Next Article in Journal
Isolation and Characterization of Werneria Chromene and Dihydroxyacidissimol from Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle
Next Article in Special Issue
Characterization of Four New Compounds from Protea cynaroides Leaves and Their Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential
Previous Article in Journal / Special Issue
Helichrysum Genus and Compound Activities in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 11
Issue 10
10.3390/plants11101387
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Associated Risk Factors in sub-Saharan Africa

by
Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya
1,2,*,
Julianah Olayemi Odukoya
3,4,
Edwin Mpho Mmutlane
1,* and
Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
1
1
Centre for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
2
Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure PMB 704, Ondo State, Nigeria
3
Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
4
Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin PMB 1530, Kwara State, Nigeria
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2022, 11(10), 1387; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants11101387
Submission received: 16 February 2022 / Revised: 4 April 2022 / Accepted: 6 April 2022 / Published: 23 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on African Traditional Medicinal Plants Research)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality, including deaths arising from non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Consequently, this study aimed to provide details of medicinal plants (MPs) employed in SSA for the treatment of CVDs and their related risk factors to open new avenues for the discovery of novel drugs. The extensive ethnopharmacological literature survey of these MPs in 41 SSA countries was based on studies from 1982 to 2021. It revealed 1,085 MPs belonging to 218 botanical families, with Fabaceae (9.61%), Asteraceae (6.77%), Apocynaceae (3.93%), Lamiaceae (3.75%), and Rubiaceae (3.66%) being the most represented. Meanwhile, Allium sativum L., Persea americana Mill., Moringa oleifera Lam., Mangifera indica L., and Allium cepa L. are the five most utilised plant species. The preferred plant parts include the leaves (36%), roots (21%), barks (14%), fruits (7%), and seeds (5%), which are mostly prepared by decoction. Benin, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, and Togo had the highest reported use while most of the investigations were on diabetes and hypertension. Despite the nutraceutical advantages of some of these MPs, their general toxicity potential calls for caution in their human long-term use. Overall, the study established the need for governments of SSA countries to validate the efficacy/safety of these MPs as well as provide affordable, accessible, and improved modern healthcare services.

1. Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a group of disorders involving/affecting the heart and blood vessels, are the chief cause of death in the world [1,2,3,4,5]. According to WHO [6], CVDs claim an estimated 17.9 million lives every year with four out of five CVD deaths resulting from heart attack and stroke. This specialized agency of the United Nations in charge of international public health (WHO) added that one-third of these deaths occurs prematurely in people that are less than 70 years old. Olorunnisola et al. [7] indicated that between 1990 and 2020, death arising from CVDs was projected to increase from 28.9 to 36.3%.
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with 47 countries and a land mass of approximately 24 million km2 [8] lying completely or partially south of the Sahara desert [9], CVDs are the most common cause of deaths arising from non-communicable diseases [10] and responsible for most of the mortality of those above 45 years old in Africa [11]. As reported in Amegah [12], SSA was the only geographical region of the world between 1990 and 2013 where an increase in CVD deaths increased. Cardiac diseases have also been identified as a major non-communicable disease among children in SSA [13]. Several authors such as BeLue et al. [9], Monti et al. [14], Amegah [12], van der Sande [15], Yach et al. [16], Tokoudagba et al. [17], Nkoke and Luchuo [18], and Owusu and Acheamfour-Akowuah [19], among others, have attributed the increase in the burden of CVDs and related risk factors in the region to certain agents. These include the epidemiological transition brought about by increasing urbanization, changing lifestyle/dietary patterns, socioeconomic development, and modernization. van der Sande [15] pointed out that age-specific rates of many CVDs are growing faster among adults in SSA than those in industrialised countries.
Generally, CVDs can be defined as “the pathologic process (usually atherosclerosis) affecting the entire arterial circulation, not just the coronary arteries” [20]. They include heart failure (also referred to as congestive heart failure), stroke, coronary artery, coronary heart, cerebrovascular, and rheumatic heart diseases [1,6,21,22], as well as other conditions, with diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol/hyperlipidemia, obesity (abnormal or excessive fat accumulation), tobacco/cigarettes use, increase in age, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic predisposition, among others, as risk factors [2,3,7,20,23,24]. In SSA countries, the CVDs challenge has given rise to additional pressure on the healthcare systems, which are still struggling to cope with other diseases that affect the region [19].
With respect to CVDs’ treatment in the region, biologically based therapy (such as herbal therapy) is the most employed traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine (TCAM) [25]. According to Bussmann et al. [26], traditional medicine (TM) is a means of treatment in developing countries, whereas Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM) is common in developed nations. The World Health Organization [27] gave a clear difference between “traditional medicine” (indigenous-based) and “complementary medicine” or “alternative medicine” (not indigenous-based or conventional), and indicated that the terms are used interchangeably in some countries. Meanwhile, herbal medicines involve the use of herbs and herbal materials/preparations/products with plant parts/materials, or their combinations, as active ingredients [27,28].
From the published literature, the use of TM in developing countries can be attributed to (a) accessibility, familiarity, and tradition [29,30], (b) inadequate/limited access to medical service providers or modern health care systems [29,31,32,33], (c) unavailability or high cost of modern medicine [29,30,32], (d) increased awareness of the potential of alternative medicines [32], and (e) perceived safety or comparatively less toxicity to synthetic drugs [30,33,34,35], among others. Generally, in Africa, Nafiu et al. [28] noted that it is arguably because of cultural and economic reasons. Among other factors, Rahmatullah et al. [36] added that people are gradually resorting back to TM, which involves the use of medicinal plants (MPs) as a result of the evolution of multi-drug-resistant microorganisms and the inability of modern medicine to effectively cure some diseases.
As several researchers have documented the use of MPs, i.e., plants containing secondary metabolites with therapeutic benefits [37], for the traditional treatment of CVDs as well as their associated risk factors in many SSA countries, this review article, thus, serves as a collection of these MPs to aid CVD research and the production of novel drugs for these diseases. It would also support (i) the preservation of indigenous knowledge, (ii) conservation and utilization of biological resources [38], (iii) discovery of new treatment for all types of CVDs [1], and (iv) future research works on the efficacy, as well as safety, of these MPs.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Medicinal Plants

Plants have continued to play important roles in supporting human life [39] in different parts of the world, Africa inclusive [33]. Among these are MPs, which contain compounds that have therapeutic properties or exert pharmacological effects on the human body [40]. Generally, MPs naturally synthesize and accumulate secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids, sterols, terpenes, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and tannins) [40] while their extracts have found applications in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical as well as other chemical industries [41].
The ethnobotanical data collection led to the gathering of information on 1085 plant species from 218 botanical families reported in one (Table 1) and two or more SSA countries (Table 2) for CVDs as well as their associated risk factors treatment. The use of different MPs in various parts of SSA for the treatment of these diseases in relation to Kose et al. [42] may be attributed to the different background, belief, and available plants. It is also an indication of the region’s rich traditional knowledge on MPs [38], which may be linked to the difficulty in assessing medical care [43]. The distribution of the studied MPs within botanical families is illustrated in Figure 1, where Fabaceae (9.61%), Asteraceae (6.77%), Apocynaceae (3.93%), Lamiaceae (3.75%), and Rubiaceae (3.66%) are the five most encountered families, which could be connected to their wide range of bioactive compounds [38], availability, and popularity/traditional knowledge of plant species belonging to these families in many parts of SSA. The total number of plants belonging to these five plant families represents 27.72% of the total MPs covered in this study. This indicated that these five botanical families include MPs that are mostly used for the treatment of the diseases of focus in the region.
The current review of the literature also revealed that some of the SSA MPs are used singly or as a mixture of more than one species for the treatment of CVDs and their related risk factors (e.g., see Gbolade [123]). According to Namukobe et al. [176] and Tugume et al. [38], the use of different plant combination for the effective treatment of one disease may be attributed to their synergistic effects. Some of these MPs are also employed in the treatment of other diseases, which, in line with Namukobe et al. [176] and Tugume et al. [38], is because they contain many metabolites, as well as on the basis that the same molecule can be active against different pathogens.
Most Utilised MPs for the Treatment of CVDs in SSA
The ethnobotanical survey showed that Allium sativum L., Persea americana Mill., Moringa oleifera Lam., Mangifera indica L., and Allium cepa L. are the five most utilised MPs in SSA countries (Table 3) for the treatment of CVDs and their related risk factors. In addition, these five plants, as illustrated in Figure 2, have together found applications in four countries in SSA, namely, Benin, Mauritius, Nigeria, and Togo, for the diseases’ treatment.

2.2. Plants Parts Used

Nadembega et al. [54] recorded that in African ethno-medicine, all parts of a plant, and on many occasions, different parts of the same plant, are used for various diseases’ treatment. In the current study, the ethnobotanical survey of MPs used for the treatment of the diseases of focus, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2, identified 44 plants’ parts (major: 11 (whole plant inclusive); minor: 33) with the leaves (36%), roots (21%), barks (14%), fruits (7%), and seeds (5%) being the most frequently used (see Figure 3). This is similar to the research findings of Sabiu et al. [53], Davids et al. [143], and Kpodar et al. [173] as well as Aumeeruddy and Mahomoodally [23] where leaves were the most used plant part. Other researchers, such as Randriamiharisoa et al. [30], Wubetu et al. [80], Yebouk et al. [112], Suleiman [158], Mahomoodally et al. [182], and Rachid et al. [234], also identified MPs’ leaves as the most employed.
The high percentage of usage recorded for leaves, with respect to other plant parts, can be linked to their fast regeneration level [176], potency [143,176], traditional belief to be the strongest part of plant [143], abundance, availability [23,53,173,235], ease of collection in large quantities, and presence as the key photosynthetic organ in plants, which are thought to have accumulated a higher concentration of active ingredients/secondary metabolites [29,38,116,182,236]. These factors contributing to leaves being the most employed plant part in TM, according to Akerreta et al. [237], as well as Chintamunnee and Mahomoodally [116], can be attributed to them being the most exposed to environmental damages/threat. This environmental threat brings about the synthesis/production of active compounds in the leaves—as a means of defence, protection, and survival—with human health benefits. Although other parts of plants also contain compounds of pharmacological importance, their unavailability throughout the year affect their usage [237]. At the same time, excessive use/overcollection of fruits and seeds may negatively affect plant genetic diversity and distribution based on their role in sexual reproduction and dispersal [23,235].
In addition, harvesting of the bark, though easily collected with concentrated bioactive compounds [87], has a negative effect on the protection level of the plant [38]. Generally, the collection of bark, roots, or the whole plant is destructive and may lead to overexploitation/species depletion thereby affecting their sustainability [23,38,87]. This suggests that for plants such as Azadirachta indica (neem), Carica papaya (pawpaw), and Persea americana (avocado), among others, in which more than one plant part is used for treatment (Table 2), their sustainability would be achieved if the harvesting of bark and root is discouraged while that of leaves (being less destructive when taken in small quantities) is encouraged. Notwithstanding, the overharvesting of leaves may also have a negative impact on the overall natural regeneration of the plants and conservation [38,143].

2.3. Modes of Preparation

The review showed that MPs that have found applications in TM are prepared in various forms [237] prior to their use. In this study, decoction was discovered to be the most employed mode of preparation (47%) of MPs used for the treatment of the diseases of focus in SSA (Figure 4). Similar results for the most used method of preparation was reported by Tjeck et al. [87], Gbolade [123], Kpodar et al. [173], as well as Aumeeruddy and Mahomoodally [23]. According to the latter authors, i.e., Aumeeruddy and Mahomoodally [23], the fast nature of decoction, when compared to the application of other methods (e.g., maceration) of which the extraction process takes a longer period of time, may be responsible for it being the most preferred method of preparation. Notwithstanding, Tugume et al. [38] noted that decoctions as well as cold extracts have the disadvantage of a short shelf life, which leads to the continuous harvesting of these MPs and may contribute to over-exploitation. After the preparation of a decoction or maceration, Nadembega et al. [54] indicated that the remaining solid part of the MP is sometimes converted to a powder via grinding or charring. As noted by these authors, the liquid used in extinguishing the flames determines the therapeutic application of the obtained charred material.
Furthermore, the ease at which powder is prepared encouraged its use, which is less prone to contamination when compared with juices, infusions, and decoctions [112]. Boiling is reported to be effective for extraction and aids the preservation of the herbal remedy for a longer duration than when cold extraction is used [38]. As pointed out in the work of Ong et al. [235], as well as that of Aumeeruddy and Mahommodally [23], heat application in herbal preparations also promotes the availability of bioactive compounds by accelerating biological reactions. According to Wubetu et al. [80], the use of these simple approaches by traditional medical practitioners without further processing can be linked to their lack of processing equipment and poor literacy level. Figure 5 shows the connection between some of these different modes of preparation used in TM for the treatment of CVDs and their associated risk factors.

2.4. Diseases Treated

The investigation revealed that among the identified CVDs and associated risk factors, most applications of MPs in SSA are for diabetes (60%), normally assumed as diabetes mellitus [53], as well as hypertension (28%) treatment (Figure 6). Kpodar et al. [173] noted that type II diabetes constitutes approximately 90% of all diabetes while Davids et al. [143] reported that there is considerable overlap between this disease (type II diabetes mellitus) and hypertension in aetiology as well as disease mechanisms.
The research outcome suggests awareness of these diseases (diabetes and hypertension) in the region, and in support of the literature, e.g., Salihu Shinkafi et al. [128], the reliance on TCAM for their treatment. On the other hand, it indicated a lack of in-depth knowledge of other diseases that make up the group of heart and blood vessel disorders, including other risk factors. This, therefore, pinpoints the need for improved access to screening and detection [12], modern health services/medicine, as well as enlightenment to reduce the growing burden of CVDs in SSA.

