2019BalJP2b141
Timolina Pelsue et O’Brien, 2011
307Baltocurculio manukyani Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
Curculionina Latreille, 1802
308Menatorhis elegans (Piton, 1940)MenaP1sl-99
309Curculio havighorstensis Zherikhin, 1995HavitP2i142
310C. anicularis (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
311C. curvirostris (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
312C. duttoni (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
313C. extinctus (Wickham, 1912)FlorP2p102
314C. femoratus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
315C. flexirostris (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
316C. florissantensis (Wickham, 1913)FlorP2p97
317C. minusculoides (Wickham, 1911)FlorP2p76
318C. minusculus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
319C. restrictus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
320“C.” beeklyi (Cockerell, 1918)FlorP2p143
321Numitor claviger Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Anthonomini C.G. Thomson, 1859
322“Anthonomus” sunchalensis Cockerell, 1925SuncP1d134
323“A.” soporus Scudder, 1890GreR, RoaM, WhiRP2i-l78
GreRP3r
Flor
324“A.” revictus Scudder, 1893FlorP2i-l77
325“A.” concussus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
326“A.” debilatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
327“A.” defossus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
328“A.” evigilatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
329“A.” primordius Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
330“A.” rohweri Wickham, 1912FlorP2p96
331Coccotorus principalis Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
332“C.” requiescens Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
333Cremastorhynchus stabilis Scudder, 1893 P2p77
334Smicrorhynchus macgeei Scudder, 1893 P2p77
Eugnomini Lacordaire, 1863
335Archaeoeugnomus balticus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
336Anthonoeugnomus barsevskisi Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
337Mazurieugnomus pilosus Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
338Groehnius electrum Bukejs et Legalov, 2019BalJP2b144
339G. parvum Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
Rhamphini Rafinesque, 1815
Palaeorhamphina Legalov, 2016
340Palaeorhamphus damzeni Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
341P. eichmanni Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
342P. primitivus Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
Rhamphina Rafinesque, 1815
343Orchestes tatjanae Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
344“O.” languidulus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
345Tachyerges hyperoche Legalov et Poinar, 2020PolJP2b91
Tychiini C.G. Thomson, 1859
Tychiina C.G. Thomson, 1859
346Eocenesibinia prussica Legalov, 2016BalJP2b115
347“Sibinia” whitneyi (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
348“S.” melancholicus (Oustalet, 1874)AixP3h110
349“Tychius” evolatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
350“T.” ferox Wickham, 1917FlorP2p136
351“T.” secretus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
352“T.” latus Foerster, 1891BrunP3r87
353“T.” manderstjernai Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
354Macrorhoptus intutus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Camarotini Schoenherr, 1833
Prionomerina Lacordaire, 1863
355Paleodontopus smirnovae Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
356Masteutes rupis Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Curculioninae incertae sedis
357“Centrinus” longipes Piton, 1940MenaP1sl-t99
358“Gymnetron” lecontei Scudder, 1878GreRP2i-l74
359“G.” antecurrens Scudder, 1893Flor RovJP2p77
360“Protoceletes” hirtus Nazarenko et Perkovsky, 2016 P2b145
Cyclominae Schoenherr, 1826
Listroderini LeConte, 1876
Palaechthina Brinck, 1948
361“Listronotus” muratus Scudder, 1890GreRP2i-l78
Listroderina LeConte, 1876
362“Listroderes” differens (Wickham, 1912)FlorP2p102
363“L.” eviscerates (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823
Entimintae Schoenherr, 1823
Tropiphorini Marseul, 1863
364Primocentron wickhami Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l69
365Limalophus poinari Legalov, 2020PolJP2b71
366Scuccinalophus attenboroughi Legalov, 2016BalJP2b90
367Limalophus compositus Scudder, 1893GreR, WhiRP2i-l,77
GreRP3r
368L. contractus Scudder, 1893WhiRP2i-l77
