Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Population
- LOW: Locations where mean PM2.5/PM10 concentrations were low (22.04–26.70 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 27.37–35.37 µg/m3 for PM10);
- MODERATE: Locations where mean PM2,5/PM 10 concentrations were moderate (33.15–37.63 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 47.42–55.41 µg/m3 for PM10);
- HIGH: Locations where mean PM2.5/PM10 concentrations were high (41.95–51.38 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and 65.69–88.84 µg/m3 for PM10).
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Exposure Assessment/Ambient Air Monitoring
2.4. Questionnaires
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- Y—explained variable;
- b—intercept;
- X—explanatory variable;
- k—number of predictors.
- xt—values of variable X at time or period t;
- x^_t—theoretical value of variable X at time or period t;
- x−—mean value of variable X in a time series on n observations;
- n—number of observations;
- k—number of explanatory variables.
2.6. Sample Selection
- The respondents were to live in air-quality monitored areas in the vicinity of an SEM air quality monitoring station or commercial monitoring agency sensors;
- The respondents were to live in localities with different historical levels of particulate matter based on measurement results from State Environmental Monitoring or Airly, which allowed to identify the locations with low, moderate or high PM concentrations. Due to the relatively low number of stations located outside the cities, the sample did not include children living in the countryside;
- The sample covers the country’s entire area and includes various regions of Poland and different sizes of the localities.
3. Results
3.1. This Ambient Air Monitoring
3.2. General Characteristics of the Study Population
3.3. Short Term Effects (0 to 6 Days)
3.4. Medium-Term Effects (12 Weeks)
4. Discussion
4.1. Principal Findings
4.2. Strong Points of the Study
4.3. Potential Confounders and Limitations of the Study
4.4. Comparison with Other Studies
4.5. Conclusions and Further Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ratajczak, A.; Badyda, A.; Czechowski, P.O.; Czarnecki, A.; Dubrawski, M.; Feleszko, W. Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2150. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10102150
Ratajczak A, Badyda A, Czechowski PO, Czarnecki A, Dubrawski M, Feleszko W. Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(10):2150. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10102150
Chicago/Turabian StyleRatajczak, Aleksandra, Artur Badyda, Piotr Oskar Czechowski, Adam Czarnecki, Michał Dubrawski, and Wojciech Feleszko. 2021. "Air Pollution Increases the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Symptoms among Polish Children" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10: 2150. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10102150