2.5. Use in Different SSA Countries

Figure 7 reveals the reported use of MPs for the treatment of the diseases of focus in 41 SSA countries. The results of the study indicated that in SSA, the scientifically reported use of MPs for these diseases was mostly in South Africa (15.25%), Nigeria (10.24%), Benin (8.43%), Togo (6.44%), and Mauritius (6.11%). Out of the 41 SSA countries covered in this review, those with the least reported use of MPs for the treatment of these diseases are Chad, Comoros, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, and Zimbabwe (Figure 7). However, there are countries in SSA, e.g., Burundi, Niger, Sao Tome, and Principe, among few others, in which the use of MPs for CVD treatment is yet to gain scientific recognition.
The research findings, in a way, reflect the burden of CVDs and their related risk factors in some SSA countries. For instance, Nigeria (2.7 million people) and South Africa (4.6 million people) are among the top five countries (with the other three being the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1.8 million people), Ethiopia (1.7 million people), and the United Republic of Tanzania (1 million people)) reported by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) with the highest number of people with diabetes (20–79 years) in Africa as of 2019 [239]. As mentioned earlier (see Section 2.4), the study outcome also indicates a dependence on TCAM for CVD treatment and the need for improved modern healthcare services in these countries.

2.6. Phytochemicals Distribution in the MPs

Okwu [240] noted that the medicinal potentials of plants may be assumed to be linked primarily to their phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals contents. Many of these phytochemicals or secondary metabolites are useful for drug development [236], and in plants, may act individually, additively, or synergistically to improve health [28]. The three key groups of these secondary metabolites vis-à-vis their biosynthetic pathway have been identified as nitrogen-containing compounds (alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, and glucosinolates), phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids), and terpenes/terpenoids (isoprenoids) [236,241,242].
Gan et al. [243] reported that phenolic compounds are the key antioxidant ingredients in several MPs while Sharifi-Rad et al. [24] identified polyphenols as one of the chief groups of cardioprotective agents in herbs. Some of these polyphenols, such as flavonols, also help in reducing CVDs risk factors [244]. The level of flavonols in free-standing leaves is, however, most times significantly higher than that in other parts of the same plant, except in A. cepa [245].
In general, polyphenols aid cardiovascular health by inhibiting platelet aggregation, modulating inflammation and lipid metabolism, limiting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, and improving endothelial function and antioxidant status, among other functions [24,246]. Specifically, Odukoya et al. [4] and Petrovski et al. [247] identified catechin, quercetin, and resveratrol as some of the bioactive compounds that have shown the ability to reduce CVD risk and assist in cardioprotection. Table 4 highlights the key bioactive compounds in the five most preferred MPs, as reported in this study, for the treatment of CVDs and their associated risk factors in SSA. With respect to Nafiu et al. [28], although different pharmacological drugs have been produced, several phytochemicals present in MPs work together to provide a combined effect that is stronger than when individual constituents are used.

2.7. MPs with Nutraceutical Advantages

TM includes the use of medicinal herbs and food plants [182], while Belayneh et al. [78] referred to MPs with edible parts as nutraceutical plant species. The same part of some of these plants, e.g., Carissa spinarum and Senna occidentalis, have been used as food and for medicinal purposes [44]. According to Urso et al. [44], plants with possible pharma-food or nutraceutical properties, considered as “pharma-foods” or “folk nutraceuticals”, have closely related food and medicinal applications. Nevertheless, Göhre et al. [43] pointed out that not all these plants are included in the diet under normal circumstances, as some of them, referred to as famine foods, are only consumed when there is a food shortage. Some of the edible parts of these plants, such as the fruits and tubers (underground organ), contribute to the local diet and livelihood of a number of local communities in SSA [43,44]. Göhre et al. [43] added that, in terms of nutrition, fruits are the most used plant part.
The current study reported the direct consumption of the fruit of Balanites aegyptiaca, Citrus maxima, Phyllanthus emblica, Psidium guajava, Strychnos spinosa and Syzygium cumini; the seed and fruit of Kigelia africana; the seed of Vitis vinifera; the bulb of Allium sativum as well as the tubers of Daucus carota and Dioscorea bulbifera for the treatment of CVDs in certain SSA countries. The leaves of other MPs, e.g., Gnetum africanum and Vernonia amygdalina, have also been used for soup preparation and CVDs treatment in the region. Several other MPs, including Anacardium occidentale, Citrus limon and Tamarindus indica [78,94], have reported food and medicinal plant applications. Some of them are available in local and country markets [78,94]. Notwithstanding, unless properly prepared, the roots or tubers of some of these plants, for instance the tubers of Dioscorea species and cassava, Manihot esculenta, with respect to Urso et al. [44], affect human health negatively.

2.8. Reported Adverse Effects/Toxicity

Although the use of TM/MPs/herbs are perceived to be safe or potentially less toxic when compared to conventional treatment [30,34,35,53,128], several authors, including Mounanga et al. [33], Bekoe et al. [35], Subramanian et al. [37], and Brima [268], have indicated that they can also have negative effects on human health. According to Kharchoufa et al. [269], the use of MPs in developing countries threaten public health as they have been linked to carcinogenic, teratogenic, and life-threatening effects, and even death. Mounanga et al. [33] revealed that most of the approximately 1.5 million investigated plants contain toxic substances. These toxic substances, as noted by Yumnamcha et al. [270] and Chahardehi et al. [271], are synthesized/produced by plants as a means of defence against diseases/infections, insects, and other organisms. Examples of these are cytotoxic and genotoxic substances [272]. MPs can also be a source of exposure to the risk of toxic elements [268].
Generally, the toxicity of plants/MPs, among other factors, depends on the nature/strength of their secondary metabolites, quantity consumed, plant part, consumer’s body chemistry, climatic/soil conditions, the genetic differences within the species, as well as their reaction with other herbs, drugs, contaminants, and adulterants [33,234,268,273]. This necessitates the use of MPs with caution [33], particularly in situations where long-term application in humans is practised.
Kharchoufa et al. [269] identified some of the compounds considered toxic or that presented a level of toxicity to majorly belong to five groups of compounds, namely, alkaloids, glucosides, terpenoids, protides, and phenolics. Meanwhile, Yumnamcha et al. [270] pinpointed alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phorbol esters, lectins, and cynogenic glycosides as some of the major bioactive compounds responsible for the toxic effects of plants. For instance, phorbol esters, occurring naturally in many plants of the family Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae, are the tetracyclic diterpenoids widely known for their tumour-promoting ability [274]. With respect to the current review, aristolochic acid, one of the active constituents in Aristolochia species, has been linked to carcinogenic, genotoxic, and kidney-damaging effects [37], while, among other MPs, the toxicity of Citrullus colocynthis, Datura stramonium, and Ricinus communis has been indicated by traditional herbal healers [191].

3. Methodology

3.1. Source of Data and Collection Methods

An extensive literature retrieval, principally from published scientific journals, was used to obtain the required ethnopharmacological information. This was based on studies from 1982 to 2021 with the application of single or combinations of keywords such as medicinal plants, cardiovascular diseases and treatment, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, stroke, and the different names of SSA countries. Major scientific electronic databases [PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Science Direct, Web of Science, Tailor & Francis Online, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and Google], as well as other internet sources, were consulted. To verify the scientific names and families of the identified MPs, other databases such as The Plant List and The World Flora Online [http://www.worldfloraonline.org/ (accessed on 2 February 2022)] were used.
Based on the goal/theme of the review, information gathered from the literature survey, which include the name of the MPs (botanical/scientific, English/common, and local names), family, plant part used, modes of usage/preparation, therapeutic use, and the SSA countries involved, were analysed, as well as grouped accordingly.

3.2. Data Analysis

Descriptive statistical analysis of the ethnopharmacological data obtained was achieved using Microsoft Excel software (Microsoft corporation, Redmond, Washington, USA) while a readily available bioinformatics web tool [275] was used to generate a Venn diagram where appropriate.

4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives

To aid the research on CVDs and production of novel drugs, this comprehensive ethnopharmacological review provides the necessary details of MPs used for the treatment of CVDs and their associated risk factors in SSA. The study revealed that SSA has a rich history in the use of MPs for the treatment of the diseases of focus and a wealth of knowledge in TM, which some individuals in the region rely on for their health needs. The results showed that there are five dominant botanical families of MPs that have been used in SSA for CVD treatment, with some of the MPs having nutraceutical applications because of their edible parts. A. sativum is the most employed MP, which indicates its obtainability in many parts of the region and suggests the presence of potent bioactive compounds in the plant against the development of these diseases.
The ease of collection of MPs’ leaves contributing to their high percentage use shows that the availability of effective and affordable drugs for the treatment of these diseases in the region would assist in encouraging the use of modern medicine. This will also safeguard consumers against the unexpected risk of certain toxic compounds in these MPs and the possible negative effects of overdoses arising from unregulated use. The reliance on decoction as a mode of preparation of these MPs (despite its inherent short shelf-life disadvantage), as well as the major focus on diabetes and hypertension, call for enlightenment, scientific engagements, and urgent government intervention to reduce the number of people suffering from CVDs in the region.
Most importantly, the investigation points out the need for governments of SSA countries such as Nigeria and South Africa, with the high percentage use of MPs reported for these diseases, to provide affordable/accessible high-quality modern healthcare services for the populace. Validation of the claimed medicinal/pharmacological potentials and safety assessment of MPs used in the region for CVDs treatment are also encouraged.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization and funding acquisition, J.O.O. (Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya), E.M.M., and D.T.N.; data curation, formal analysis, software, and validation, J.O.O. (Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya) and J.O.O. (Julianah Olayemi Odukoya); investigation, resources, visualization, writing—review and editing, J.O.O. (Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya), J.O.O. (Julianah Olayemi Odukoya), E.M.M., and D.T.N.; methodology and writing—original draft, J.O.O. (Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya); project administration, E.M.M. and D.T.N.; supervision, D.T.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the University of Johannesburg’s Global Excellence Stature Fellowship 4.0.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Details of the data used in the present study are already provided herein.