369“L.” receptus Scudder, 1893WhiRP3r77
370“Coniatus” refractus Scudder, 1893RoaMP3r77
371“Cryptorhynchus” durus Scudder, 1893GreRP2i-l77
372“Lepyrus” evictus Scudder, 1893GreR, RoaMP2 i-l77
373“Sitona” paginarum Scudder, 1893RoaMP2 i-l77
374 RoaM GreR
375“Otiorhynchus” subteractus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2 i-l77
376“Ophryastes” grandis Scudder, 1893FlorP2 i-l77
377“O.” compactus Scudder, 1878FlorP2 i-l77
378“O.” petrarum Scudder, 1893FlorP2 i-l77
379“O.” championi Wickham, 1912FlorP2p102
380Geralophus antiquarius Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
381G. fossicius Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
382G. lassatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
383G. occultus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
384G. pumiceus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
G. repositus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
385G. retritus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
386G. saxuosus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
387G. scudderi Wickham, 1911AixP2p76
388Centron moricollis Scudder, 1893 P2p77
389Tenillus firmus Scudder, 1893 P2p77
390Rhytideres sexsulcatus (Heer, 1856)AixP3h146
=Phytonomus annosus Oustalet, 1874 110
=Hipporhinus reynesii Oustalet, 1874 110
391“Rh.” heeri (Germar, 1849) P3h147
=Hipporhinus matheroni Nicolas, 1891 148
=Hipporhinus similis Nicolas, 1891 148
=Hipporhinus intermedius Nicolas, 1891Aix 148
=Hipporhinus marioni Nicolas, 1891Aix 148
=Hipporhinus pertonii Nicolas, 1891 148
392“Rh.” schaumi (Heer, 1856) P3h146
393“Hipporhinus” brevis Giebel, 1856 P3h149
Entimini Schoenherr, 1823
Entimina Schoenherr, 1823
394Entimus primordialis Scudder, 1876GreRP2i-l73
Eudiagogini LeConte, 1874
395Eudiagogus vossi Legalov, 2018GreRP2i-l69
396Tolstonosik oisensis Legalov, Kirejtshuk et Nel, 2019OisJP2i81
397Oligocryptus sectus (Scudder, 1893)FlorP2p77
398Eudomus pinguis Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
399E. robustus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Hyperitae Lacordaire, 1863
Hyperini Lacordaire, 1863
Cepurina Capiomont, 1867
400Palaeophelypera kuscheli Legalov, 2013BalJP2b47
401“Geralophus” discessus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
402Hyperites nadezhkini Zherikhin, 1989BiamP2p150
Otiorhynchitae Schoenherr, 1826
Hormorini Horn, 1876
403“Hormorus” saxorum Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Cyphiceritae Lacordaire, 1863
Sciaphilini Sharp, 1891
404“Mitostylus” obdurefactus (Scudder, 1893)RoaMP2i-l77
405“M.” seculorum (Scudder, 1890)GreRP2i-l78
406“M.” abacus (Scudder, 1893)WhiRP3r77
Trachyphloeini Lacordaire, 1863
Pseudocneorrhinina Kono, 1930
407Archaeocallirhopalus alekseevi Legalov et Bukejs, 2015BalJP2b151
408A. larssoni Legalov, 2013BalJP2b47
Polydrusitae Schoenherr, 1823
Sitonini Gistel, 1856
409Sitonitellus egregius (Haupt, 1956)GeisP2l152
410Sitona lata Theobald, 1937KleiP3112
411“S.” venustulus Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
Anypotactini Champion, 1911
412Paonaupactus gracilis Legalov, Nazarenko et Perkovsky, 2019RovJP2b117
413P. katyae Legalov, Nazarenko and Perkovsky, 2019RovJP2b117
414P. microphthalmus (Zherikhin, 1971)BalJP2b79
415P. sitonitoides Voss, 1953BalJ,P2b80
=Polydrosus scheelei Voss, 1953ScanJ, 80
=Pyllobius cephalotes Voss, 1972PolJ 105
=Otiorhynchus pellucidipes Voss, 1972 105
416P. sobrinus (Voss, 1972)ScanJ,P2b105
Balj
417P. viridis (Wanat et Borowiec, 1986)BalJ, PolJP2b153
Naupactini Gistel, 1856
418“Hipporhinus” ventricosus (Piton, 1940)MenaP1sl-t99
419Arostropsis groehni Yunakov et Kirejtshuk, 2011BalJP2b154
420A. gusakovi Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
421A. perkovskyi Bukejs et Legalov, 2019RovJP2b155
422“Cyrtomon” subterraneus Wickham, 1911FlorP2p76
423“C.” florissantensis Wickham, 1914FlorP2p156
Geonemini Gistel, 1856
424“Epicaerus” dilapsus (Scudder, 1893)GreRP2i-l77
425“E.” effossus (Scudder, 1876)GreRP2i-l73
426“E.” eradicatus (Scudder, 1893)WhiRP2i-l77
427“E.” exanimis (Scudder, 1876)GreRP2i-l73
428“E.” excissus (Scudder, 1893)RoaMP2i-l77
429“E.” fodinarum (Scudder, 1893)GreRP2i-l77
430“E.” saxatilis (Scudder, 1876)GreRP2i-l73
431“E.” subterraneus (Scudder, 1893)GreRP2i-l77
432“E.” terrosus (Scudder, 1878)RoaM, WhiRP2i-l, P3r74
433“E.” evigoratus (Scudder, 1893)WhiRP3r77
