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Biology, Volume 11, Issue 2 (February 2022) – 191 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Successful artificial reproductive technologies (ARTs) are paramount for conservation programs, establishing biobanks for threatened species. While the use of ARTs in wildlife species has advanced in recent years, without efficient collection and cryopreservation of sperm, ARTs are limited. The highly viscous nature of the rhino ejaculate reduces the amount of usable semen, making the high-risk procedure of semen collection inefficient. Using papain, we reduced the viscosity of ejaculates, increased the yield of sperm collected, and improved sperm motility post-cryopreservation, without any detriment to membrane characteristics. This work offers a new protocol to improve cryopreservation of rhino semen, contributing toward improved fertility outcomes for the rhino and other threatened species. Top; Sth White rhino at Werribee Zoo, AUS.  Bottom; CASA motility output (CEROSII, IMV, FR) View this paper
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11 pages, 1112 KiB  
Article
Time-Dependent Degradation of Naphthoquinones and Phenolic Compounds in Walnut Husks
by Aljaz Medic, Tilen Zamljen, Metka Hudina and Robert Veberic
Biology 2022, 11(2), 342; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020342 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2022
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate how individual phenolic compounds and phenolic groups in walnut husk gratings (e.g., naphthoquinones, flavanols, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids) are oxidized over time, with a particular focus on the juglone synthase pathway. Walnut husk gratings were [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study was to investigate how individual phenolic compounds and phenolic groups in walnut husk gratings (e.g., naphthoquinones, flavanols, flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids) are oxidized over time, with a particular focus on the juglone synthase pathway. Walnut husk gratings were prepared and left under ‘degradation’ conditions (exposure to the air, room temperature) at increasing times. Following methanol extraction of these husk gratings, the HPLC profile of methanolic extract of husk gratings exhibited twenty-six compounds over time, then hydrojuglone glucoside, α-hydrojuglone, and juglone were detailed by HPLC-mass spectrometry. Initially (0–20 min), the content of hydrojuglone glucoside in the husk gratings decreased by 40.4%, while the content of α-hydrojuglone increased by 20.0%, and then decreased. After an initial delay (0–20 min), juglone increased by 47.9% from 20 to 40 min, and then decreased. This initially confirmed that hydrojuglone glucoside and α-hydrojuglone could be considered as precursors of juglone. Different phenolic groups showed different degradation processes, although they all reached their highest content after 40 min. This might arise from degradation of the phenols, increased free phenols, or activation of the plant defense mechanism due to damage to the tissue, similar to the effects of stress or a pathogen attack. Although it has been reported that the phenolic compounds decrease when food is processed or damaged, they showed increases, which were not indefinite, but time dependent. As phenolic compounds are considered highly beneficial to human health, increases upon processing indicate the need for further investigations into healthier food preparation processes. This is the first study on the degradation pathways of juglone, using a mass spectrometer, in which we suggest that hydrojuglone glucoside and α-hydrojuglone are indeed the precursors of juglone. However, it is possible that there are other degradation pathways of hydrojuglone glucoside, since less juglone is synthesized than expected. Full article
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14 pages, 2030 KiB  
Article
Ischemic Cardiomyopathy versus Non-Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction— Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis Depending on Heart Failure Etiology (Data from European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Registries)
by Agata Tymińska, Krzysztof Ozierański, Paweł Balsam, Cezary Maciejewski, Anna Wancerz, Emil Brociek, Michał Marchel, Maria G. Crespo-Leiro, Aldo P. Maggioni, Jarosław Drożdż, Grzegorz Opolski, Marcin Grabowski and Agnieszka Kapłon-Cieślicka
Biology 2022, 11(2), 341; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020341 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4845
Abstract
Personalized management involving heart failure (HF) etiology is crucial for better prognoses for HF patients. This study aimed to compare patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) in terms of baseline characteristics and prognosis. We assessed 895 patients [...] Read more.
Personalized management involving heart failure (HF) etiology is crucial for better prognoses for HF patients. This study aimed to compare patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) and patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) in terms of baseline characteristics and prognosis. We assessed 895 patients with HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction participating in the Polish part of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)-HF registries. ICM was present in 583 patients (65%), NIDCM in 312 patients (35%). The ICM patients were older (p < 0.001) and had more comorbidities. The NIDCM patients more frequently had atrial fibrillation (p = 0.04) and lower LVEF (p = 0.01); therefore, they were treated more often with anticoagulants (p = 0.01) and digitalis (p < 0.001). The NIDCM patients were prescribed aldosterone antagonists more often (p = 0.01). There were no other differences as regards the use of HF guideline-recommended medications, implantable cardioverter defibrillators or cardiac resynchronization therapy. The ICM patients were more likely to be treated with statins (p < 0.001) and antiplatelet agents (p < 0.001). All-cause death, as well as all-cause death and readmissions for HF at 12 months, occurred more often in the ICM group compared with the NIDCM group (15.9% vs. 10%, p = 0.016; and 40.9% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.00089, respectively). ICM etiology was an independent predictor of the composite endpoint in the total cohort (p = 0.003). The ICM patients were older and had more comorbidities, whereas the NIDCM patients had lower LVEF. One-year prognosis was worse in the ICM patients than in the NIDCM patients. ICM etiology was independently associated with a worse one-year outcome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Etiology of Atherosclerosis/Coronary Artery Disease)
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11 pages, 1351 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Filgrastim and Pegfilgrastim Using the EudraVigilance Database
by Shruti Rastogi, Vivekanandan Kalaiselvan, Yousef A. Bin Jardan, Saima Zameer and Maryam Sarwat
Biology 2022, 11(2), 340; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020340 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2392
Abstract
The primary prophylaxis with filgrastim (FIL) and pegfilgrastim (PEG-F) is recommended to decrease the severity of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). The commonly reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with FIL and PEG-F is bone pain. ADRs pertaining to FIL and PEG-F were extracted from the [...] Read more.