Acknowledgments

The support of the University of Johannesburg, South Africa, in providing the postdoctoral fellowship for the main author, Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya, at the institution is greatly appreciated.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Lee, C.H.; Kim, J.H. A review on the medicinal potentials of ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular diseases. J. Ginseng Res. 2014, 38, 161–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  2. Mnonopi, N.; Levendal, R.A.; Davies-Coleman, M.T.; Frost, C.L. The cardioprotective effects of marrubiin, a diterpenoid found in Leonotis leonurus extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 138, 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Odukoya, J.O.; Odukoya, J.O.; Ndinteh, D.T. Elemental measurements and health risk assessment of sub-Saharan African medicinal plants used for cardiovascular diseases’ and related risk factors’ treatment. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2021, 65, 126725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Odukoya, J.O.; Odukoya, J.O.; Mmutlane, E.M.; Ndinteh, D.T. Phytochemicals and amino acids profiles of selected sub-Saharan African medicinal plants’ parts used for cardiovascular diseases’ treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Ozkan, G.; Kamiloglu, S.; Ozdal, T.; Boyacioglu, D.; Capanoglu, E. Potential use of Turkish medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases. Molecules 2016, 21, 257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. WHO Cardiovascular diseases. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 22 May 2021).
  7. Olorunnisola, O.S.; Bradley, G.; Afolayan, A.J. Ethnobotanical information on plants used for the management of cardiovascular diseases in NKonkobe municipality, South Africa. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 4256–4260. [Google Scholar]
  8. Stanifer, J.W.; Jing, B.; Tolan, S.; Helmke, N.; Mukerjee, R.; Naicker, S.; Patel, U. The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2014, 2, e174–e181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. BeLue, R.; Okoror, T.A.; Iwelunmor, J.; Taylor, K.D.; Degboe, A.N.; Agyemang, C.; Ogedegbe, G. An overview of cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-Saharan African countries: A socio-cultural perspective. Global. Health 2009, 5, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Yuyun, M.F.; Sliwa, K.; Kengne, A.P.; Mocumbi, A.O.; Bukhman, G. Cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa compared to high-income countries: An epidemiological perspective. Glob. Heart 2020, 15, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Gaziano, T.A. Economic burden and the cost-effectiveness of treatment of cardiovascular diseases in Africa. Heart 2008, 94, 140–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Amegah, A.K. Tackling the growing burden of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Need for dietary guidelines. Circulation 2018, 138, 2449–2451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Hewitson, J.; Zilla, P.P.T. Children’s heart disease in sub-Saharan Africa: Challenging the burden of disease. SA Heart 2017, 7, 18–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Monti, M.; Ruggieri, M.P.; Vincentelli, G.M.; Capuano, F.; Pugliese, F.R. Cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa: A review. Ital. J. Med. 2015, 9, 305–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Van der Sande, M.A.B. Cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: A disaster waiting to happen. Neth. J. Med. 2003, 61, 32–36. [Google Scholar]
  16. Yach, D.; Hawkes, C.; Gould, C.L.; Hofman, K.J. The global burden of chronic diseases. JAMA 2004, 291, 2616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Tokoudagba, J.M.; Auger, C.; Bréant, L.; N’Gom, S.; Chabert, P.; Idris-Khodja, N.; Gbaguidi, F.; Gbenou, J.; Moudachirou, M.; Lobstein, A.; et al. Procyanidin-rich fractions from Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae) leaves cause redox-sensitive endothelium-dependent relaxation involving NO and EDHF in porcine coronary artery. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 132, 246–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Nkoke, C.; Luchuo, E.B. Coronary heart disease in sub-Saharan Africa: Still rare, misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed? Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther. 2015, 6, 64–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Owusu, I.K.; Acheamfour-Akowuah, E. Pattern of cardiovascular diseases as seen in an out-patient cardiac clinic in Ghana. World J. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2018, 8, 70–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Abunnaja, S.S.; Sanchez, J.A. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease. In Cardiovascular diseases: Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions; Maulik, N., Ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2013; pp. 3–17. [Google Scholar]
  21. Mota, A.H. A review of medicinal plants used in therapy of cardiovascular diseases. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. 2016, 8, 572–591. [Google Scholar]
  22. Zhao, C.N.; Meng, X.; Li, Y.; Li, S.; Liu, Q.; Tang, G.Y.; Li, H.B. Fruits for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nutrients 2017, 9, 598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Aumeeruddy, M.Z.; Mahomoodally, M.F. Traditional herbal therapies for hypertension: A systematic review of global ethnobotanical field studies. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2020, 135, 451–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Sharifi-Rad, J.; Rodrigues, C.F.; Sharopov, F.; Docea, A.O.; Karaca, A.C.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Karincaoglu, D.K.; Gülseren, G.; Şenol, E.; Demircan, E.; et al. Diet, lifestyle and cardiovascular diseases: Linking pathophysiology to cardioprotective effects of natural bioactive compounds. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. James, P.B.; Wardle, J.; Steel, A.; Adams, J. Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMJ Glob. Health 2018, 3, e000895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  26. Bussmann, R.W.; Malca, G.; Glenn, A.; Sharon, D.; Nilsen, B.; Parris, B.; Dubose, D.; Ruiz, D.; Saleda, J.; Martinez, M.; et al. Toxicity of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Northern Peru. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 137, 121–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  27. WHO Traditional, Complementary and Integrative Medicine. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/traditional-complementary-and-integrative-medicine#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 22 May 2021).
  28. Nafiu, M.O.; Hamid, A.A.; Muritala, H.F.; Adeyemi, S.B. Quality control of medicinal plants in Africa; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2017; ISBN 9780128092866. [Google Scholar]
  29. Eddouks, M.; Ajebli, M.; Hebi, M. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used in Daraa-Tafilalet region (Province of Errachidia), Morocco. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2017, 198, 516–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Randriamiharisoa, M.N.; Kuhlman, A.R.; Jeannoda, V.; Rabarison, H.; Rakotoarivelo, N.; Randrianarivony, T.; Raktoarivony, F.; Randrianasolo, A.; Bussmann, R.W. Medicinal plants sold in the markets of Antananarivo, Madagascar. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2015, 11, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  31. Ssegawa, P.; Kasenene, J.M. Medicinal plant diversity and uses in the Sango bay area, Southern Uganda. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 113, 521–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Ntie-Kang, F.; Lifongo, L.L.; Mbaze, L.M.a.; Ekwelle, N.; Owono Owono, L.C.; Megnassan, E.; Judson, P.N.; Sippl, W.; Efange, S.M.N. Cameroonian medicinal plants: A bioactivity versus ethnobotanical survey and chemotaxonomic classification. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 13, 147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Mounanga, M.B.; Mewono, L.; Angone, S.A.; Boukandou Mounanga, M.; Mewono, L.; Aboughe Angone, S. Toxicity studies of medicinal plants used in sub-Saharan Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 174, 618–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Olorunnisola, O.S.; Adetutu, A.; Afolayan, A.J. An inventory of plants commonly used in the treatment of some disease conditions in Ogbomoso, South West, Nigeria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 161, 60–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Bekoe, E.O.; Agyare, C.; Duah, Y.; Mbeah, B.; Asase, A.; Sarkodie, J.; Nettey, H.; Adu, F.; Boatema, P.; Agyarkwa, B.; et al. Ethnomedicinal survey and mutagenic studies of plants used in Accra metropolis, Ghana. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 248, 112309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Rahmatullah, M.; Ferdausi, D.; Mollik, M.A.H.; Jahan, R.; Chowdhury, M.H.; Haque, W.M. A survey of medicinal plants used by Kavirajes of Chalna area, Khulna district, Bangladesh. African J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2010, 7, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Subramanian, K.; Sankaramourthy, D.; Gunasekaran, M. Toxicity studies related to medicinal plants. In Natural Products and Drug Discovery; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 491–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Tugume, P.; Kakudidi, E.K.; Buyinza, M.; Namaalwa, J.; Kamatenesi, M.; Mucunguzi, P.; Kalema, J. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira Central Forest Reserve, Uganda. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2016, 12, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  39. Karou, S.D. Sub-Saharan Rubiaceae: A review of their traditional uses, phytochemistry and biological activities. PJBS 2011, 14, 149–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  40. Motaleb, M.A. Selected Medicinal Plants of Chittangong Hill Tracts; IUCN: Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2011. [Google Scholar]
  41. Directorate Plant Production. Medicinal plants of South Africa; Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa: Pretoria, South Africa, 2013. Available online: https://www.dalrrd.gov.za/Portals/0/Brochures%20and%20Production%20guidelines/Brochure%20Medical%20Plants%20Of%20South%20Africa.pdf/ (accessed on 9 September 2021).
  42. Seleteng Kose, L.; Moteetee, A.; Van Vuuren, S. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the Maseru district of Lesotho. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 170, 184–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Göhre, A.; Toto-nienguesse, Á.B.; Futuro, M.; Neinhuis, C.; Lautenschläger, T. Plants from disturbed savannah vegetation and their usage by Bakongo tribes in Uíge, Northern Angola. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2016, 12, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  44. Urso, V.; Signorini, M.A.; Tonini, M.; Bruschi, P. Wild medicinal and food plants used by communities living in Mopane woodlands of southern Angola: Results of an ethnobotanical field investigation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 177, 126–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Toyang, N.J.; Verpoorte, R. A review of the medicinal potentials of plants of the genus Vernonia (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 146, 681–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Chabi, N.W.; Konfo, C.T.R.; Adjagba, M.; Moussedikou, L.; Ahoussi-dahouenon, E.; Laleye, A.; Gbaguidi, C. Evaluation of the toxicity of Hemizygia bracteosa (Benth) plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Benin. Am. J. Biomed. Res. 2015, 3, 40–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Lawin, I.F.; Laleye, F.O.A.; Agbani, O.P.; Assogbadjo, A.E. Ethnobotanical assessment of the plant species used in the treatment of diabetes in the Sudano-Guinean zone of Benin. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2015, 26, 4108–4123. [Google Scholar]
  48. Dogra, N.K.; Kumar, S. A review on ethno-medicinal uses and pharmacology of Vernonia cinerea Less. Nat. Prod. Res. 2015, 29, 1102–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Bothon, F.T.D.; Debiton, E.; Avlessi, F.; Forestier, C.; Teulade, J.C.; Sohounhloue, D.K.C. In vitro biological effects of two anti-diabetic medicinal plants used in Benin as folk medicine. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 13, 51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Khurm, M.; Wang, X.; Zhang, H.; Hussain, S.N.; Qaisar, M.N.; Hayat, K.; Saqib, F.; Zhang, X.; Zhan, G.; Guo, Z. The genus Cassia L.: Ethnopharmacological and phytochemical overview. Phyther. Res. 2021, 35, 2336–2385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Obafemi, T.O.; Olaleye, M.T.; Akinmoladun, A.C. Antidiabetic property of miracle fruit plant (Synsepalum dulcificum Shumach. & Thonn. Daniell) leaf extracts in fructose-fed streptozotocin-injected rats via anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 244, 112124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Setshogo, M.; Mbereki, C. Floristic diversity and uses of medicinal plants sold by street vendors in Gaborone, Botswana. Afr. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. 2011, 5, 69–74. [Google Scholar]
  53. Sabiu, S.; Madende, M.; Ayokun-nun Ajao, A.; Adepemi Ogundeji, O.; Lekena, N.; Adekunle Alayande, K. The scope of phytotherapy in southern African antidiabetic healthcare. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 2019, 74, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Nadembega, P.; Boussim, J.I.; Nikiema, J.B.; Poli, F.; Antognoni, F. Medicinal plants in Baskoure, Kourittenga Province, Burkina Faso: An ethnobotanical study. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 133, 378–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Gerometta, E.; Grondin, I.; Smadja, J.; Frederich, M.; Gauvin-Bialecki, A. A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Indigofera. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 253, 112608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Jiofack, T.; Fokunang, C.; Guedje, N.; Kemeuze, V.; Fongnzossie, E.; Nkongmeneck, B.A.; Mapongmetsem, P.M.; Tsabang, N. Ethnobotanical uses of some plants of two ethnoecological regions of Cameroon. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2010, 3, 664–684. [Google Scholar]
  57. Kuete, V.; Efferth, T. Cameroonian medicinal plants: Pharmacology and derived natural products. Front. Pharmacol. 2010, 1, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  58. Tom, E.N.L.; Girard-Thernier, C.; Martin, H.; Dimo, T.; Alvergnas, M.; Nappey, M.; Berthelot, A.; Demougeot, C. Treatment with an extract of Terminalia superba Engler & Diels decreases blood pressure and improves endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 151, 372–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Emmanuel, M.M.; Didier, D.S. Traditional knowledge on medicinal plants use by Ethnic communities in Douala, Cameroon. European J. Med. Plants 2012, 2, 159–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Noumi, E.; Houngue, F.; Lontsi, D. Traditional medicines in primary health care: Plants used for the treatment of hypertension in Bafia, Cameroon. Fitoterapia 1999, 70, 134–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Focho, D.A.; Ndam, W.T.; Fonge, B.A. Medicinal plants of Aguambu-Bamumbu in the Lebialem highlands, southwest province of Cameroon. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2009, 3, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