434Evopes veneratus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
435E. occubatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
436“Lachnopus” recuperatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
437“Omileus” evanidus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Psallidiini Lacordaire, 1863
438Trigonoscuta inventa Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
Eustylini Lacordaire, 1863
439Pseudophaops perditus (Scudder, 1876)GreRP2i-l73
Polydrusini Schoenherr, 1823
440Polydrusus archetypus Zherikhin, 1971BalJP2b79
441P. zherikhini Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
442Archaeosciaphilus marshalli Legalov, 2012BalJP2b82
Brachyderini Schoenherr, 1826
443Palaeocrassirhinus messelensis Rheinheimer, 2007MessP2l102
444P. rugosithorax Rheinheimer, 2007MessP2l102
445Palaeocneorhinus messelensis Rheinheimer, 2007MessP2l102
446“Brachyderes” rugosus (Deichmueller, 1881)KutsP2b126
447Brachymycterus curculionoides Heyden et Heyden, 1866RottP3h85
=Eurychirus induratus Heyden et Heyden, 1866 85
=Rhinocyllus improbus Heyden et Heyden, 1866 85
=Varus ignotus Schlechtendal, 1894 89
Tanymecini Lacordaire, 1863
Tainophthalmina Desbrochers des Loges, 1873
448Protainophthalmus asperulus (Heer, 1856)AixP3h146
=Brachyderes aquisextanus Oustalet, 1874 110
=Brachyderes longipes Oustalet, 1874 110
= Cleonus marcelli Oustalet, 1874 110
449P. margarum (Germar, 1849)AixP3h147
=Sitona antiqua Giebel, 1856 149
450P. punctulatus (Nicolas, 1891)AixP3h148
451P. regularis (Nicolas, 1891)AixP3h148
452P. thaisi (Nicolas, 1891)AixP3h148
453P. tuberculatus (Nicolas, 1891)AixP3h148
Pandeleteina Pierce, 1913
454Pandeleteinus nudus Wickham, 1917FlorP2p138
Tribe incertae sedis
455“Sitona” exitiorum Scudder, 1893FlorP3r77
456“Strophosomus” marcelini Theobald, 1937CelaP2p112
457“Sciaphilus” nigrescens Theobald, 1937CelaP2p112
458“?Argoptochus” incertus Theobard, 1937CelaP2p112
459“Bagous” atavus Oustalet, 1870CoreP3r119
460“Brachycerus” exilis Germar, 1837AixP3h157
461“Phytonomus” firmus Heer, 1856AixP3h146
Curculionidae incertae sedis
462Otiorhynchites williamsi Cockerell, 1943MirsP1158
463O. aterrimus Cockerell, 1925SuncP1d134
464O. crassus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
465O. densepunctatus Haupt, 1956GeisP2l152
466O. fossilis Scudder, 1893GreRP2i-l77
467O. commutatus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
468O. tysoni Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
469O. absentivus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
470O. florissantensis Wickham, 1911FlorP2p76
471O. wilcoxianus Wickham, 1929FlorP2p160
472Curculionites taxodii Heer, 1870StarP1d161
473C. angustior Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
474C. epistictus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
475C. eustictus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
476C. harringtoni Cockerell, 1925SuncP1d134
477C. jujuensis Cockerell, 1925SuncP1d134
478C. latiusculus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
479C. magdalinus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
480C. megastictus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
481C. microstictus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
482C. parastictus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
483C. stebingeri Cockerell, 1926SuncP1d131
484C. sunchalicus Cockerell et Wagner, 1936SuncP1d159
485C. wielandi Cockerell, 1925SuncP1d134
486C. marginatus Giebel, 1856CorfP2l149
487C. punctillatus Haupt, 1950GeisP2l124
488C. bartonicus Cockerell, 1920BourP2l162
489C. brenthiformis Cockerell, 1920BourP2l162
490C. optimus Cockerell, 1920BourP2l162
491C. ovatus Oustalet, 1870CoreP3r119
492C. morosus Heer, 1856AixP3h146
493Calandrites defessus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
494C. cineratius Scudder, 1893GreR,RoaMP2i-l77
495C. hindsi Cockerell, 1917FlorP2p
496C. ursorum Cockerell, 1918FlorP2p
497Ophryastites gardneri Cockerell, 1920BourP2l
498O. absconsus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
499O. cinereus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
500O. digressus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
501O. hendersoni Cockerell, 1917FlorP2p
502O. miocenus Wickham, 1912FlorP2p
503O. dispertitus Scudder, 1893WhiRP3r77
504O. heribaudi Piton, 1936PuStJP3
505Mononychites punctipennis Haupt, 1956GeisP2l
506M. rotundatus Haupt, 1956GeisP2l