The primary prophylaxis with filgrastim (FIL) and pegfilgrastim (PEG-F) is recommended to decrease the severity of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). The commonly reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with FIL and PEG-F is bone pain. ADRs pertaining to FIL and PEG-F were extracted from the European EudraVigilance (EV) database. The Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) obtained from EV database that reported FIL and PEG-F as the suspected drug were analyzed. Registered ADRs (from the groups “General disorders and administration site conditions”, “Blood and lymphatic system disorders”, “Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders” and “Investigations”) for FIL and PEG-F were collected from EV database from 2007 to 5 June 2021. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) was used to calculate ICSRs with most common ADRs related to FIL and PEG-F. A total of 17,403 ICSRs described the incidence of most common ADRs of FIL and PEG-F. The commonly reported ADRs for both drugs were pyrexia, bone pain, back pain, neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. The odds ratio of ICSRs belonging to the System Organ Class (SOC) “Investigations” (ROR 1.01 (CI 0.93–1.10)) revealed no significant difference in FIL and PEG-F. However, for the SOCs (General disorders and administration site conditions” and “Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders” ((ROR 1.14 (CI 1.06–1.21); ROR 1.21 (CI 1.18–1.32), respectively), an increased reporting probability with PEG-F was found. The authors reported a lower reporting probability for the SOC “Blood and lymphatic system disorders” for FIL versus PEG-F (ROR 0.75 (CI 0.70–0.80)). Our results have demonstrated that the occurrence of bone pain was similar with FIL and PEG-F. For the incidence of pyrexia and back pain, PEG-F was associated with a higher reporting probability as compared to FIL. However, the incidence of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia was higher in FIL compared to PEG-F. Further evaluation of data from real life is needed. Full article
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26 pages, 1964 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Obesity, Adipose Tissue, and Tumor Microenvironment on Macrophage Polarization and Metastasis
by Ola Habanjar, Mona Diab-Assaf, Florence Caldefie-Chezet and Laetitia Delort
Biology 2022, 11(2), 339; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020339 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4575
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients. It involves not only the intrinsic alterations within tumor cells, but also crosstalk between these cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process, involving the [...] Read more.
Tumor metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients. It involves not only the intrinsic alterations within tumor cells, but also crosstalk between these cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process, involving the following three main stages: initiation, progression, and metastasis. The transition between these stages depends on the changes within the extracellular matrix (ECM), in which tumor and stromal cells reside. This matrix, under the effect of growth factors, cytokines, and adipokines, can be morphologically altered, degraded, or reorganized. Many cancers evolve to form an immunosuppressive TME locally and create a pre-metastatic niche in other tissue sites. TME and pre-metastatic niches include myofibroblasts, immuno-inflammatory cells (macrophages), adipocytes, blood, and lymphatic vascular networks. Several studies have highlighted the adipocyte-macrophage interaction as a key driver of cancer progression and dissemination. The following two main classes of macrophages are distinguished: M1 (pro-inflammatory/anti-tumor) and M2 (anti-inflammatory/pro-tumor). These cells exhibit distinct microenvironment-dependent phenotypes that can promote or inhibit metastasis. On the other hand, obesity in cancer patients has been linked to a poor prognosis. In this regard, tumor-associated adipocytes modulate TME through the secretion of inflammatory mediators, which modulate and recruit tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Hereby, this review describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms that link inflammation, obesity, and cancer. It provides a comprehensive overview of adipocytes and macrophages in the ECM as they control cancer initiation, progression, and invasion. In addition, it addresses the mechanisms of tumor anchoring and recruitment for M1, M2, and TAM macrophages, specifically highlighting their origin, classification, polarization, and regulatory networks, as well as their roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and immunosuppression, specifically highlighting the role of adipocytes in this process. Full article
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12 pages, 1243 KiB  
Article
Acute Changes in Heart Rate Variability to Glucose and Fructose Supplementation in Healthy Individuals: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Placebo-Controlled Trial
by Max Lennart Eckstein, Antonia Brockfeld, Sandra Haupt, Janis Ramon Schierbauer, Rebecca Tanja Zimmer, Nadine Bianca Wachsmuth, Beate Elisabeth Maria Zunner, Paul Zimmermann, Maximilian Erlmann, Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch, Felix Aberer and Othmar Moser
Biology 2022, 11(2), 338; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020338 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4027
Abstract
Background: It is unknown how different types of carbohydrates alter the cardio-autonomic system in healthy individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how heart-rate variability changes to single dose ingestion of glucose, fructose, glucose and fructose, and an artificial sweetener [...] Read more.
Background: It is unknown how different types of carbohydrates alter the cardio-autonomic system in healthy individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate how heart-rate variability changes to single dose ingestion of glucose, fructose, glucose and fructose, and an artificial sweetener (sucralose). Methods: In a double-blind randomized crossover placebo-controlled setting, 15 participants received all study-specific substances in liquid form. During each 2-h visit, venous blood glucose was measured in a 5-min interval while heart-rate variability was measured continuously via Holter-electrocardiograph. Results: Ingestion of different types of carbohydrates and sucralose showed significant differences for heart rate (p < 0.001), SDNN (p < 0.008), RMSSD (p < 0.001), pNN50 (p < 0.001) and blood pressure (p < 0.001). Different glucose levels significantly altered parameters of heart-rate variability and blood pressure (all p < 0.001), while the rate of change in blood glucose led to changes in heart rate variability, but not in heart rate (p = 0.25) or blood pressure (p = 0.99). Conclusions: Ingestion of different types of carbohydrates lead to reductions in heart-rate variability compared to a placebo. Blood glucose values above or below 70–90 mg/dL decreased heart rate variability while this was also seen for rapid glucose changes, yet not as pronounced. Healthy individuals should be conscious about carbohydrate intake while maintaining blood glucose levels between 70–90 mg/dL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)
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14 pages, 4227 KiB  
Case Report
First Report of Epimeletic and Acoustic Behavior in Mediterranean Common Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Carrying Dead Calves
by Giulia Pedrazzi, Giancarlo Giacomini and Daniela Silvia Pace
Biology 2022, 11(2), 337; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020337 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3041
Abstract
Epimeletic behavior toward dead calves has been frequently reported in cetaceans, mostly with females (presumed mothers) showing supportive behaviors such as carrying, lifting, or sinking, often assisted by “escort” individuals. However, information on acoustic production in such contexts is scarce. This report describes [...] Read more.