  62. Jena, R.; Rath, D.; Rout, S.S.; Kar, D.M. A review on genus Millettia: Traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacological activities. Saudi Pharm. J. 2020, 28, 1686–1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Ombito, J.O.; Chi, G.F.; Wansi, J.D. Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Vepris (Rutaceae): A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 267, 113622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Kamba, F.; Wei, S. Contribution to the knowledge of medicinal plants used in the treatment of arterial hypertension by traditional practitioners Bouar in CAR. Adv. Soc. Sci. Res. J. 2016, 3, 25–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  65. Soule, H.H.; Soidrou, S.H.; Farah, A. Ethnopharmacological investigation of four plants used as medicinal in Ngazidja Island. J. Med. Plants 2014, 5, 379–382. [Google Scholar]
  66. Katemo, M.; Mpiana, P.T.; Mbala, B.M.; Mihigo, S.O.; Ngbolua, K.N.; Tshibangu, D.S.T.; Koyange, P.R. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used against diabetes in Kisangani city (DR Congo). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 144, 39–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Kasali, M.F.; Mahano, A.O.; Bwironde, F.M.; Amani, A.C.; Mangambu, J.D.; Nyakabwa, D.S.; Wimba, L.K.; Tshibangu, D.S.T.; Ngbolua, K.N.; Kambale, J.K.; et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plant used against diabetes in Bukavu city (D. R. Congo). J. Ethnobiol. Tradit. Med. 2013, 119, 538–546. [Google Scholar]
  68. Jacques, M.L.; Xie, Z.; Xu, X.J.; Boping, Y. Plants Used for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Traditional Uses In Vitro and In Vivo. 2015. Available online: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PLANTS-USED-FOR-THE-TREATMENT-OF-DIABETES-MELLITUS-Jacques-Xie/dd53a31e0fe4813fce5b9b08a4a636e82e510b17#citing-papers (accessed on 7 June 2021).
  69. Amuri, B.; Maseho, M.; Simbi, L.; Okusa, P.; Duez, P.; Byanga, K. Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of nine medicinal herbs used as antidiabetic in the region of Lubumbashi (DR Congo). Phyther. Res. 2017, 31, 1029–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  70. Konkon, N.; Ouatara, D.; Kpan, W.; Kouakou, T. Medicinal plants used for treatment of diabetes by traditional practitioners in the markets of Abidjan district in Côte d’ Ivoire. J. Med. Plants Stud. 2017, 5, 39–48. [Google Scholar]
  71. Hassan-Abdallah, A.; Merito, A.; Hassan, S.; Aboubaker, D.; Djama, M.; Asfaw, Z.; Kelbessa, E. Medicinal plants and their uses by the people in the region of Randa, Djibouti. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 148, 701–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  72. Demoz, M.; Gachoki, K.; Mungai, K.; Negusse, B. Ethnobotanical survey and preliminary phytochemical studies of plants traditionally used for diabetes in Eritrea. European J. Med. Plants 2015, 9, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Sium, M.; Kareru, P.; Keriko, J.; Girmay, B.; Medhanie, G.; Debretsion, S. Profile of trace elements in selected medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in Eritrea. Sci. World J. 2016, 2016, 2752836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  74. Yemane, B.; Andebrhan, M.; Reddy, K.S. Traditional medicinal plants used by Tigrigna ethnic group in Central Region of Eritrea. IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 2017, 12, 40–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  75. Getiye, Y.; Tolessa, T.; Engidawork, E. Antihypertensive activity of 80% methanol seed extract of Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. subsp. aurea (Fabaceae) is mediated through calcium antagonism induced vasodilation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 189, 99–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Giday, M.; Teklehaymanot, T.; Animut, A.; Mekonnen, Y. Medicinal plants of the Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara peoples in northwest Ethiopia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 110, 516–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Suleman, S.; Alemu, T. A survey on utilization of ethnomedicinal plants in Nekemte town, East Wellega (Oromia), Ethiopia. J. Herbs, Spices Med. Plants 2012, 18, 34–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Belayneh, A.; Asfaw, Z.; Demissew, S.; Bussa, N.F. Medicinal plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer Valley of Babile Wereda, Eastern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2012, 8, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  79. Belayneh, A.; Bussa, N.F. Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the prehistoric place of Harla and Dengego valleys, eastern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2014, 10, 18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  80. Wubetu, M.; Abula, T.; Dejenu, G. Ethnopharmacologic survey of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases by traditional medical practitioners in Dega Damot district, Amhara, Northwestern Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes 2017, 10, 157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  81. Kidane, B.; van Andel, T.; van der Maesen, L.J.G.; Asfaw, Z. Use and management of traditional medicinal plants by Maale and Ari ethnic communities in southern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2014, 10, 46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  82. D’Avigdor, E.; Wohlmuth, H.; Asfaw, Z.; Awas, T. The current status of knowledge of herbal medicine and medicinal plants in Fiche, Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2014, 10, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  83. Yadav, R.H. Medicinal plants in folk medicine system of Ethiopia. J. Poisonous Med. Plants Res. 2013, 1, 7–11. [Google Scholar]
  84. Marles, R.J.; Farnsworth, N.R. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomedicine 1995, 2, 137–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Fentaw, E.; Dagne, K.; Wondimu, T.; Demissew, S.; Bjorå, C.S.; Grace, O.M. Uses and perceived sustainability of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae) in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia. S. Afr. J. Bot. in press. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Madingou, N.O.K.; Souza, A.; Lamidi, M.; Mengome, L.E.; Mba, C.E.M.; Bayissi, B.; Mavoungou, I.; Traore, A.S. Study of medicinal plants used in the management of cardiovascular diseases at Libreville (Gabon): An ethnopharmacological approach. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2012, 3, 111–119. [Google Scholar]
  87. Tjeck, O.P.; Souza, A.; Mickala, P.; Lepengue, A.N.; M’Batchi, B. Bio-efficacy of medicinal plants used for the management of diabetes mellitus in Gabon: An ethnopharmacological approach. J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol. 2017, 6, 206–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Taika, B.B.; Bouckandou, M.; Souza, A.; Bourobou Bourobou, H.P.; MacKenzie, L.S.; Lione, L. An overview of anti-diabetic plants used in Gabon: Pharmacology and toxicology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 216, 203–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  89. Bekoe, E.; Kretchy, I.; Sarkodie, J.; Okraku, A.; Sasu, C.; Adjei, D.; Twumasi, M. Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used for the management of hypertension sold in the Makola market, Accra, Ghana. European J. Med. Plants 2017, 19, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  90. Baldé, N.M.; Youla, A.; Baldé, M.D.; Kaké, A.; Diallo, M.M.; Baldé, M.A.; Maugendre, D. Herbal medicine and treatment of diabetes in Africa: An example from Guinea. Diabetes Metab. 2006, 32, 171–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Haudecoeur, R.; Peuchmaur, M.; Pérès, B.; Rome, M.; Taïwe, G.S.; Boumendjel, A.; Boucherle, B. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of African Nauclea species: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 212, 106–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  92. Diallo, M.S.T.; Traore, M.S.; Balde, M.A.; Camara, A.K.; Baldé, E.S.; Traore, S.; Oulare, K.; Diallo, T.S.; Laurent, S.; Muller, R.N.; et al. Prevalence, management and ethnobotanical investigation of hypertension in two Guinean urban districts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 231, 73–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Anyanwu, G.O.; Ur-Rehman, N.; Onyeneke, C.E.; Rauf, K. Medicinal plants of the genus Anthocleista—A review of their ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 175, 648–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  94. Catarino, L.; Havik, P.J.; Romeiras, M.M. Medicinal plants of Guinea-Bissau: Therapeutic applications, ethnic diversity and knowledge transfer. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 183, 71–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Maobe, M.; Gatebe, E.; Gitu, L.; Rotich, H. Profile of heavy metals in selected medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes, malaria and pneumonia in Kisii Region, Southwest Kenya. Glob. J. Pharmacol. 2012, 6, 245–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  96. Keter, L.K.; Mutiso, P.C. Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners in the management of diabetes in Lower Eastern Province, Kenya. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 139, 74–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  97. Okello, S.V.; Nyunja, R.O.; Netondo, G.W.; Onyango, J.C. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Sabaots of Mt. Elgon Kenya. Afr. J. Tradit. Complementary Altern. Med. 2010, 5, 263–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  98. Kamau, L.N.; Mbaabu, M.P.; Mbaria, J.M.; Karuri, G.P.; Kiama, S.G. Knowledge and demand for medicinal plants used in the treatment and management of diabetes in Nyeri County, Kenya. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 189, 218–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Balogun, F.O.; Ashafa, A.O.T. A review of plants used in South African traditional medicine for the management and treatment of hypertension. Planta Med. 2019, 85, 312–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  100. Jeruto, P.; Lukhoba, C.; Ouma, G.; Otieno, D.; Mutai, C. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Nandi people in Kenya. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 116, 370–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  101. Lebbie, A.; Kouame, F.; Kouassi, E. Specialization in ethnomedicinal plant knowledge among herbalists in the forest region of Rivercess County, Liberia. J. Med. Plants Res. 2017, 11, 264–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  102. Razafindraibe, M.; Kuhlman, A.R.; Rabarison, H.; Rakotoarimanana, V.; Rajeriarison, C.; Rakotoarivelo, N.; Randrianarivony, T.; Rakotoarivony, F.; Ludovic, R.; Randrianasolo, A.; et al. Medicinal plants used by women from Agnalazaha littoral forest (Southeastern Madagascar). J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2013, 9, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  103. Rabearivony, A.D.; Kuhlman, A.R.; Razafiarison, Z.L.; Raharimalala, F.; Rakotoarivony, F.; Randrianarivony, T.; Rakotoarivelo, N.; Randrianasolo, A.; Bussmann, R.W. Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants known by men in Ambalabe, Madagascar. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 2015, 14, 123–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  104. Norscia, I.; Borgognini-Tarli, S.M. Ethnobotanical reputation of plant species from two forests of Madagascar: A preliminary investigation. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2006, 72, 656–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  105. Rakotomalala, G.; Agard, C.; Tonnerre, P.; Tesse, A.; Derbré, S.; Michalet, S.; Hamzaoui, J.; Rio, M.; Cario-Toumaniantz, C.; Richomme, P.; et al. Extract from Mimosa pigra attenuates chronic experimental pulmonary hypertension. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 148, 106–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  106. Mahadeo, K.; Grondin, I.; Kodja, H.; Soulange Govinden, J.; Jhaumeer Laulloo, S.; Frederich, M.; Gauvin-Bialecki, A. The genus Psiadia: Review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 210, 48–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  107. Novy, J.W. Medicinal plants of the eastern region of Madagascar. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1997, 55, 119–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  108. Riondato, I.; Donno, D.; Roman, A.; Razafintsalama, V.E.; Petit, T.; Mellano, M.G.; Torti, V.; De Biaggi, M.; Rakotoniaina, E.N.; Giacoma, C.; et al. First ethnobotanical inventory and phytochemical analysis of plant species used by indigenous people living in the Maromizaha forest, Madagascar. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 232, 73–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  109. Nyirenda, K.K.; Saka, J.D.K.; Naidoo, D.; Maharaj, V.J.; Muller, C.J.F. Antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activities of Fadogia ancylantha extracts from Malawi. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 143, 372–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  110. Le, N.H.T.; Malterud, K.E.; Diallo, D.; Paulsen, B.S.; Nergård, C.S.; Wangensteen, H. Bioactive polyphenols in Ximenia americana and the traditional use among Malian healers. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 139, 858–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  111. Mali, R.G. Cleome viscosa (wild mustard): A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Pharm. Biol. 2010, 48, 105–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  112. Yebouk, C.; Redouan, F.Z.; Benítez, G.; Bouhbal, M.; Kadiri, M.; Boumediana, A.I.; Molero-Mesa, J.; Merzouki, A. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the Adrar Province, Mauritania. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 246, 112217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  113. Mootoosamy, A.; Fawzi Mahomoodally, M. Ethnomedicinal application of native remedies used against diabetes and related complications in Mauritius. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 151, 413–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  114. Mahomoodally, M.; Roumysa, B. Associations between the use of herbal therapy and sociodemographic factors. Spat. DD-Peer Rev. J. Complement. Med. Drug Discov. 2013, 3, 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  115. Mahomoodally, M.F.; Muthoorah, L.D. An ethnopharmacological survey of natural remedies used by the Chinese community in Mauritius. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2014, 4, S387–S399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  116. Chintamunnee, V.; Mahomoodally, M.F. Herbal medicine commonly used against non-communicable diseases in the tropical island of Mauritius. J. Herb. Med. 2012, 2, 113–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  117. Rummun, N.; Neergheen-Bhujun, V.S.; Pynee, K.B.; Baider, C.; Bahorun, T. The role of endemic plants in Mauritian traditional medicine—Potential therapeutic benefits or placebo effect? J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 213, 111–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  118. Suroowan, S.; Pynee, K.B.; Mahomoodally, M.F. South African Journal of Botany A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacologically important medicinal plant species from Mauritius. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 122, 189–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  119. Taleb, H.; Maddocks, S.E.; Morris, R.K.; Kanekanian, A.D. Chemical characterisation and the anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and antibacterial properties of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 194, 457–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  120. Moura, I.; Duvane, J.A.; Silva, M.J.; Natasha, R.; Ribeiro-Barros, A.I. Woody species from the Mozambican Miombo woodlands: A review on their ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological potential. J. Med. Plants Res. 2018, 12, 15–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  121. Cheikhyoussef, A.; Shapi, M.; Matengu, K.; Mu Ashekele, H. Ethnobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plant use by traditional healers in Oshikoto region, Namibia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2011, 7, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  122. Idu, M.; Onyibe, H.I. Medicinal plants of Edo State, Nigeria. Res. J. Med. Plant 2007, 1, 32–41. [Google Scholar]