507Syntomostylus rudis Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l
508“S.” fortis Cockerell, 1909GreRP2i-l
509“Otiorhynchus” flaccus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
510“Otiorhynchus” tumbae Scudder, 1890GreRP2i-l
511“Pachylobius” depraedatus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
512“Pachylobius” compressus Scudder, 1893GreR,RoaMP2i-l77
513“Phyllobius” antecessor Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
514“Rhyssomatus” tabescens Scudder, 1893WhiRP3r77
515“Scythropus” somniculosus Scudder, 1893WhiRP3r77
516“Phyllobius” avus Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
517“Phyllobius” carcerarius Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
518“Pachylobius” yungi Piton, 1936GaubP3164
519“Tanymecus” gautieri Piton, 1936GaubP3164
520“Pachylobius” martyi Piton et Theobald, 1937PuStJP3166
521“Lachnopus” dilatatus Theobald, 1937KleiP3166
522“Cleonus” foersteri Theobald, 1937KleiP3112
523“Lachnopus” humatus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
524“Sphenophorus” elegans Theobald, 1935AixP3h130
Platypodidae Shuckard, 1840
Tesserocerinae Strohmeyer, 1914
Tesserocerini Strohmeyer, 1914
525Eoplatypus jordali Peris, Solórzano Kraemer et Cognato, 2017BalJP2b167
526Cenocephalus aniskini Legalov, 2020BalJP2b71
Scolytidae Latreille, 1804
Hylesininae Erichson, 1836
HylastiniLeConte, 1876
527Hylastes aterites Schedl, 1947BalJP2b168
528“H.” americanus Wickham, 1913FlorP2b97
529Hylurgops corpulentus Schedl, 1947BalJP2b168
530H. dubius (Hagedorn, 1906)BalJP2b169
531H. electrinus (Germar, 1813)BalJP2b170
532H. granulatus (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
533H. pilosellus Schedl, 1947BalJP2b168
534H. schellwieni (Hagedorn, 1906)BalJP2b168
535H. tuberculatus Schedl, 1947BalJP2b168
536H. piger Wickham, 1913FlorP2p97
HylesininiErichson, 1836
537Hylesinus extractus Scudder, 1893FlorP2p77
538H. hydropicus (Wickham, 1916)FlorP2p101
539H. neli Petrov et Zherikhin, 2004AixP3h171
540“H.” facilis Heer, 1856AixP3h146
Hylurgini Gistel, 1848
541Xylechinus mozolevskae Petrov et Perkovsky, 2008RovJP2b172
542Klesovia pubescens Petrov et Perkovsky, 2018RovJP2b173
543Xylechinites anceps Hagedorn, 1906BalJP2b169
Phloeosinini Nuesslin, 1912
544Phloeosinus assimilis (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
545Ph. brunni (Hagedorn, 1906)BalJP2b169
546Ph. regimontanus (Hagedorn, 1906)BalJP2b169
547Ph. rehi (Hagedorn, 1906)BalJP2b169
548Ph. robustus (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
549Ph. sexspinosus (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
550Ph. tuberculifer (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
551Ph. wolffi (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
Phloeotribini Chapuis, 1869
552Phloeotribus zimmermani Wickham, 1916FlorP2p101
Polygraphini Chapuis, 1869
553Carphoborus keilbachi (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
554C. posticus (Schedl, 1947)BalJP2b168
Scolytinae Latreille, 1804
DryocoetiniLindemann, 1877
555Dryocoetes diluvialis (Wickham, 1916)GreR BalJP2i-l P2b101
556Taphramites gnathotrichus Schedl, 1947RovJP2b168
557T. rovnoensis Petrov et Perkovsky, 2008BalJP2b172
558Taphrorychus immaturatus Schedl, 1947 168
Incertae sedis
559“Dryocoetes” carbonarius Scudder, 1878GreRP2i-l74
560“Trypodendron” impressus Scudder, 1876GreRP2i-l73
561“Polygraphus” wortheni Scudder, 1893RoaMP2i-l77
562Xyleborites longipennis Wickham, 1913FlorP2p97
563Duartia pulchella Martins-Neto, 2001FonsP2p174
Curculionoidea incertae sedis
564Thryogenosoma cariniger (Motschulsky, 1857)BalJP2b175
Abbreviations for localities and ages are given in material and methods.

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Legalov, A.A. Fossil History of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) from the Paleogene. Geosciences 2020, 10, 358. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10090358

AMA Style

Legalov AA. Fossil History of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) from the Paleogene. Geosciences. 2020; 10(9):358. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10090358

Chicago/Turabian Style

Legalov, Andrei A. 2020. "Fossil History of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) from the Paleogene" Geosciences 10, no. 9: 358. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/geosciences10090358

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