Epimeletic behavior toward dead calves has been frequently reported in cetaceans, mostly with females (presumed mothers) showing supportive behaviors such as carrying, lifting, or sinking, often assisted by “escort” individuals. However, information on acoustic production in such contexts is scarce. This report describes two observations of epimeletic behavior toward dead newborns in bottlenose dolphins and associated acoustic production. Data were collected at the Tiber River estuary (Rome, Mediterranean Sea, Italy) with one hydrophone for passive acoustic monitoring and two digital cameras. In both cases, an individual (presumed mother) acting as the main supporter and directly interacting with the carcass by lifting it (case 1) or sinking it (case 2) was observed. Another adult individual (escort) was present in both encounters showing standing-by and excitement behaviors (case 1) and supportive behavior (case 2). In both encounters, whistles, pulsed sounds, and bray-call elements were recorded. The consistent vocal activity observed likely conveyed context-specific information. A signature whistle in the first encounter was also recorded, likely emitted by the putative mother as a distress call. This report confirms the occurrence of epimeletic behavior in bottlenose dolphins and reports a preliminary description of the acoustic production when a dead calf is involved, providing additional information on this largely unknown topic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)
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14 pages, 1020 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Use and Applicability of Different Variables for the Prescription of Relative Intensity in Bench Press Exercise
by José Luis Maté-Muñoz, Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño, Juan Hernández-Lougedo, Luis Maicas-Pérez, Raúl Notario-Alonso, Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto, Pablo García-Fernández and Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar
Biology 2022, 11(2), 336; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020336 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3627
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to analyze the use of variables such as % of one-repetition maximum (1RM) and number of maximal repetitions (xRM) with execution velocity to define and control the intensity of resistance training in bench press exercise. [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of the study was to analyze the use of variables such as % of one-repetition maximum (1RM) and number of maximal repetitions (xRM) with execution velocity to define and control the intensity of resistance training in bench press exercise. Hence, exercise professionals will achieve better control of training through a greater understanding of its variables. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, fifty male physical education students were divided into four groups according to their relative strength ratio (RSR) and performed a 1RM bench press test (T1). In the second test, participants performed repetitions to exhaustion (T2), using a relative load corresponding to 70% 1RM determined through the mean propulsive velocity (MPV) obtained from the individual load–velocity relationship. This same test was repeated a week later (T3). Tests were monitored according to the MPV of each repetition and blood lactate values (LACT). Results: Regarding MPV, the best (fastest) repetition of the set (MPVrep Best) values were similar between groups (0.62 m·s−1–0.64 m·s−1), with significant differences in relation to the high RSR group (p < 0.001). The average maximum number of repetitions (MNR) was 12.38 ± 2.51, with no significant differences between the RSR groups. Nonetheless, significant variation existed between groups with regards to MNR (CV: 13–29%), with greater variability in the group corresponding to the lowest RSR values (CV: 29%). The loss of velocity in the MNR test in the different groups was similar (p > 0.05). Average LACT values (5.72 mmol·L−1) showed significant differences between the Medium RSR and Very Low RSR groups. No significant differences were found (p > 0.05) between T2 and T3 with regards to MNR, MPVrep Best, or MPVrep Last, with little variability seen between participants. Conclusions: The use of variables such as the 1RM, estimated using an absolute load value, or an MNR do not allow an adequate degree of precision to prescribe and control the relative intensity of resistance training. Besides, execution velocity control can offer an adequate alternative to guarantee an accurate prescription of intensity with regard to resistance training. Full article
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16 pages, 2801 KiB  
Article
Pond Assay for the Sensory Systems of Caenorhabditis elegans: A Novel Anesthesia-Free Method Enabling Detection of Responses to Extremely Low Chemical Concentrations
by Michiyo Suzuki, Yuya Hattori, Toshiyuki Saito and Yoshinobu Harada
Biology 2022, 11(2), 335; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020335 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4322
Abstract
Chemotaxis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has basically been examined using conventional assay methods. Although these can be problematic, for example, in their use of anesthesia, the method has never been improved. We propose a pond assay for the sensory systems (PASS) of [...] Read more.
Chemotaxis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has basically been examined using conventional assay methods. Although these can be problematic, for example, in their use of anesthesia, the method has never been improved. We propose a pond assay for the sensory systems (PASS) of C. elegans as a novel population-based method of behavioral analysis. The test solution is injected into a recess(es) formed on agar and the response of C. elegans to its odor and/or taste is examined. Once C. elegans individuals fall into recesses (ponds) filled with liquid, they cannot return to a solid medium. In this way, the animals are trapped with certainty without the use of anesthesia. The anesthesia used to keep animals in the attractant area in conventional chemotaxis assays is no longer required, allowing pure evaluation of the attractant or repellent response to specific substances. Furthermore, the assay itself can be greatly streamlined because the preparation can be completed simply by providing a recess(es) and filling the liquid. The present paper reports the detailed method and effectiveness of the novel PASS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioural Biology)
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12 pages, 3205 KiB  
Article
Calcined Oyster Shell Powder as a Natural Preservative for Maintaining Quality of White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
by Wen-Chien Lu, Chien-Shan Chiu, Chang-Wei Hsieh, Yung-Jia Chan, Zeng-Chin Liang, Chiun-C. Roger Wang, Amanda Tresiliana Mulio, Dung Huynh Thi Le and Po-Hsien Li
Biology 2022, 11(2), 334; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020334 - 20 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2903
Abstract
Oyster shell waste has led to many problems, including displeasing odors, pollution of the seaside, and harm to the environment. Using calcined oyster shells as a natural preservative might solve the problem of oyster shell waste. We studied the use of calcined oyster [...] Read more.
Oyster shell waste has led to many problems, including displeasing odors, pollution of the seaside, and harm to the environment. Using calcined oyster shells as a natural preservative might solve the problem of oyster shell waste. We studied the use of calcined oyster shell powder (COSP) as a natural preservative for improving shrimp shelf-life over 12 days under refrigerated conditions. As compared with the control, COSP treatment effectively retarded pH change, reduced the formation of total volatile basic nitrogen, and inhibited bacterial growth during refrigerated storage. In addition, shrimp muscle lipid oxidation measured by peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was decreased during storage. The quality was preserved up to 12 days with 2.0–4.0% COSP treatment as compared with only 6 days for un-treated shrimp. The development of preservatives for aquatic products is expected to delay growth of and spoilage by microorganisms in the refrigerated state, thus providing more barrier protection for aquatic food safety. Full article
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20 pages, 5801 KiB  
Article
Deep-Dwelling Populations of Mediterranean Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini: Distribution, Demography, and Co-Occurrence
by Laura Carugati, Davide Moccia, Lorenzo Bramanti, Rita Cannas, Maria Cristina Follesa, Susanna Salvadori and Alessandro Cau
Biology 2022, 11(2), 333; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020333 - 20 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1935
Abstract
Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini are two octocorals, reported as co-occurring species in the deep rocky habitats of the Mediterranean Sea with a high hydrodynamic and moderate eutrophication. Their spatial distribution and demography in the deep sea are mainly affected by temperature and [...] Read more.
Corallium rubrum and Eunicella cavolini are two octocorals, reported as co-occurring species in the deep rocky habitats of the Mediterranean Sea with a high hydrodynamic and moderate eutrophication. Their spatial distribution and demography in the deep sea are mainly affected by temperature and direct and indirect anthropogenic activities; however, knowledge of the factors that potentially influence their co-existence is scarce. This paper provides novel data on the distribution and demography of these two species, at depths between 50 and 290 m in the Western Mediterranean Sea, providing insights on their co-occurrence. Both species exhibited the highest population density at deeper sites (>150 m), showing an inverse size–density relation. Density values ranged from 0.03 colonies m−2 to 32 and 80 col. m−2 for yellow gorgonian and red coral, respectively. The two species co-occurred in 13% of the total frames examined, mostly dwelling between 120 and 160 m depth. Distance-based linear modeling (DistLM) emphasized that when co-occurring the variability of the two species’ densities were significantly driven by the density—rather than the morphology (i.e., height)—of the other species. We stress the need for further studies to elucidate the possible mutual effects of suspension feeders and to test the role of different environmental factors potentially influencing inter-specific relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Marine Ecosystems: Selected Papers from MetroSea 2021)
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11 pages, 2547 KiB  
Article
Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing Artificial miRNA Targeting the Rice Stripe Virus MP Gene Are Highly Resistant to the Virus
by Liya Zhou, Quan Yuan, Xuhong Ai, Jianping Chen, Yuwen Lu and Fei Yan
Biology 2022, 11(2), 332; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020332 - 19 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2150
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice. RNA interference is one of the most efficient ways to control viral disease. In this study, we constructed an amiRNA targeting the RSV MP gene (amiR MP) based on [...] Read more.
Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes one of the most serious viral diseases of rice. RNA interference is one of the most efficient ways to control viral disease. In this study, we constructed an amiRNA targeting the RSV MP gene (amiR MP) based on the backbone sequence of the osa-MIR528 precursor, and obtained marker-free transgenic rice plants constitutively expressing amiR MP by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A transient expression assay demonstrated that dimeric amiR MP could be effectively recognized and cleaved at the target MP gene in plants. Northern blot of miRNA indicated that amiR MP-mediated viral resistance could be stably inherited. The transgenic rice plants were highly resistant to RSV (73–90%). Our research provides novel rice germplasm for RSV control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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15 pages, 1477 KiB  
Article
Feeding Habits and the Occurrence of Anthropogenic Debris in the Stomach Content of Marine Fish from Pattani Bay, Gulf of Thailand
by Kay Khine Soe, Sukree Hajisamae, Penjai Sompongchaiyakul, Prawit Towatana and Siriporn Pradit
Biology 2022, 11(2), 331; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020331 - 19 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2972
Abstract
This study assessed the feeding habits and ingestion of anthropogenic debris in 34 marine fish species from the southern Gulf of Thailand. A total of 5478 fish samples of 12 families were categorised into seven groups: planktivore, Lucifer feeder, fish feeder, Acetes feeder, [...] Read more.
This study assessed the feeding habits and ingestion of anthropogenic debris in 34 marine fish species from the southern Gulf of Thailand. A total of 5478 fish samples of 12 families were categorised into seven groups: planktivore, Lucifer feeder, fish feeder, Acetes feeder, shrimp feeder, piscivore, and zoobenthivore fish. A total of 2477 anthropogenic debris items were extracted from 12 fish species by visual inspection. Their ingestion of anthropogenic debris was influenced by season (p < 0.0001), with the highest ingestion during the northeast monsoon season. Furthermore, planktivorous fish displayed more ingested anthropogenic debris than the other investigated species (p = 0.022). Blue-coloured anthropogenic debris was commonly detected in the stomachs of fish and significantly differed between species (p > 0.001). Water depth and season significantly influenced the availability of food types (AF) for fish (p < 0.001). These findings provide evidence of the ingestion of anthropogenic debris by fish inhabiting a natural bay and signal the future anthropogenic pollution of marine fish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)
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3 pages, 207 KiB  
Editorial
Cardiac Peptides—Current Physiology, Pathophysiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Application
by Toshio Nishikimi and Johji Kato
Biology 2022, 11(2), 330; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020330 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1570
Abstract
The heart has long been considered a pumping organ, consisting of muscles [...] Full article
11 pages, 1562 KiB  
Article
Deadbug Bridging Performance in 6- to 15-Year-Old Competitive Alpine Skiers—A Cross-Sectional Study
by Gerda Strutzenberger, Lynn Ellenberger, Björn Bruhin, Walter O. Frey, Johannes Scherr and Jörg Spörri
Biology 2022, 11(2), 329; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020329 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1925
Abstract
In competitive alpine skiing, a superior antirotation and rear-chain stabilization capacity is essential to constantly remain in dynamic equilibrium while skiing and to counteract the ski-specific adverse loading patterns of the back. As such, skiers’ trunk stabilization performance during deadbug bridging (DBB) exercises [...] Read more.
In competitive alpine skiing, a superior antirotation and rear-chain stabilization capacity is essential to constantly remain in dynamic equilibrium while skiing and to counteract the ski-specific adverse loading patterns of the back. As such, skiers’ trunk stabilization performance during deadbug bridging (DBB) exercises has been shown to be associated with both skiing performance and overuse complaints of the lower back in skiers under 16 years of age (U16). However, to date, little is known about the corresponding stabilization abilities in younger skiers, i.e., 6- to 15-year-old skiers. As part of a biomechanical field experiment during a national off-snow fitness competition, a total of 101 youth competitive alpine skiers were tested with respect to their trunk stabilization performance during DDB exercise. The maximum contralateral displacement of the pelvic drop during leg lift (DBBdisplacement) was quantified using reflective markers and a motion capture system (Vicon, Oxford, UK). Potential age group and sex differences in DBBdisplacement were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p < 0.05. Within each subgroup, the associations of DBBdisplacement with age, anthropometrics and maturity offset were analysed using Pearson’s correlation (p < 0.05). Female skiers under 15 years of age (U15) showed better DBB performance than male U15 skiers, while there was no sex difference at the under 10-year (U10) level. In female U10 skiers, DBBdisplacement was moderately associated with body height, while in all other subgroups, no confounding associations with anthropometrics or biological maturation were found. Biomechanically quantifying DBB performance may be considered a feasible and nonconfounded screening test approach in young skiers older than 6 years. Body height may represent a confounding bias in exclusively the U10 female skier cohort and, therefore, should be considered when interpreting the test results. In summary, this study provided sport-specific normative reference data that may be of equal interest to both researchers and sport practitioners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Bodywork: Applications in Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation)
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12 pages, 55387 KiB  
Article
Dismemberment and Body Encasement—Case Report and an Empiric Study
by Jana Matzen, Benjamin Ondruschka, Antonia Fitzek, Klaus Püschel and Eilin Jopp-van Well
Biology 2022, 11(2), 328; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020328 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5122
Abstract
The mutilation and encasement of corpses are rare in daily forensic work, but when they occur, close cooperation between different disciplines, such as legal medicine and forensic anthropology, is necessary to obtain the most valuable results. One forensic examination method is the radiological [...] Read more.
The mutilation and encasement of corpses are rare in daily forensic work, but when they occur, close cooperation between different disciplines, such as legal medicine and forensic anthropology, is necessary to obtain the most valuable results. One forensic examination method is the radiological evaluation of victims or body parts by postmortem CT (pmCT) and X-ray images. In relation to a case described in this paper, an empirical study was conducted to figure out the value of radiological imaging and the ability to visualize and temporally classify changes in a corpse encased in concrete. For this purpose, the head and paw of a pig were encased in concrete and scanned regularly over a period of one year. Body parts such as the head and paw are clearly visible on X-ray images. Although decay-related changes are shown, a specific minimum time interval cannot yet be found, as these changes occur continuously in lesser amounts. Full article
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25 pages, 9606 KiB  
Article
Phylogeny and Cryptic Diversity of Diopatra (Onuphidae, Annelida) in the East Atlantic
by Martin M. Hektoen, Endre Willassen and Nataliya Budaeva
Biology 2022, 11(2), 327; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020327 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2286
Abstract
Diopatra Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 is a species rich genus that is common in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus is readily identified by its striking, spiral branchiae, but species identification has historically been challenging due to a high variation in diagnostic characters [...] Read more.