  123. Gbolade, A. Ethnobotanical study of plants used in treating hypertension in Edo State of Nigeria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 144, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  124. Temitope Israel Borokini. Phytochemical and ethnobotanical study of some selected medicinal plants from Nigeria. J. Med. Plants Res. 2012, 6, 1106–1118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  125. Mensah, J.K.; Okoli, R.I.; Turay, A.A.; Ogie-Odia, E.A. Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants used for the management of hypertension by Esan people of Edo State, Nigeria. Ethnobot. Leafl. 2009, 13, 73–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  126. Arowosegbe, S.; Olanipekun, M.K.; Kayode, J. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Ekiti South Senatorial district, Nigeria. Eur. J. Bot. Plant Sci. Phytol. 2015, 2, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
  127. Omeje, E.O.; Khan, M.P.; Osadebe, P.O.; Tewari, D.; Khan, M.F.; Dev, K.; Maurya, R.; Chattopadhyay, N. Analysis of constituents of the eastern Nigeria mistletoe, Loranthus micranthus linn revealed presence of new classes of osteogenic compounds. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 151, 643–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  128. Salihu Shinkafi, T.; Bello, L.; Wara Hassan, S.; Ali, S. An ethnobotanical survey of antidiabetic plants used by Hausa-Fulani tribes in Sokoto, Northwest Nigeria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 172, 91–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  129. Ajao, A.A.; Oseni, O.M.; Oladipo, O.T.; Adams, Y.A.; Mukaila, Y.O.; Ajao, A.A. Clerodendrum volubile P. Beauv (Lamiaceae), an underutilized indigenous vegetable of utmost nutritive and pharmacological importance. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 2018, 7, 606–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  130. Adedapo, A.D.A.; Ajayi, A.M.; Ekwunife, N.L.; Falayi, O.O.; Oyagbemi, A.; Omobowale, T.O.; Adedapo, A.A. Antihypertensive effect of Phragmanthera incana (Schum) Balle on NG-nitro-L-Arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced hypertensive rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 257, 112888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  131. Seebaluck, R.; Gurib-Fakim, A.; Mahomoodally, F. Medicinal plants from the genus Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae)-A review of their ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 159, 137–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  132. Ajibesin, K.K.; Ekpo, B.A.; Bala, D.N.; Essien, E.E.; Adesanya, S.A. Ethnobotanical survey of Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 115, 387–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  133. Heinrich, M.; Chan, J.; Wanke, S.; Neinhuis, C.; Simmonds, M.S.J. Local uses of Aristolochia species and content of nephrotoxic aristolochic acid 1 and 2-A global assessment based on bibliographic sources. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 125, 108–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  134. Ejike, C.E.C.C.; Awazie, S.O.; Nwangozi, P.A.; Godwin, C.D. Synergistic postprandial blood glucose modulatory properties of Vernonia amygdalina (Del.), Gongronema latifolium (Benth.) and Occimum gratissimum (Linn.) aqueous decoctions. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 149, 111–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  135. Adeneye, A.A.; Adeyemi, O.O. Further evaluation of antihyperglycaemic activity of Hunteria umbellata (K. Schum) Hallier f. seed extract in experimental diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 126, 238–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  136. Cos, P.; Hermans, N.; Van Poel, B.; De Bruyne, T.; Apers, S.; Sindambiwe, J.B.; Vanden Berghe, D.; Pieters, L.; Vlietinck, A.J. Complement modulating activity of Rwandan medicinal plants. Phytomedicine 2002, 9, 56–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  137. Macfoy, C.A.; Sama, A.M. Medicinal plants in Pujehun District of Sierra Leone. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1983, 8, 215–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  138. James, P.B.; Kamara, H.; Bah, A.J.; Steel, A.; Wardle, J. Herbal medicine use among hypertensive patients attending public and private health facilities in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2018, 31, 7–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  139. Macfoy, C. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Sierra Leone; iUniverse: Bloomington, IN, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  140. Afolayan, A.J.; Mbaebie, B.O. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used as anti-obesity remedies in Nkonkobe Municipality of South Africa. Pharmacogn. J. 2010, 2, 368–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  141. Semenya, S.; Potgieter, M.; Erasmus, L. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by Bapedi healers to treat diabetes mellitus in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 141, 440–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  142. Van de Venter, M.; Roux, S.; Bungu, L.C.; Louw, J.; Crouch, N.R.; Grace, O.M.; Maharaj, V.; Pillay, P.; Sewnarian, P.; Bhagwandin, N.; et al. Antidiabetic screening and scoring of 11 plants traditionally used in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 119, 81–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  143. Davids, D.; Gibson, D.; Johnson, Q. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used to manage high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bitterfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 194, 755–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  144. Deutschländer, M.S.; van de Venter, M.; Roux, S.; Louw, J.; Lall, N. Hypoglycaemic activity of four plant extracts traditionally used in South Africa for diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 124, 619–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  145. Deutschlnder, M.S.; Lall, N.; Van De Venter, M. Plant species used in the treatment of diabetes by South African traditional healers: An inventory. Pharm. Biol. 2009, 47, 348–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  146. Omokhua-Uyi, A.G.; Van Staden, J. Phytomedicinal relevance of South African Cucurbitaceae species and their safety assessment: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 259, 112967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  147. Cock, I.E.; Ndlovu, N.; Van Vuuren, S.F. The use of South African botanical species for the control of blood sugar. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 264, 113234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  148. Lerotholi, L.; Chaudhary, S.K.; Combrinck, S.; Viljoen, A. Bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides): A review of the traditional uses, bioactivity and phytochemistry. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2017, 110, 4–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  149. Nortje, J.M.; Van Wyk, B.E. Medicinal plants of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 171, 205–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  150. Semwal, D.K.; Semwal, R.B.; Vermaak, I.; Viljoen, A. From arrow poison to herbal medicine—The ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological significance of Cissampelos (Menispermaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 155, 1011–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  151. Williams, S.; Roux, S.; Koekemoer, T.; Van De Venter, M.; Dealtry, G. Sutherlandia frutescens prevents changes in diabetes-related gene expression in a fructose-induced insulin resistant cell model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 146, 482–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  152. Street, R.A.; Prinsloo, G. Commercially important medicinal plants of South Africa: A review. J. Chem. 2013, 2013, 205048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  153. De Wet, H.; Ramulondi, M.; Ngcobo, Z.N. The use of indigenous medicine for the treatment of hypertension by a rural community in northern Maputaland, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2016, 103, 78–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  154. Bodede, O.; Prinsloo, G. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological significance of the genus Bulbine (Asphodelaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 260, 112986. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  155. Elhardallou, S.B. Cytotoxicity and biological activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants. Res. J. Med. Plant 2011, 5, 201–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  156. Yagi, S.M.; Yagi, A.I. Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in the Sudan: A review. African J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2018, 12, 27–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  157. Khalid, H.; Abdalla, W.E.; Abdelgadir, H.; Opatz, T.; Efferth, T. Gems from traditional north-African medicine: Medicinal and aromatic plants from Sudan. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 2012, 2, 92–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  158. Suleiman, M.H.A. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by communities of Northern Kordofan region, Sudan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 176, 232–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  159. Issa, T.O.; Mohamed, Y.S.; Yagi, S.; Ahmed, R.H.; Najeeb, T.M.; Makhawi, A.M.; Khider, T.O. Ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants in Algoz area (South Kordofan), Sudan. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2018, 14, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  160. Karar, M.G.; Kuhnert, N. Herbal drugs from Sudan: Traditional uses and phytoconstituents. Pharmacogn. Rev. 2017, 1, 83–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  161. Amusan, O.O.G.; Sukati, N.A.; Dlamini, P.S.; Sibandze, F.G. Some Swazi phytomedicines and their constituents. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2007, 6, 267–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  162. Maregesi, S.M.; Ngassapa, O.D.; Pieters, L.; Vlietinck, A.J. Ethnopharmacological survey of the Bunda district, Tanzania: Plants used to treat infectious diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 113, 457–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  163. Chhabra, S.C.; Uiso, F.C.; Mshiu, E.N. Phytochemical screening of Tanzanian medicinal plants. I. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1984, 11, 157–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  164. Chhabra, S.C.; Mahunnah, R.L.A.; Mshiu, E.N. Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993, 39, 83–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  165. Lunyera, J.; Wang, D.; Maro, V.; Karia, F.; Boyd, D.; Omolo, J.; Patel, U.D.; Stanifer, J.W. Traditional medicine practices among community members with diabetes mellitus in Northern Tanzania: An ethnomedical survey. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16, 282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  166. Augustino, S.; Hall, J.B.; Makonda, F.B.S.; Ishengoma, R.C. Medicinal resources of the Miombo woodlands of Urumwa, Tanzania: Plants and its uses. J. Med. Plant Res. 2011, 5, 6352–6372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  167. Maregesi, S.M.; Hermans, N.; Dhooghe, L.; Cimanga, K.; Ferreira, D.; Pannecouque, C.; Berghe, D.A.V.; Cos, P.; Maes, L.; Vlietinck, A.J.; et al. Phytochemical and biological investigations of Elaeodendron schlechteranum. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 129, 319–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  168. Hedberg, I.; Hedberg, O.; Madati, P. Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. Part III. Plants of the families Papilionaceae-Vitaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1983, 10, 207–252. [Google Scholar]
  169. Peter, E.L.; Nagendrappa, P.B.; Hilonga, S.; Tuyiringire, N.; Ashuro, E.; Kaligirwa, A.; Sesaazi, C.D. Pharmacological reflection of plants traditionally used to manage diabetes mellitus in Tanzania. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 269, 113715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  170. Karou, S.D.; Tchacondo, T.; Djikpo Tchibozo, M.A.; Abdoul-Rahaman, S.; Anani, K.; Koudouvo, K.; Batawila, K.; Agbonon, A.; Simpore, J.; De Souza, C. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo. Pharm. Biol. 2011, 49, 1286–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  171. Tchacondo, T.; Karou, S.D.; Agban, A.; Bako, M.; Batawila, K.; Bawa, M.L.; Gbeassor, M.; De Souza, C. Medicinal plants use in central Togo (Africa) with an emphasis on the timing. Pharmacognosy Res. 2012, 4, 92–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  172. Hoekou, Y.P.; Tchacondo, T.; Karou, S.D.; Koudouvo, K.; Atakpama, W.; Pissang, P.; Gbogbo, A.K.; Woegan, A.Y.; Batawila, K.; Akpagana, K.; et al. Ethnobotanical study of latex plants in the maritime Region of Togo. Pharmacognosy Res. 2016, 8, 128–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  173. Kpodar, M.S.; Lawson-Evi, P.; Bakoma, B.; Eklu-Gadegbeku, K.; Agbonon, A.; Aklikokou, K.; Gbeassor, M. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in south of Togo (Maritime Region). J. Herb. Med. 2015, 5, 147–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  174. Okullo, J.B.L.; Omujal, F.; Bigirimana, C.; Isubikalu, P.; Malinga, M.; Bizuru, E.; Namutebi, A. Ethno-medicinal uses of selected indigenous fruit trees from the Lake Victoria Basin Districts in Uganda. J. Med. Stud. 2014, 2, 78–88. [Google Scholar]
  175. Okello, J.; Ssegawa, P. Medicinal plants used by communities of Ngai Subcounty, Apac District, northern Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 2007, 45, 76–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  176. Namukobe, J.; Kasenene, J.M.; Kiremire, B.T.; Byamukama, R.; Kamatenesi-Mugisha, M.; Krief, S.; Dumontet, V.; Kabasa, J.D. Traditional plants used for medicinal purposes by local communities around the Northern sector of Kibale National Park, Uganda. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 136, 236–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  177. Muyenga, T.A.; Musonda, D.; Chigunta, M. Ethnobotanical survey of medical plants used in treatment of diabetes in Chipulukusu compound, Ndola district, Zambia. J. Prev. Rehabil. Med. 2018, 1, 39–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  178. Boye, A.; Acheampong, D.O.; Gyamerah, E.O.; Asiamah, E.A.; Addo, J.K.; Mensah, D.A.; Brah, A.S.; Ayiku, P.J. Glucose lowering and pancreato-protective effects of Abrus Precatorius (L.) leaf extract in normoglycemic and STZ/Nicotinamide—Induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2020, 258, 112918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  179. Ikewuchi, J.C.; Onyeike, E.N.; Uwakwe, A.A.; Ikewuchi, C.C. Effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana “Godseffiana” Muell Arg (Euphorbiaceae) on the hematology, plasma biochemistry and ocular indices of oxidative stress in alloxan induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 137, 1415–1424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  180. Kuete, V.; Efferth, T. Pharmacogenomics of Cameroonian traditional herbal medicine for cancer therapy. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 137, 752–766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  181. Boniface, P.K.; Ferreira, S.B.; Kaiser, C.R. Recent trends in phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacological significance of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Muell. Arg. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 191, 216–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  182. Mahomoodally, M.F.; Protab, K.; Aumeeruddy, M.Z. Medicinal plants brought by Indian indentured immigrants: A comparative review of ethnopharmacological uses between Mauritius and India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 234, 245–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  183. Mogale, M.M.P.; Raimondo, D.C.; VanWyk, B.E. The ethnobotany of Central Sekhukhuneland, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 122, 90–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  184. Amusan, O.O.G. Herbal medicine in Swaziland: An overview. ACS Symp. Ser. 2009, 1021, 31–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  185. Kpadehyea, J.; Fernando, E.; Tinio, C.; Buot, I. Ethnobotany survey of the Wonegizi, Ziama Clan-Lofa County, Liberia. Electron. J. Biol. 2015, 11, 165–175. [Google Scholar]
  186. Atangwho, I.J.; Ebong, P.E.; Eyong, E.U.; Asmawi, M.Z.; Ahmad, M. Synergistic antidiabetic activity of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica: Biochemical effects and possible mechanism. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 141, 878–887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  187. Eleazu, C.O.; Awa, K.C.; Chukwuma, E. Comparative study of the phytochemical composition of the leaves of five Nigerian medicinal plants. E3 J. Biotechnol. Pharm. Res. 2012, 3, 42–46. [Google Scholar]
  188. Birhanu, Z.; Endale, A.; Shewamene, Z. An ethnomedicinal investigation of plants used by traditional healers of Gondar town, North–Western Ethiopia. J. Med. Plants Stud. 2015, 3, 36–43. [Google Scholar]
  189. Oloyede, O.B.; Ajiboye, T.O.; Abdussalam, A.F.; Adeleye, A.O. Blighia sapida leaves halt elevated blood glucose, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 157, 309–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  190. Sinmisola, A.; Oluwasesan, B.M.; Chukwuemeka, A.P. Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig: A review on its phytochemistry, pharmacological and nutritional properties. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 235, 446–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  191. Eddouks, M.; Maghrani, M.; Lemhadri, A.; Ouahidi, M.L.; Jouad, H. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiac diseases in the south-east region of Morocco (Tafilalet). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2002, 82, 97–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  192. De Smet, P.A.G.M. Traditional pharmacology and medicine in Africa. Ethnopharmacological themes in sub-Saharan art objects and utensils. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 63, 1–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  193. Delphine, D.N.; Marie, M.P.; Valerie, N.N. Ethnological studies on melliferous plants of the Soudano-Sahelian Zone of Chad. J. Med. Plants 2017, 5, 193–198. [Google Scholar]
  194. Annan, K.; Kojo, A.; Cindy, A.; Samuel, A.N.; Tunkumgnen, B. Profile of heavy metals in some medicinal plants from Ghana commonly used as components of herbal formulations. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010, 2, 41–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  195. Munodawafa, T. Screening of some traditional medicinal plants from Zimbabwe for biological and anti-microbial activity. Master’s Thesis, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe, 2012. [Google Scholar]
  196. Erukainure, O.L.; Sanni, O.; Ijomone, O.M.; Ibeji, C.U.; Chukwuma, C.I.; Islam, M.S. The antidiabetic properties of the hot water extract of kola nut (Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.) in type 2 diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 242, 112033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  197. Kumari, N.; Choudhary, S.B.; Sharma, H.K.; Singh, B.K.; Kumar, A.A. Health-promoting properties of Corchorus leaves: A review. J. Herb. Med. 2019, 15, 100240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  198. Elharadallou, S.B.; Khalid, I.I.; Gobouri, A.A.; Abdel-Hafez, S.H. Amino acid composition of cowpea (Vigna ungiculata L. Walp) flour and its protein isolates. Food Nutr. Sci. 2015, 06, 790–797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  199. Yaoitcha, A.S.; Houehanou, T.D.; Fandohan, A.B.; Houinato, M.R.B. Prioritization of useful medicinal tree species for conservation in Wari-Maro Forest Reserve in Benin: A multivariate analysis approach. For. Policy Econ. 2015, 61, 135–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  200. Muanda, F.; Koné, D.; Dicko, A.; Soulimani, R.; Younos, C. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of three malian medicinal plant parts. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2011, 2011, 674320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  201. Gruca, M.; van Andel, T.R.; Balslev, H. Ritual uses of palms in traditional medicine in sub-Saharan Africa: A review. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2014, 10, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  202. Maroyi, A. Review of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Euclea natalensis A.DC. Molecules 2017, 22, 2128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  203. Oboh, G.; Akinyemi, A.J.; Osanyinlusi, F.R.; Ademiluyi, A.O.; Boligon, A.A.; Athayde, M.L. Phenolic compounds from sandpaper (Ficus exasperata) leaf inhibits angiotensin 1 converting enzyme in high cholesterol diet fed rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 157, 119–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  204. Dirar, A.I.; Devkota, H.P. Ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (Combretaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 267, 113433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  205. Madge, C. Therapeutic landscapes of the Jola, The Gambia, West Africa. Health Place 1998, 4, 293–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  206. Mncwangi, N.; Chen, W.; Vermaak, I.; Viljoen, A.M.; Gericke, N. Devil’s Claw—A review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of Harpagophytum procumbens. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 143, 755–771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  207. Keneilwe, M.; Saramma, G.; Kelvin, C. An in-vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic evaluation of traditional medicinal plants of Botswana. J. Pharm. Res. Int. 2018, 22, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  208. Abdelgadir, H.A.; Van Staden, J. Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and toxicity of Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): A review. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2013, 88, 204–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  209. Musuyu Muganza, D.; Fruth, B.I.; Nzunzu Lami, J.; Mesia, G.K.; Kambu, O.K.; Tona, G.L.; Cimanga Kanyanga, R.; Cos, P.; Maes, L.; Apers, S.; et al. In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of 33 ethonopharmacologically selected medicinal plants from Democratic Republic of Congo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 141, 301–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  210. Ibrahim, M.A.; Islam, M.S. Butanol fraction of Khaya senegalensis root modulates β-cell function and ameliorates diabetes-related biochemical parameters in a type 2 diabetes rat model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 154, 832–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  211. Bello, I.; Shehu, M.W.; Musa, M.; Zaini Asmawi, M.; Mahmud, R. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Sausage tree): Phytochemistry and pharmacological review of a quintessential African traditional medicinal plant. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 189, 253–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  212. Samuelsson, G.; Farah, M.H.; Claeson, P.; Hagos, M.; Thulin, M.; Hedberg, O.; Warfa, A.M.; Hassan, A.O.; Elmi, A.H.A.S.; Abdurahman, A.D.; et al. Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Somalia. IV. Plants of the families Passifloraceae-Zygophyllaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1993, 38, 1–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  213. Akpan, E.J.; Okokon, J.E.; Offong, E. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of ethanolic leaf extract and fractions of Melanthera scandens. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012, 2, 523–527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  214. Popoola, J.O.; Obembe, O.O. Local knowledge, use pattern and geographical distribution of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in Nigeria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 150, 682–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  215. Kasolo, J.N.; Bimenya, G.S.; Ojok, L.; Ochieng, J.; Ogwal-Okeng, J.W. Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leaves in Ugandan rural communities. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010, 4, 753–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  216. Lucie, A.T.; Dogo, S.; Valentin, K.; Emile, A.C.; Mbacké, S. Medicinal plants used in some rural districts in Senegal (West Africa). Am. J. Sustain. Agric. 2012, 6, 325–332. [Google Scholar]
  217. Ibrahim, M.A.; Habila, J.D.; Koorbanally, N.A.; Islam, M.S. Butanol fraction of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G. Don leaves enhance pancreatic β-cell functions, stimulates insulin secretion and ameliorates other type 2 diabetes-associated complications in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 183, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  218. Alves, N.S.F.; Setzer, W.N.; da Silva, J.K.R. The chemistry and biological activities of Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae): A critical review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 232, 90–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  219. Shah, K.; Patel, M.; Patel, R.; Parmar, P. Mangifera indica (Mango). Pharmacogn. Rev. 2010, 4, 42–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  220. Kasali, F.M.; Kadima, J.N.; Mpiana, P.T.; Ngbolua, K.T.N.; Tshibangu, D.S.T. Assessment of antidiabetic activity and acute toxicity of leaf extracts from Physalis peruviana L. in guinea-pig. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2013, 3, 841–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  221. Roersch, C.M.F.B. Piper umbellatum L.: A comparative cross-cultural analysis of its medicinal uses and an ethnopharmacological evaluation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 131, 522–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  222. Gutiérrez, R.M.P.; Mitchell, S.; Solis, R.V. Psidium guajava: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 117, 1–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  223. Mwafongo, E.; Nordal, I.; Magombo, Z.; Stedje, B. Ethnobotanical study of hyacinthaceae and non-hyacinthaceous geophytes in selected districts of Malawi. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 2010, 8, 75–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  224. Vasas, A.; Orbán-Gyapai, O.; Hohmann, J. The Genus Rumex: Review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 175, 198–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  225. Hennebelle, T.; Weniger, B.; Joseph, H.; Sahpaz, S.; Bailleul, F. Senna alata . Fitoterapia 2009, 80, 385–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  226. Oladeji, O.S.; Adelowo, F.E.; Oluyori, A.P. The genus Senna (Fabaceae): A review on its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2021, 138, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  227. Doka, I.G.; Yagi, S.M. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in West Kordofan (Western Sudan). Ehnobotanical Leafl. 2009, 13, 1409–1416. [Google Scholar]