Diopatra Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833 is a species rich genus that is common in tropical and subtropical regions. The genus is readily identified by its striking, spiral branchiae, but species identification has historically been challenging due to a high variation in diagnostic characters used. This study aims to reconstruct the phylogeny of Diopatra with molecular markers and assess the species diversity of West African Diopatra with the species delimitation programs bPTP and BPP. Specimens were collected from Morocco to Angola, and the markers COI, 16S and 28S were sequenced from 76 specimens. The constructed phylogeny retrieved Diopatra as monophyletic, as well as five well supported clades within the genus. All clades were defined by morphological characters, some of which have previously not been considered to have high phylogenetic or taxonomical value. Species delimitation analyses recovered 17 new species, several of which were not readily identified morphologically. One species complex comprising between one and 12 species was left unresolved due to incongruence between the species delimitation methods and challenging morphology. Our results indicate that the diversity of Diopatra is significantly underestimated, where this regional study near to doubled the number ofknown species from the East Atlantic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diopatra: The Amazing Ecosystem Engineering Polychaetous Annelid)
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18 pages, 3338 KiB  
Article
The Transcription Factor FgAtrR Regulates Asexual and Sexual Development, Virulence, and DON Production and Contributes to Intrinsic Resistance to Azole Fungicides in Fusarium graminearum
by Yanxiang Zhao, Huilin Sun, Jingwen Li, Chao Ju and Jinguang Huang
Biology 2022, 11(2), 326; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020326 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2323
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the predominant causal agent of cereal Fusarium head blight disease (FHB) worldwide. The application of chemical fungicides such as azole antifungals is still the primary method for FHB control. However, to date, our knowledge of transcriptional regulation in the azole [...] Read more.
Fusarium graminearum is the predominant causal agent of cereal Fusarium head blight disease (FHB) worldwide. The application of chemical fungicides such as azole antifungals is still the primary method for FHB control. However, to date, our knowledge of transcriptional regulation in the azole resistance of F. graminearum is quite limited. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized a Zn(II)2-Cys6 transcription factor FgAtrR in F. graminearum. We constructed a FgAtrR deletion mutant and found that deletion of FgAtrR resulted in faster radial growth with serious pigmentation defects, significantly reduced conidial production, and an inability to form perithecia. The pathogenicity of the ΔFgAtrR mutant on wheat spikes and corn silks was severely impaired with reduced deoxynivalenol production, while the tolerance to prochloraz and propiconazole of the deletion mutant was also significantly decreased. RNA-seq indicated that many metabolic pathways were affected by the deletion of FgAtrR. Importantly, FgAtrR could regulate the expression of the FgCYP51A and ABC transporters, which are the main contributors to azole resistance. These results demonstrated that FgAtrR played essential roles in asexual and sexual development, DON production, and pathogenicity, and contributed to intrinsic resistance to azole fungicides in F. graminearum. This study will help us improve the understanding of the azole resistance mechanism in F. graminearum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Molecular Plant Pathology)
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15 pages, 2633 KiB  
Review
Large-Scale Distribution of the European Seahorses (Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810): A Systematic Review
by Cataldo Pierri, Tamara Lazic, Michele Gristina, Giuseppe Corriero and Mauro Sinopoli
Biology 2022, 11(2), 325; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020325 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2693
Abstract
Human pressures on marine ecosystems have caused extensive degradation of marine habitats and several local extinctions. Overexploitation and destructive fishing practices are responsible for biodiversity loss in many coastal ecosystems. The definition of conservation programs in marine fish requires comprehensive knowledge on large-scale [...] Read more.
Human pressures on marine ecosystems have caused extensive degradation of marine habitats and several local extinctions. Overexploitation and destructive fishing practices are responsible for biodiversity loss in many coastal ecosystems. The definition of conservation programs in marine fish requires comprehensive knowledge on large-scale geographical distribution, while considering distribution/abundance patterns in relation to key environmental variables. Due to their life-cycle traits, the two European seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus and H. hippocampus), as with other congeneric species, are particularly sensitive to the effects of anthropogenic activities and habitat changes. However, information on the ecological distribution of these two species is scattered, patchy, and mainly focused on small-scale studies. In this paper, we followed an international standard protocol for systematic reviews (the PRISMA protocol) to provide a detailed assessment of the two species’ geographical distribution in relation to the environmental characteristics. According to the 134 analyzed studies, Hippocampus guttulatus is more common in confined areas, while H. hippocampus is found in marine shelf waters. With several interspecific differences, seagrasses were the most used holdfasts of both species. The EUNIS codes (European nature information system) referring to a specific and unique habitat were discussed as a potential tool for defining the ecological distribution of the two species. The obtained results and their future implementation could help plan conservation actions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Marine Ecosystems: Selected Papers from MetroSea 2021)
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18 pages, 6172 KiB  
Article
Identification of DPP4/CTNNB1/MET as a Theranostic Signature of Thyroid Cancer and Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Sitagliptin
by Sheng-Yao Cheng, Alexander T. H. Wu, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Ching-Liang Ho, Jih-Chin Lee, Halimat Yusuf Lukman, Mohammed Alorabi, Abdullah N. AlRasheedi and Jia-Hong Chen
Biology 2022, 11(2), 324; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020324 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2599
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing globally, with papillary thyroid cancer (PTCa) being the most prevalent pathological type, accounting for approximately 80% of all cases. Although PTCa has been regarded to be slow growing and has a good [...] Read more.
In recent years, the incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing globally, with papillary thyroid cancer (PTCa) being the most prevalent pathological type, accounting for approximately 80% of all cases. Although PTCa has been regarded to be slow growing and has a good prognosis, in some cases, PTCa can be aggressive and progress despite surgery and radioactive iodine treatment. In addition, most cancer treatment drugs have been shown to be cytotoxic and nonspecific to cancer cells, as they also affect normal cells and consequently cause harm to the body. Therefore, searching for new targets and therapies is required. Herein, we explored a bioinformatics analysis to identify important theranostic markers for THCA. Interestingly, we identified that the DPP4/CTNNB1/MET gene signature was overexpressed in PTCa, which, according to our analysis, is associated with immuno-invasive phenotypes, cancer progression, metastasis, resistance, and unfavorable clinical outcomes of thyroid cancer cohorts. Since most cancer drugs were shown to exhibit cytotoxicity and to be nonspecific, herein, we evaluated the anticancer effects of the antidiabetic drug sitagliptin, which was recently shown to possess anticancer activities, and is well tolerated and effective. Interestingly, our in silico molecular docking results exhibited putative binding affinities of sitagliptin with DPP4/CTNNB1/MET signatures, even higher than standard inhibitors of these genes. This suggests that sitagliptin is a potential THCA therapeutic, worthy of further investigation both in vitro and in vivo and in clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinformatics and Machine Learning for Cancer Biology)
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17 pages, 20076 KiB  
Article
Stress-Reducing Effect of a 50 Hz Electric Field in Mice after Repeated Immobilizations, Electric Field Shields, and Polarization of the Electrodes
by Shinji Harakawa, Takaki Nedachi, Toshikazu Shinba and Hiroshi Suzuki
Biology 2022, 11(2), 323; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020323 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2692
Abstract
In BALB/c mice, immobilization-increased plasma glucocorticoid (GC) levels are suppressed by extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields (EF). The aim of this study was to advance our understanding of the biological effects of ELF-EF, using its suppressive effect on the GC response. Mice [...] Read more.