  228. Dinda, B.; Das, N.; Dinda, S.; Dinda, M.; Silsarma, I. The genus Sida L.—A traditional medicine: Its ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological data for commercial exploitation in herbal drugs industry. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2015, 176, 135–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  229. Atakpama, W.; Batawila, K.; Dourma, M.; Pereki, H.; Wala, K.; Dimobe, K.; Akpagana, K.; Gbeassor, M. Ethnobotanical knowledge of Sterculia setigera Del. in the Sudanian Zone of Togo (West Africa). ISRN Bot. 2012, 2012, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  230. Nguyen, T.L.; Rusten, A.; Bugge, M.S.; Malterud, K.E.; Diallo, D.; Paulsen, B.S.; Wangensteen, H. Flavonoids, gallotannins and ellagitannins in Syzygium guineense and the traditional use among Malian healers. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 192, 450–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  231. Hedberg, I.; Hedberg, O.; Madati, P. Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. I. Plants of the families Acanthaceae-Cucurbitaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1982, 6, 29–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  232. Maroyi, A. Ximenia caffra Sond. (Ximeniaceae) in sub-Saharan Africa: A synthesis and review of its medicinal potential. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 184, 81–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  233. Mohammed, A.; Koorbanally, N.A.; Islam, M.S. Anti-diabetic effect of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) fruit acetone fraction in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2016, 180, 131–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  234. Rachid, A.; Rabah, D.; Farid, L.; Zohra, S.F.; Houcine, B. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes mellitus in the North Western and South Western Algeria. J. Med. Plants Res. 2012, 6, 2041–2050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  235. Ong, H.G.; Ling, S.M.; Win, T.T.M.; Kang, D.H.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, Y.D. Ethnomedicinal plants and traditional knowledge among three Chin indigenous groups in Natma Taung National Park (Myanmar). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 225, 136–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  236. Li, Y.; Kong, D.; Fu, Y.; Sussman, M.R.; Wu, H. The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2020, 148, 80–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  237. Akerreta, S.; Calvo, M.I.; Cavero, R.Y. Ethnoveterinary knowledge in Navarra (Iberian Peninsula). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 130, 369–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  238. Azwanida, N. A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Med. Aromat. Plants 2015, 04, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  239. IDF Diabetes in Africa. Available online: https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/diabetes-in-africa.html (accessed on 15 July 2021).
  240. Okwu, D.E. Nigerian Medicinal Plants I. Glob. Sci. Books 2007, 1, 90–95. [Google Scholar]
  241. Asgari Lajayer, B.; Ghorbanpour, M.; Nikabadi, S. Heavy metals in contaminated environment: Destiny of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, oxidative status and phytoextraction in medicinal plants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2017, 145, 377–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  242. Jamwal, K.; Bhattacharya, S.; Puri, S. Plant growth regulator mediated consequences of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 2018, 9, 26–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  243. Gan, R.Y.; Xu, X.R.; Song, F.L.; Kuang, L.; Li, H. Bin Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of medicinal plants associated with prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010, 4, 2438–2444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  244. Rangel-Huerta, O.D.; Pastor-Villaescusa, B.; Aguilera, C.M.; Gil, A. A systematic review of the efficacy of bioactive compounds in cardiovascular disease: Phenolic compounds. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5177–5216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  245. Herrmann, K. Flavonols and flavones in food plants: A review. J. Food Technol. 1976, 11, 433–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  246. Badimon, L.; Vilahur, G.; Padro, T. Nutraceuticals and atherosclerosis: Human trials. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2010, 28, 202–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  247. Petrovski, G.; Gurusamy, N.; Das, D.K. Resveratrol in cardiovascular health and disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2011, 1215, 22–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  248. Martins, N.; Petropoulos, S.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and post-harvest conditions: A review. Food Chem. 2016, 211, 41–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  249. Shang, A.; Cao, S.Y.; Xu, X.Y.; Gan, R.Y.; Tang, G.Y.; Corke, H.; Mavumengwana, V.; Li, H. Bin. Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods 2019, 8, 246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  250. Batiha, E.-S.; Gaber; Amany Magdy Beshbishy, L.G.W.; Elewa, Y.H.; Al-Sagan, A.A.; El-Hack, A.; Mohamed, E.; Taha, A.E.; Abd-Elhakim, Y.M.; Devkota, H.P. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  251. Ngbolua, K.-N.; Ngiala, G.B.; Liyongo, C.I. A mini-review on the Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the medicinal plant species Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae). Discov. Phytomed. 2019, 6, 619–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  252. Jimenez, P.; Garcia, P.; Quitral, V.; Vasquez, K.; Parra-Ruiz, C.; Reyes-Farias, M.; Garcia-Diaz, D.F.; Robert, P.; Encina, C.; Soto-Covasich, J. Pulp, leaf, peel and seed of avocado fruit: A review of bioactive compounds and healthy benefits. Food Rev. Int. 2021, 37, 619–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  253. Saini, R.K.; Sivanesan, I.; Keum, Y.S. Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: A review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance. 3 Biotech 2016, 6, 203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  254. Liu, Y.; Wang, X.; Wei, X.; Gao, Z.; Han, J. Values, properties and utility of different parts of Moringa oleifera: An overview. Chinese Herb. Med. 2018, 10, 371–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  255. Dhakad, A.K.; Ikram, M.; Sharma, S.; Khan, S.; Pandey, V.V.; Singh, A. Biological, nutritional, and therapeutic significance of Moringa oleifera Lam. Phyther. Res. 2019, 33, 2870–2903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  256. Lopez-Rodriguez, N.A.; Gaytán-Martínez, M.; de la Luz Reyes-Vega, M.; Loarca-Piña, G. Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates from Moringa oleifera: Chemical and biological approaches. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2020, 75, 447–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  257. Padayachee, B.; Baijnath, H. An updated comprehensive review of the medicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2020, 129, 304–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  258. Kashyap, P.; Kumar, S.; Riar, C.S.; Jindal, N.; Baniwal, P.; Guiné, R.P.F.; Correia, P.M.R.; Mehra, R.; Kumar, H. Recent advances in Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves bioactive compounds: Composition, health benefits, bioaccessibility, and dietary applications. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  259. Telang, M.; Dhulap, S.; Mandhare, A.; Hirwani, R. Therapeutic and cosmetic applications of mangiferin: A patent review. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2013, 23, 1561–1580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  260. Ediriweera, M.K.; Tennekoon, K.H.; Samarakoon, S.R. A review on ethnopharmacological applications, pharmacological activities, and bioactive compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango). Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 2017, 6949835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  261. Alañón, M.E.; Oliver-Simancas, R.; Gómez-Caravaca, A.M.; Arráez-Román, D.; Segura-Carretero, A. Evolution of bioactive compounds of three mango cultivars (Mangifera indica L.) at different maturation stages analyzed by HPLC-DAD-q-TOF-MS. Food Res. Int. 2019, 125, 108526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  262. Sellés, A.J.N.; Agüero, J.A.; Paz, L.N. GC-MS analysis of mango stem bark extracts (Mangifera indica L.), Haden variety. Possible contribution of volatile compounds to its health effects. Open Chem. 2021, 19, 27–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  263. Roldán, E.; Sánchez-Moreno, C.; de Ancos, B.; Cano, M.P. Characterisation of onion (Allium cepa L.) by-products as food ingredients with antioxidant and antibrowning properties. Food Chem. 2008, 108, 907–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  264. Benitez, V.; Mollá, E.; Martín-Cabrejas, A.; López-Andréu, F.J.; Downes, K.; Terry, L.A.; Esteban, R.M. Study of bioactive compound content in different onion sections. Plant Food Hum. Nitrition 2011, 66, 48–57. [Google Scholar]
  265. Liguori, L.; Califano, R.; Albanese, D.; Raimo, F.; Crescitelli, A.; Di Matteo, M. Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of five white onion (Allium cepa L.) landraces. J. Food Qual. 2017, 2017, 6873651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  266. Pareek, S.; Sagar, N.A.; Sharma, S.; Kumar, V. Onion (Allium cepa L.). Fruit Veg. Phytochem. Chem. Hum. Health 2018, 2, 1145–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  267. Marrelli, M.; Amodeo, V.; Statti, G.; Conforti, F. Biological properties and bioactive components of Allium cepa L.: Focus on potential benefits in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Molecules 2019, 24, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  268. Brima, E.I. Toxic elements in different medicinal plants and the impact on human health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  269. Kharchoufa, L.; Merrouni, I.A.; Yamani, A.; Elachouri, M. Profile on medicinal plants used by the people of North Eastern Morocco: Toxicity concerns. Toxicon 2018, 154, 90–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  270. Yumnamcha, T.; Nongthomba, U.; Devi, M.D. Genotoxicity and acute toxicity of aqueous extract and acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Croton tiglium L. IJSRP 2014, 4, 2250–3153. [Google Scholar]
  271. Chahardehi, A.M.; Arsad, H.; Lim, V. Zebrafish as a successful animal model for screening toxicity of medicinal plants. Plants 2020, 9, 1345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  272. Çelik, T.A.; Aslantürk, Ö.S. Evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Inula viscosa leaf extracts with Allium test. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010, 2010, 189252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  273. Yuan, X.; Chapman, R.L.; Wu, Z. Analytical methods for heavy metals in herbal medicines. Phytochem. Anal. 2011, 22, 189–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  274. Goel, G.; Makkar, H.P.S.; Francis, G.; Becker, K. Phorbol esters: Structure, biological activity, and toxicity in animals. Int. J. Toxicol. 2007, 26, 279–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  275. Odukoya, J.O.; Kayitesi, E.; Mphahlele, M.P.; Mungho Tata, C.; Njinkoue, J.M.; Gouado, I.; Ikhile, M.I.; Ndinteh, D.T. Contribution of the volatile components from fresh egg, adult female and male of Pestarella tyrrhena to odour production. Phys. Sci. Rev. 2021, 20200144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Plants 11 01387 g001 550
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of families of medicinal plants used in sub-Saharan Africa for cardiovascular diseases treatment.
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of families of medicinal plants used in sub-Saharan Africa for cardiovascular diseases treatment.
Plants 11 01387 g001
Plants 11 01387 g002 550
Figure 2. Venn diagram comparing the frequency of use of the five most utilised medicinal plants for cardiovascular diseases treatment in sub-Saharan African countries.
Figure 2. Venn diagram comparing the frequency of use of the five most utilised medicinal plants for cardiovascular diseases treatment in sub-Saharan African countries.
Plants 11 01387 g002
Plants 11 01387 g003 550
Figure 3. Percentage occurrence of the different plant parts used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.
Figure 3. Percentage occurrence of the different plant parts used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.
Plants 11 01387 g003
Plants 11 01387 g004 550
Figure 4. Percentage use of the different modes of preparation of medicinal plants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.
Figure 4. Percentage use of the different modes of preparation of medicinal plants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.
Plants 11 01387 g004
Plants 11 01387 g005 550
Figure 5. Connection between the different modes of preparing medicinal plants used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Adapted from: Nafiu et al. [28] and Azwanida [238].
Figure 5. Connection between the different modes of preparing medicinal plants used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Adapted from: Nafiu et al. [28] and Azwanida [238].
Plants 11 01387 g005
Plants 11 01387 g006 550
Figure 6. Percentage of cardiovascular diseases and their related risk factors treated with medicinal plants in sub-Saharan Africa.
Figure 6. Percentage of cardiovascular diseases and their related risk factors treated with medicinal plants in sub-Saharan Africa.
Plants 11 01387 g006
Plants 11 01387 g007 550
Figure 7. Percentage of reported use of medicinal plants for cardiovascular diseases treatment in each of the sub-Saharan African countries.
Figure 7. Percentage of reported use of medicinal plants for cardiovascular diseases treatment in each of the sub-Saharan African countries.
Plants 11 01387 g007
Table
Table 1. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors in one sub-Saharan African country.
Table 1. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors in one sub-Saharan African country.
Botanical NameFamilyEnglish/
Common
Name		Local NamePlants’ Parts UsedMode of Usage/
Preparation		Diseases TreatedCountryReferences
Brillantaisia owariensis P.Beauv.Acanthaceae LeafDecoctionCardiac disease, HypertensionAngola[43]
Neoboutonia melleri (Müll.Arg.) PrainEuphorbiaceae RootDecoctionDiabetes
Aloe littoralis BakerXanthorrhoeaceae Endombo, OtchindomboHypogeous organs Diabetes[44]
Dicoma sp.Asteraceae Kaundu Heart troubles
Vernonia hymenolepis VatkeCompositae Hypertension[45]
Hemizygia bracteosa (Benth.) Briq.Lamiaceae Cardiovascular diseases, DiabetesBenin[46]
Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass.Asteraceae Awerekpe, WelekpekpeWhole plant Diabetes[47]
Allium ascalonicum L.Amaryllidaceae Mansa elewe, Ayoman winiwiniBulbMaceration, Decoction, Powder
Borassus aethiopum Mart.Arecaceae Egui agban, AgontinSeedlingPowder
Burkea africana Hook.Fabaceae Atakpa, Ajasi kakeRoot, BarkDecoction, Maceration
Combretum collinum Fresen.Combretaceae Irinkoya, YahouiLeafDecoction
Commelina erecta L.Commelinaceae Olirekou, Hanwin hanwinRoot
Crateva adansonii DC.Capparaceae Agni-wewe, Onton zunzinLeafDecoction
Crinum zeylanicum (L.)Amaryllidaceae Adodje, SoulouWhole plant, Bulb
Crotalaria retusa L.Fabaceae Okounkrounmanro, AzaRootMaceration
Croton gratissimus Bureh.Euphorbiaceae Adjekofole ile, JeleleLeaf/RootDecoction
Cussonia arboreaAraliaceae Edigo, Toflo-gotounRootMaceration
Cymbopogon giganteus (Hochst.)Poaceae Igbakpo, GbezinLeafDecoction
Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.Dioscoreaceae Kokoro, KokoloTuber
Eriosema glomeratum (Guill. & Perr.) Hook.f.Fabaceae Kolo-korikoLeafMaceration
Erythrina senegalensis DC. Ochiiche, KpaklessiRoot, Bark of rootDecoction, Maceration/Powder
Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill.Myrtaceae Atikin gbadotaFruitDecoction
Euphorbia hyssopifolia L.Euphorbiaceae NonsinweLeaf
Ficus sycomorus L.Moraceae Ofo, VotinSapDecoction