In BALB/c mice, immobilization-increased plasma glucocorticoid (GC) levels are suppressed by extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields (EF). The aim of this study was to advance our understanding of the biological effects of ELF-EF, using its suppressive effect on the GC response. Mice were exposed to a 50 Hz EF of 10 kV/m via a parallel plate electrode and immobilized as needed. We examined the suppressive effect of ELF-EF on GC level change after repeated immobilizations, electrode polarization, and EF shielding of different portions of the mouse body parts. Additionally, bodyweight changes owing to stress and EF were examined. Immobilization-induced reduction in the plasma GC levels was reproduced in mice with stress and EF exposure, regardless of the stress episode numbers and electrode polarization. Furthermore, when the head of mice was shielded from the EF, the suppressive effect was possibly relatively lower than that when the abdomen was shielded. The bodyweight of the mice decreased for 3 days after immobilization before recovering; ELF-EF did not affect the bodyweight. Thus, to elicit the biological effects of the EF, not only the size of the area where the EF is distributed but also the area where the field is distributed should be important. The results also confirmed the stableness of the present experimental system, at least in terms of the stress-reducing effect. In addition, the restriction in this study caused weight loss, but ELF-EF was not considered to affect it. The results improve the understanding of the biological effect and medical applications of ELF-EF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)
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11 pages, 1528 KiB  
Article
Central and Peripheral Thermal Signatures of Brain-Derived Fatigue during Unilateral Resistance Exercise: A Preliminary Study
by David Perpetuini, Damiano Formenti, Pierpaolo Iodice, Daniela Cardone, Chiara Filippini, Antonio Maria Chiarelli, Giovanni Michielon, Athos Trecroci, Giampietro Alberti and Arcangelo Merla
Biology 2022, 11(2), 322; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020322 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2060
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) allows to evaluate the psychophysiological state associated with emotions from facial temperature modulations. As fatigue is a brain-derived emotion, it is possible to hypothesize that facial temperature could provide information regarding the fatigue related to exercise. The aim of this [...] Read more.
Infrared thermography (IRT) allows to evaluate the psychophysiological state associated with emotions from facial temperature modulations. As fatigue is a brain-derived emotion, it is possible to hypothesize that facial temperature could provide information regarding the fatigue related to exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the capability of IRT to assess the central and peripheral physiological effect of fatigue by measuring facial skin and muscle temperature modulations in response to a unilateral knee extension exercise until exhaustion. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded at the end of the exercise. Both time- (∆TROI: pre–post exercise temperature variation) and frequency-domain (∆PSD: pre–post exercise power spectral density variation of specific frequency bands) analyses were performed to extract features from regions of interest (ROIs) positioned on the exercised and nonexercised leg, nose tip, and corrugator. The ANOVA-RM revealed a significant difference between ∆TROI (F(1.41,9.81) = 15.14; p = 0.0018), and between ∆PSD of myogenic (F(1.34,9.39) = 15.20; p = 0.0021) and neurogenic bands (F(1.75,12.26) = 9.96; p = 0.0034) of different ROIs. Moreover, significant correlations between thermal features and RPE were found. These findings suggest that IRT could assess both peripheral and central responses to physical exercise. Its applicability in monitoring the psychophysiological responses to exercise should be further explored. Full article
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20 pages, 3221 KiB  
Article
Effects of Local Acidification on Benthic Communities at Shallow Hydrothermal Vents of the Aeolian Islands (Southern Tyrrhenian, Mediterranean Sea)
by Emanuela Fanelli, Simone Di Giacomo, Cristina Gambi, Silvia Bianchelli, Zaira Da Ros, Michael Tangherlini, Franco Andaloro, Teresa Romeo, Cinzia Corinaldesi and Roberto Danovaro
Biology 2022, 11(2), 321; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020321 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2248
Abstract
The Aeolian Islands (Mediterranean Sea) host a unique hydrothermal system called the “Smoking Land” due to the presence of over 200 volcanic CO2-vents, resulting in water acidification phenomena and the creation of an acidified benthic environment. Here, we report the results [...] Read more.
The Aeolian Islands (Mediterranean Sea) host a unique hydrothermal system called the “Smoking Land” due to the presence of over 200 volcanic CO2-vents, resulting in water acidification phenomena and the creation of an acidified benthic environment. Here, we report the results of a study conducted at three sites located at ca. 16, 40, and 80 m of depth, and characterized by CO2 emissions to assess the effects of acidification on meio- and macrobenthic assemblages. Acidification caused significant changes in both meio- and macrofaunal assemblages, with a clear decrease in terms of abundance and a shift in community composition. A noticeable reduction in biomass was observed only for macrofauna. The most sensitive meiofaunal taxa were kinorhynchs and turbellarians that disappeared at the CO2 sites, while the abundance of halacarids and ostracods increased, possibly as a result of the larger food availability and the lower predatory pressures by the sensitive meiofaunal and macrofaunal taxa. Sediment acidification also causes the disappearance of more sensitive macrofaunal taxa, such as gastropods, and the increase in tolerant taxa such as oligochaetes. We conclude that the effects of shallow CO2-vents result in the progressive simplification of community structure and biodiversity loss due to the disappearance of the most sensitive meio- and macrofaunal taxa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)
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18 pages, 2912 KiB  
Article
Benthic Biodiversity, Carbon Storage and the Potential for Increasing Negative Feedbacks on Climate Change in Shallow Waters of the Antarctic Peninsula
by Simon A. Morley, Terri A. Souster, Belinda J. Vause, Laura Gerrish, Lloyd S. Peck and David K. A. Barnes
Biology 2022, 11(2), 320; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020320 - 17 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3727
Abstract
The importance of cold-water blue carbon as biological carbon pumps that sequester carbon into ocean sediments is now being realised. Most polar blue carbon research to date has focussed on deep water, yet the highest productivity is in the shallows. This study measured [...] Read more.
The importance of cold-water blue carbon as biological carbon pumps that sequester carbon into ocean sediments is now being realised. Most polar blue carbon research to date has focussed on deep water, yet the highest productivity is in the shallows. This study measured the functional biodiversity and carbon standing stock accumulated by shallow-water (<25 m) benthic assemblages on both hard and soft substrata on the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP, 67° S). Soft substrata benthic assemblages (391 ± 499 t C km−2) contained 60% less carbon than hard substrata benthic assemblages (648 ± 909). In situ observations of substrata by SCUBA divers provided estimates of 59% hard (4700 km) and 12% soft (960 km) substrata on seasonally ice-free shores of the Antarctic Peninsula, giving an estimate of 253,000 t C at 20 m depth, with a sequestration potential of ~4500 t C year−1. Currently, 54% of the shoreline is permanently ice covered and so climate-mediated ice loss along the Peninsula is predicted to more than double this carbon sink. The steep fjordic shorelines make these assemblages a globally important pathway to sequestration, acting as one of the few negative (mitigating) feedbacks to climate change. The proposed WAP marine protected area could safeguard this ecosystem service, helping to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polar Ecosystem: Response of Organisms to Changing Climate)
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19 pages, 6367 KiB  
Article
Snapshot of the Distribution and Biology of Alien Jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) in a Mediterranean Touristic Harbour
by Tiziana Cillari, Alessandro Allegra, Daniela Berto, Mar Bosch-Belmar, Manuela Falautano, Teresa Maggio, Giacomo Milisenda, Patrizia Perzia, Federico Rampazzo, Mauro Sinopoli and Luca Castriota
Biology 2022, 11(2), 319; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020319 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2817
Abstract
Harbors are hotspots for the introduction of alien species, and, usually, investigations on their host populations help fill the knowledge gap in their pathways of invasion and in their impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. In 2014, the upside-down alien jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda [...] Read more.
Harbors are hotspots for the introduction of alien species, and, usually, investigations on their host populations help fill the knowledge gap in their pathways of invasion and in their impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. In 2014, the upside-down alien jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda invaded a Mediterranean touristic harbor (“Cala”), and its abundance has since increased over time. In the present study, the distribution and trophic behavior of C. andromeda in Cala were investigated for the years 2017–2018 through visual sampling, and GIS-based statistical and stable isotope analyses. Since Cala is a hard-to-reach area (with many anchor cables and boats), Megabenthos Underwater Video was used to count the number and estimate the size of jellyfishes. The variations in size throughout the study period suggest that the population of C. andromeda is quite established in Cala at depths lower than 7.5 m. The ranges of the environmental parameters recorded (temperature, salinity, and transparency) were consistent with the ideal conditions for maintaining a Cassiopea population, but they did not seem to influence aggregation. Additionally, the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures studied highlight the mixotrophic behavior of this species. These preliminary results confirm the capacity of C. andromeda to live and reproduce in heavily anthropized areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Marine Ecosystems: Selected Papers from MetroSea 2021)
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16 pages, 1140 KiB  
Article
Two Blautia Species Associated with Visceral Fat Accumulation: A One-Year Longitudinal Study
by Naoki Ozato, Tohru Yamaguchi, Kenta Mori, Mitsuhiro Katashima, Mika Kumagai, Koichi Murashita, Yoshihisa Katsuragi, Yoshinori Tamada, Masanori Kakuta, Seiya Imoto, Kazushige Ihara and Shigeyuki Nakaji
Biology 2022, 11(2), 318; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020318 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3763
Abstract
Intestinal microflora has been associated with obesity. While visceral fat is more strongly associated with cardiovascular disorder, a complication linked to obesity, than the body mass index (BMI), the association between intestinal microflora and obesity (as defined in terms of BMI) has been [...] Read more.
Intestinal microflora has been associated with obesity. While visceral fat is more strongly associated with cardiovascular disorder, a complication linked to obesity, than the body mass index (BMI), the association between intestinal microflora and obesity (as defined in terms of BMI) has been studied widely. However, the link between visceral fat area (VFA) and intestinal microflora has been little studied. In this study, we investigate the association between intestinal microflora and VFA and BMI using a longitudinal study on Japanese subjects with different VFA statuses (N = 767). Principal component analysis of the changes in intestinal microflora composition over the one-year study period revealed the different associations between intestinal microflora and VFA and BMI. As determined by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, changes in the abundance ratio of two microbial genera—Blautia and Flavonifractor—were significantly associated with VFA changes and changes in the abundance ratio of four different microbial genera were significantly associated with BMI changes, suggesting that the associated intestinal microbes are different. Furthermore, as determined by metagenomic shotgun sequences, changes in the abundance ratios of two Blautia species—Blautia hansenii and Blautia producta—were significantly and negatively associated with VFA changes. Our findings might be used to develop a new treatment for visceral fat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome in Health and Disease)
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13 pages, 1557 KiB  
Article
Rewilding by Wolf Recolonisation, Consequences for Ungulate Populations and Game Hunting
by Mariano Rodríguez-Recio, Camilla Wikenros, Barbara Zimmermann and Håkan Sand
Biology 2022, 11(2), 317; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020317 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4730
Abstract
The ongoing recolonisations of human-transformed environments in Europe by large carnivores like the wolf Canis lupus means that conservation conflicts could re-surface, among other reasons, due to predation on ungulate game species. We estimated the effect of wolves on ungulate species using data [...] Read more.
The ongoing recolonisations of human-transformed environments in Europe by large carnivores like the wolf Canis lupus means that conservation conflicts could re-surface, among other reasons, due to predation on ungulate game species. We estimated the effect of wolves on ungulate species using data on wolf prey selection, kill rates and territory size to build a hypothetical case of future expansion. We extrapolated results on predation from the current wolf distribution in central Sweden and eastern Poland to the eventual wolf recolonisation of southern Sweden. We then calculated the proportion of five ungulate game species killed annually by wolves, and the ratio between the predicted annual predation by wolves given future colonization and the number of ungulates currently harvested by hunters. Results showed that wolf recolonization in southern Sweden would have a minor impact on the estimated population densities of red deer Cervus elaphus, fallow deer Dama dama and wild boar Sus scrofa, but is likely to lead to a significant reduction in human captures of moose Alces alces and roe deer Capreolus capreolus. The current five-ungulate species system in southern Sweden suggests a potential for two to four times higher wolf density than the two-ungulate species system in the northern part of their current distribution. Management and conservation of recolonizing large carnivores require a better understanding of the observed impact on game populations under similar ecological conditions to ameliorate conservation conflicts and achieve a paradigm of coexistence. Integrating these predictions into management is paramount to the current rewilding trend occurring in many areas of Europe or North America. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)
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28 pages, 1002 KiB  
Review
Multielectrode Arrays for Functional Phenotyping of Neurons from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
by Fraser P. McCready, Sara Gordillo-Sampedro, Kartik Pradeepan, Julio Martinez-Trujillo and James Ellis
Biology 2022, 11(2), 316; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020316 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6108
Abstract
In vitro multielectrode array (MEA) systems are increasingly used as higher-throughput platforms for functional phenotyping studies of neurons in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) disease models. While MEA systems generate large amounts of spatiotemporal activity data from networks of iPSC-derived neurons, the downstream [...] Read more.
In vitro multielectrode array (MEA) systems are increasingly used as higher-throughput platforms for functional phenotyping studies of neurons in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) disease models. While MEA systems generate large amounts of spatiotemporal activity data from networks of iPSC-derived neurons, the downstream analysis and interpretation of such high-dimensional data often pose a significant challenge to researchers. In this review, we examine how MEA technology is currently deployed in iPSC modeling studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. We first highlight the strengths of in vitro MEA technology by reviewing the history of its development and the original scientific questions MEAs were intended to answer. Methods of generating patient iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes for MEA co-cultures are summarized. We then discuss challenges associated with MEA data analysis in a disease modeling context, and present novel computational methods used to better interpret network phenotyping data. We end by suggesting best practices for presenting MEA data in research publications, and propose that the creation of a public MEA data repository to enable collaborative data sharing would be of great benefit to the iPSC disease modeling community. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Disease Modeling)
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14 pages, 2195 KiB  
Article
Integrating Cytogenetics and Population Genomics: Allopatry and Neo-Sex Chromosomes May Have Shaped the Genetic Divergence in the Erythrinus erythrinus Species Complex (Teleostei, Characiformes)
by Fernando H. S. de Souza, Francisco de M. C. Sassi, Pedro H. N. Ferreira, Luiz A. C. Bertollo, Tariq Ezaz, Thomas Liehr, Manolo F. Perez and Marcelo B. Cioffi
Biology 2022, 11(2), 315; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020315 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
Diversity found in Neotropical freshwater fish is remarkable. It can even hinder a proper delimitation of many species, with the wolf fish Erythrinus erythrinus (Teleostei, Characiformes) being a notable example. This nominal species shows remarkable intra-specific variation, with extensive karyotype diversity found among [...] Read more.
Diversity found in Neotropical freshwater fish is remarkable. It can even hinder a proper delimitation of many species, with the wolf fish Erythrinus erythrinus (Teleostei, Characiformes) being a notable example. This nominal species shows remarkable intra-specific variation, with extensive karyotype diversity found among populations in terms of different diploid chromosome numbers (2n), karyotype compositions and sex chromosome systems. Here, we analyzed three distinct populations (one of them cytogenetically investigated for the first time) that differed in terms of their chromosomal features (termed karyomorphs) and by the presence or absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We combined cytogenetics with genomic approaches to investigate how the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes together with allopatry is linked to genetic diversity and speciation. The results indicated the presence of high genetic differentiation among populations both from cytogenetic and genomic aspects, with long-distance allopatry potentially being the main agent of genetic divergence. One population showed a neo-X1X2Y sexual chromosome system and we hypothesize that this system is associated with enhanced inter-population genetic differentiation which could have potentially accelerated speciation compared to the effect of allopatry alone. Full article
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12 pages, 677 KiB  
Systematic Review
Caspase Inhibition as a Possible Therapeutic Strategy for Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence
by Sanna Huda, Bethany Chau, Chuanqi Chen, Herman Somal, Neiloy Chowdhury and Nicola Cirillo
Biology 2022, 11(2), 314; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020314 - 16 Feb 2022
Viewed by 2869
Abstract
Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an IgG-mediated autoimmune disease characterised by epithelial cell–cell detachment (acantholysis) resulting in mucocutaneous blistering. The exact pathogenesis of blister formation is unknown and this has hampered the development of non-steroidal, mechanism-based treatments for this autoimmune disease. This systematic [...] Read more.
Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an IgG-mediated autoimmune disease characterised by epithelial cell–cell detachment (acantholysis) resulting in mucocutaneous blistering. The exact pathogenesis of blister formation is unknown and this has hampered the development of non-steroidal, mechanism-based treatments for this autoimmune disease. This systematic review aims to investigate the role of caspases in the pathogenesis of PV to inform the choice of more targeted therapeutic agents. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted to identify eligible studies. Multiple phases of inclusion and exclusion of the primary articles were conducted in pairs, and studies were recorded and analysed according to the latest version of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Risk of bias assessment was conducted for extracted in vivo animal intervention studies using SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Results: Eight articles from a total of 2338 in vitro, in vivo, and human studies met the inclusion criteria, with a high degree of inter-rater reliability. By and large, the results show that caspase activation was pathogenic in experimental PV because pan-caspase inhibitors could block or reduce PV acantholysis and blistering in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The pathogenic pathways identified involved caspase-1 and caspase-3. One study failed to show any improvement in the PV model with a caspase inhibitor. The majority of animal studies had high or unclear risk of bias. Conclusion: There are consistent data pointing towards a pathogenic role of caspase activation in PV acantholysis. However, high-quality evidence to confirm that caspase inhibition can prevent PV-induced blistering in vivo is limited. Therefore, further research is required to test the preclinical efficacy of caspase inhibitors in PV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Patho-Mechanisms Associated with Oral Autoimmune Disease and Cancer)
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19 pages, 2135 KiB  
Review
Adapt to Persist: Glioblastoma Microenvironment and Epigenetic Regulation on Cell Plasticity
by Daniel Uribe, Ignacio Niechi, Gorjana Rackov, José I. Erices, Rody San Martín and Claudia Quezada
Biology 2022, 11(2), 313; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology11020313 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3916
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor, characterized by great resistance to treatments, as well as inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. GBM exhibits infiltration, vascularization and hypoxia-associated necrosis, characteristics that shape a unique microenvironment in which diverse cell types are integrated. [...] Read more.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive brain tumor, characterized by great resistance to treatments, as well as inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. GBM exhibits infiltration, vascularization and hypoxia-associated necrosis, characteristics that shape a unique microenvironment in which diverse cell types are integrated. A subpopulation of cells denominated GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) exhibits multipotency and self-renewal capacity. GSCs are considered the conductors of tumor progression due to their high tumorigenic capacity, enhanced proliferation, invasion and therapeutic resistance compared to non-GSCs cells. GSCs have been classified into two molecular subtypes: proneural and mesenchymal, the latter showing a more aggressive phenotype. Tumor microenvironment and therapy can induce a proneural-to-mesenchymal transition, as a mechanism of adaptation and resistance to treatments. In addition, GSCs can transition between quiescent and proliferative substates, allowing them to persist in different niches and adapt to different stages of tumor progression. Three niches have been described for GSCs: hypoxic/necrotic, invasive and perivascular, enhancing metabolic changes and cellular interactions shaping GSCs phenotype through metabolic changes and cellular interactions that favor their stemness. The phenotypic flexibility of GSCs to adapt to each niche is modulated by dynamic epigenetic modifications. Methylases, demethylases and histone deacetylase are deregulated in GSCs, allowing them to unlock transcriptional programs that are necessary for cell survival and plasticity. In this review, we described the effects of GSCs plasticity on GBM progression, discussing the role of GSCs niches on modulating their phenotype. Finally, we described epigenetic alterations in GSCs that are important for stemness, cell fate and therapeutic resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetic Regulation of High-Grade Glioma Plasticity)
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