Ficus umbellate Vahl Ore, VounvountinLeaf, Root
Flacourtia indicaFlacourtiaceae Jogboro, GbohounkajeBranch
Gardenia erubescensRubiaceae Kankanrambo, DakplaRootInfusion
Gladiolus dalenii van GeelIridaceae Osheko, BakaBulbDecoction, Powder
Gossypium arboretum L.Malvaceae Owou-akeche, Avokanfoun chekeLeafDecoction
Hyptis pectinate (L.) Poit.Lamiaceae Kobojoujou, HoueflouRootMaceration
Lannea barteri (Oliv.)Anacardiaceae Akou, ZonzonBarkDecoction
Merremia quinquefolia (L.)Convolvulaceae Alovi-atonLeafPowder
Mitracarpus villosus (Sw.) DC.Rubiceae AlekouLeafPowder
Monodora myristica (Gaertn.)Annonaceae Ariwo, SassalikounSeed, BulbDecoction, Maceration, Powder, Maceration
Morelia senegalensisRubiaceae Agnidja, AviwinRootMaceration
Olax subscorpioidea Oliv.Olacaceae Egui miitin, MiitinRootMaceration
Omphalogonus calophyllus Baill.Asclepiadaceae Ogbo doundoun
Parinari curatellifolia Planch.Chrysobalanaceae Idifoun, AwetounRoot/BarkDecoction, Powder
Paullinia pinnata L.Sapindaceae Akpa, AdaklomanLeaf
Pavetta crassipesRubiaceae Etira, DakplassouDecoction
Pennisetum americanum (L.)Poaceae Iwasse, LikounRoot/SeedDecoction, Powder
Phaseolus lunatus L.Fabaceae Ibe, AkpakounSeedPowder, Maceration
Raphionacme browniiAsclepiadaceae -TuberMaceration
Rhynchosia pycnostachya (DC.)Fabaceae -RootDecoction
Rourea coccineaConnaraceae Ameje, GanganliseMaceration
Saba comorensis (Boj.)Apocynaceae -Decoction
Sansevieria liberia hort.Dracaenaceae AkpognanLeaf/Fruit/Root
Schrankia leptocarpa DC.Fabaceae Arobokou, VehounLeafDecoction
Secamone afzelii (Schult.)Asclepiadaceae Abere-rewan, Anonsiman
Sesamum radiatumPedaliaceae AgboLeafTriturating
Vangueriella spinoseRubiaceae RootDecoction
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.)Rutaceae Ata, HetinRoot/BarkMaceration
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.Asteraceae Ewe jedi jedi, HoussikousseLeaf, StemPowder,
Decoction		Diabetes[47,48]
Polygonum senegalensisPolygonaceae Diabetes, Hypertension[49]
Cassia siameaFabaceae RootDecoctionHypertension[50]
Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) DaniellSapotaceaeMiracle plant Leaf Diabetes[51]
Aloe zebrina BakerXanthorrhoeaceaeVariegated aloeKgophaneLeafJuiceDiabetesBotswana[52]
Erythrococca trichogyne (Mull. Arg.)EuphorbiaceaeTwin redberryMononyaneRootPowderDiabetes
Pterodiscus ngamicusPedaliaceae Pelo-ya-khutsanaBulbBoilingHeart problems
Myrothamnus flabellifolius (Sond.)MyrothamnaceaeResurrection plantMoswaarula, RufandichimukaShoot, Leaf, TwigPowder, Tea, BoilingDiabetes, Stroke[52,53]
Acacia dudgeoniMimosaceae GompagnalegaBranchDecoctionHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Acacia pennata Willd.Mimosaceae KanreCharredHeart disorders, Stroke
Cadaba farinosa Fosrk.Capparaceae KinsgaLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Combretum adenogonium Stend ex. A. Rich.Combretaceae KuilingaLeafPowderHypertension
Cymbopogon proximus Staff.Poaceae Soom-piigaRootMacerationHypertension, Heart disorders
Entada Africana Guill. & Perr.Mimosaceae SapargaLeafDecoctionHeart disorders
Gardenia aqualla Stapf & HutchRubiaceae Namzuuding palaagaStem bark
Gardenia sokotensis Hutch. TangrambrezuggaPowderHeart disorders, Hypertension
Gossypium sp.Malvaceae LamtiigaFruitCharredHeart disorders
Hibiscus cannabinus L.Malvaceae BeergaEarsMaceration
Hygrophila auricolata HeineAcanthaceae KiagaWhole plantHeart disorder
Lantana rhodesiensis MoldenkeVerbenaceae Niuli sibiRootSmokeHypertension
Ocimum canum Sims.Lamiaceae YusinyuuduWhole plantDecoctionHeart diseases
Sesbania pachycarpa DC.Fabaceae MoreFruitDecoctionHypertension
Sorghum guineense Stapt.Poaceae KiSeedPasteObesity
Vigna subterranean (L.) VerdcFabaceae SummingaFruitMacerationHeart disorders
Indigofera tinctoria (L.)Fabaceae GargaWhole plantDecoctionDiabetes[54,55]
Ambligonocarpus andongensisMimosaceae Kassi (Mboum), Yake (Fd)SeedsBoilingHypertensionCameroon[56]
Cleome ciliataCapparaceae Mbango (Douala)Leafy stemDecoctionHeart ache
Cynodon dactylonPoaceaeBahamas grassSemesm (Bakossi)Leaf, Bark, RootsHypertension
Drynaria cordataPolypodiaceaeChick weedEchimekede (Bakossi)Leaf, RootDiabetes
Rauvolfia macrophyllaApocynaceae Kanja (Bakweri)Bark, RootsDecoctionHeart ache
Bridelia ndellensis BeilleEuphorbiaceae Diabetes[57]
Bersama engleriana GurkeMelianthaceae Leaf, Stem, Bark, Roots
Vitex cienkowskiiVerbenaceae Stem bark Cardiovascular disease[32]
Terminalia superbaCombretaceae Bark, Stem bark Diabetes, Hypertension[32,58]
Oryza sativa L.Poaceae Hyperglycaemia[59]
Citrus grandis (L.)Rutaceae Limi gnambaFruitJuiceHypertension[60]
Milletia sanaganaFabaceae Bolete wanjoRootsMaceration
Palisota hirsutaCommenlinaceae EkokLeafDecoction
Playcerium stemariaPolypodiaceae Kefafarna, AgbeuthWhole plantIncinerationHypertension, Cardiac palpitations
Pterygota sp.Sterculiaceae WuohoBarkMacerationHypertension
Sloetiopsis usambarensis Engl.Moraceae Otomo landjanaBarkDecoction
Aframomum pruinosum Gagn.Zingiberaceae KeshunediemeSeedsMacerationCardiac palpitation[61]
Crassocephalum crepidiodes (Benth.)Asteraceae AjujuapheLeafInfusionHypertension
Galium asparine Linn.Rubiaceae NjekubaWhole plantObesity
Laportea ovalifoliaUrticaceae NantuateneleuneDiabetes
Millettia barteriFabaceae Bark root Cardiac pain[62]
Vepris heterophyllaRutaceae Leaf Cardiovascular disorder, Hypertension[63]
Vepris louisiiRutaceae Hypertension
Protea madiannensisProteaceae Gbogbo (Banda), Zeradope (Gbaya)RootsBoiling, DecoctionHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
Capsicum annum L.SolonaceaePepper (English)Ndongo (Sango)LeafBoiling, Decoction
Tambourissa comorensis LorenceMonimiaceae Diabetes, HypertensionComoros[65]
Thomandersia hensiiAcanthaceae Ikoka, LiowaLeafDecoctionDiabetesDemocratic Republic of Congo
(DR Congo)		[66]
Crinium ornatumAmaryllidaceae Decoction
Brassica junceaBrassicaceae NdundaDecoction
Ipomoea mauritianaConvolvulaceae Tubercule
Tetracera poggeiDilleniaceae Leaf
Penianthus longifoliusMenispermaceae BarkMaceration
Panda oleosaPandaceae OkaliBarkDecoction
Solanum giloSolanaceae NyanyaRootDecoction
Vinca minorApocynaceae Vinka nyeupeLeaf and rootsDecoctionDiabetes[67]
Artemisia annuaAsteraceae Leafy stem
Basella albaBasellaceae Nderema, NdelamaLeaf
Albizia grandibracteataFabaceae Mushebeye, Kahunda, MushebeleBarkDecoctionDiabetes
Caesalpinia decapetala LurheLeafInfusion
Stachytarpheta indicaVerbenaceae “Insulin”Leafy stemDecoction
Aloe sp.Xanthrorrhoeaceae Kizimia muliroAerial partExpression
Annona arenariaAnnonaceae Kikolo, Bomengo na esobeRootDecoctionDiabetes[68]
Rauwolfia obscuraApocynaceae MudisiLeafDecoction
Albizia adianthifoliaFabaceae Kasikeaze, Kapeta nzovuLeaf, Stem [69]
Azanza garckeanaMalvaceae Muti ya makamashiLeaf
Gladiolus klattianusIridaceae Kitala, KitokatokaBulb
Vitex madiensisVerbenaceae Mufutu, Mufute KinkaLeaf, Root
Agelanthus dodonefoliusiLoranthaceae LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Albizia lebbeckMimosaceae RootDecoction
Annona squamosaAnnonaceae LeafDecoction
Argemone mexicanaPapaveraceae RootDecoction
Asystasia calycinaAcanthaceae LeafDecoction
Bidens engleriAsteraceae Whole plantDecoction
Chrozophora senegalensisEuphorbiaceae Whole plantDecoction
Chrysophyllum cainitoSapotaceae Stem bark, LeafMaceration
Clerodendrum inermeVerbenaceae LeafDecoction
Cnestis ferrugineaConnaraceae Leaf, RootDecoction
Drimia glaucescensLiliaceae Whole plantDecoction
Eclipta prostrata (L) L.Compositae
Ficus glumosa DelileMoraceae LeafDecoction
Jatroha gossypiifoliaEuphorbiacea
e		 Leaf and
roots		Trituration
Macrosphyra longistyla (DC.) HiernRubiaceae LeafDecoction
Moghania faginea (Guill. and Perr.)
Kuntze		Fabaceae LeafDecoction
Ouratea affinis
(Hook. f.) Engl.		Ochnaceae LeafDecoction
Sida cordifoliaMalvaceae Stems with Leaf and rootsDecoction
Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis (L.)
Vahl.		Verbenaceae Leaf and axis
flowering		Decoction,
Infusion
Tecoma stans (L.) KunthBignoniaceae LeafDecoction
Terminalia mantalyCombretaceae Stems with
Leaf		Decoction
Vepris verdoornianaRutaceae Root barkDecoctionHypertension[63]
Balanites rotundifoliaBalanitaceae AlaytoLeafSoakingDiabetesDjibouti[71]
Buxus hildebrandtiiBuxaceae GaydartoLeafSoaking
Lavandula coronopifoliaLamiaceae DananwadaLeafSoaking
Melia azedarachMeliaceae Dat caxaWhole plantSoaking, Crushing
Nepeta azureaLamiaceae SimitriLeafSoaking, Crushing
Anenthum graveolens LinnApiaceaeDillShilan-maedoLeafTeaDiabetesEritrea[72]
Cichorium endivia L.AsteraceaeSuccoryShikoriaLeafCooking
Clutia lanceolateEuphorbiaceaeCerra Cipapau AppleTish-belalitoLeafExtract
Ferula communis L.ApiaceaeGiant fennelDiogSeed, LeafDecoction
Psiada panctulataAsteraceae TsehaiferhetLeaf, RootDecoction
Trachyspermum ammiApiaceaeBishop’s WeedKamun/TsakidaSeedPowder
Withania somnifera (L.)SolanaceaeWinter CherryAgolRoot, LeafRoot Immersion, Leaf’ juice
Zizyphus spina-christi (L.)RhamnaceaeChrist’s Thorn JujubeGabaLeafInfusion
Aloe camperi SchweinfurthAloaceaeAloeSandai-ereLeaf, LatexExtract[72,73]
Brassica nigraBrassicaceaeBlack MustardAdriSeedDecoction
Lepidium sativum L.BrassicaceaeGraden CressShinfaeSeedExtract
Meriandra diantheraLamiaceae Nehiba/Mezeguf/NehbaLeafExtract, Drying, Crushing, BoilingDiabetes, Hypertension[72,74]
Otostegia integrifolia Benth.Lamiaceae Ch’endog/ChendogLeaf, BarkExtract, Crushing
Acacia senegalensisFabaceae Tseada-qentebBarkChewingDiabetes[74]
Aloe eleganceAloaceae EereLatex
Hypoestes forskaoliiAcanthaceae Debe-awaldLeafCrushing, Boiling
Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth.Fabaceae Cheka, Digita,
Digitta		Leaf, SeedDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Ethiopia[75,76,77]
Lens culinaris Medik.Fabaceae MisirSeed Diabetes[76]
Premna schimperi Engl.Lamiaceae UrgessaLeaf Hypertension
Indigofera amorphoides Jaub. & SpachFabaceae Muka Adi, JeereAll partsDecoction, InfusionHeart disease[78,79]
Acalypha fruiticosaEuphorbiaceae DhiriiLeafDecoction[79]
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.Euphorbiaceae Harmel XixiqaaAll partsConcoction
Rhynchosia erlangeri HarmsFabaceae HarmelLeaf
Lupinus albus L.Fabaceae GibtoSeedJuiceHypertension[80]
Ipomoea obscura (L.)Convolvulaceae LagoLeaf Heart disease[81]
Ocimum laliifoliumLamiaceae Pasi kedoLeaf
Thymus schimperi RonnigerLamiaceae TosigneLeafTeaHypertension[82]
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) DruceGentianaceae InfusionDiabetes[83]
Cleome droserifolia (Forssk.) DelileCleomaceae Powder
Posidonia oceanica (L.) DelPosidoniaceae Obesity
Kyllinga monocephalaCyperaceae Diabetes[84]
Aloe secundiflora Engl.Xanthorrhoeaceae Hypertension[85]
Datura stramoniumSolanaceae AsaangraLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetes, Hypertension[77]
Mentha piperitaLamiaceae NanaLeafJuiceHypertension
Lagenaria abyssinicaCucurbitaceae Buqe setenaFlowerPowderDiabetes
Indigofera spicataFabaceae Whole plant Diabetes[55]
Capsium frutescensSolanaceae NunguSeedMacerationCardiovascular diseasesGabon[86]
Copaifera religiosaCesalpiniaceae MureiStem barkDecoction
Lygopodium microphyllumSchizaeaceae MagolLeaf
Senecio gaboneensisComposeae BudjambuMaceration
Sterculia tragacantha Lindl.Sterculiacea Ivostou, MundunduStem barkDecoction
Strombosiopsis tetranda Engl.Olacaeae Mugamba-malungu
Cleistopholis glaucaAnnonaceae Stem barkDecoctionDiabetes[87]
Copaifera mildbraediiCaesalpinioideae MureiStem barkDecoction
Quassia africanaSimaroubaceae MukedjiStem barksMaceration
Annickia chloranthaAnnonaceae Mfol, Mwamba jaune, MuambebengueStem barkDecoctionCardiovascular diseases, Diabetes[86,87,88]
Guibourtia tessmannii (Harms) J.LeonardFabaceae Kevazingo, KevazigoStem barkDecoction
Acacia auriculiformisFabaceae AkasmaniLeafInfusionDiabetes[87,88]
Anonidium mannii (Oliv.) Eng. & DielsAnnonaceae EbomStem barkDecoction
Antrocaryon klaineanumAnacardiaceae Onzabili,
Osome ele		Infusion, Decoction, Maceration
Aucoumea klaineana PierreBurseraceae OkoumeMaceration
Celtis tessmanniiCannabaceae DianiaDecoction
Cylicodiscus gabunensisMimosoideae OkanStem barkDecoction
Duboscia macrocarpaMalvaceae AkakStem barkDecoction
Eurypetalum tessmanniiCaesalpinioideae Anzilim
Mammea africanaCalophyllaceae Mammea, ObotoStem barkDecoction
Microdesmis puberulaPandaceae InkoInfusion
Piptadeniastrum africanumMimosoideae Dabema, DabenaDecoction
Pseudospondias longifoliaAnacardiaceae OfossDecoction, Maceration
Santiria trimeraBurseraceae Ebo, NkunguRootDecoction
Tabernanthe ibogaApocynaceae Iboga, DibogaStem bark, Stem rootMaceration, Decoction
Alstonia congensisApocynaceae MukukaRootDecoction, Maceration[88]
Buchholzia coriaceaCapparaceae Magic colaSeedMaceration
Bridellia ferrugineaEuphorbiaceae FlatshoLeafDecoctionHypertensionGhana[89]
Luffa cylindricaCucurbiataceae KpekplebeshiLeafDecoctionDiabetes, Hypertension[35]
Vitex grandifoliaLamiaceae SamanibirRootInfusionStroke
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.Fabaceae SennaLeafDecoctionHigh Blood Cholesterol
Phyllanthus fraternus
G.L.Webster		Phyllanthaceae GoyonbaayaLeafDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension
Pileostigma thonningiiCaesalpinaceae Leaf DiabetesGuinea[90]
Ocimum sanctum L.Lamiaceae Leaf, stalk
Landolphia heudelotiApocynaceae Leaf
Andansonia digitateBombacaceae Leaf
Cissus aralioideAmpelidaceae Leaf
Landolphia dulcisApocynaceae Leaf
Mesonerum benthanmianumCaesalpinaceae
Ocimum viride Willd.Lamiaceae
Pterocarpus ericensPaplionaceae
Nauclea pobeguiniiRubiaceae Leaf, bark [90,91]
Citrus medicaRutaceae KatthiouLeaf, fruitsInfusionDiabetes,
Hypertension		[90,92]
Anthocleista nobilisGentianaceae Konibou Kankan, ArtaninfiroStem barkDecoctionDiabetes[93]
Uapaca togoensis PaxPhyllanthaceae Yalague PeteStem barkDecoctionHypertension[92]
Strophanthus sarmentous DCApocynaceae Thethe, TemeRoots Heart conditionsGuinea-Bissau[94]
Bauhinia thonningii Schum.Fabaceae Boa, Mansonca, MansancaRoots, Bark
Psychotria peduncularis (Salisb.)Rubiaceae Cobodo, Cubedo, GhupugheLeaf, Roots
Senna didymobotryaFabaceae MukengekaLeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[95,96]
Warburgia ugandensis SpragueCanellaceae [95]
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br.Lamiaceae
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.Rutaceae
Phragmanthera usuiensisLoranthaceae MondoiwetBarkPounding, BoilingStroke[97]
Periploca linearifolia Quart. Dill. & A.Rich.Apocynaceae Mwemba-iguruStem, LeafDecoctionDiabetes[98]
Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton MukangarithiSeeds, Roots
Sonchus luxurians (R.E.Fr.) C.JeffreyCompositae MuthungaLeafChewing, Boiling
Lactuca inermis Forssk.
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
Vernonia lasiopus MuchataLeafDecoction
Spilanthes mauritiana (A. Rich. ex Pers.) DC. GathariaitaWhole plant
Dracaena steudneriDracaenaceae IthareBark, Root
Ornithogalum tenuifoliumHyacinthaceae MugwaceRhizome
Hydnora abyssinicaHydnoraceae MuthigiraStem
Myrsine africana L.Myrsinaceae MugaitaFruitsDecoction
Olea Africana Mill.Oleaceae MuteroLeaf, Root
Clematis hirsuta Guill. and Perr.Ranunculaceae Mugaya, Ng’unduLeaf, Roots
Prunus africanaRosaceae MuiriLeaf, Bark
Teclea simplicifoliaRutaceae MunderenduLeaf
Grewia similisTiliaceae MutheregenduLeafDecoction
Typha domingensis Pers.Typhaceae NdothuaRhizomes
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.)Verbenaceae ManjugairiaLeaf, Roots, Bark
Urtica massaica Mildbr.Urticaceae Thabai/Hatha,
Kinyeleelya		LeafDecoctionDiabetes[96,98]
Euclea divinorum Hiern.Ebenaceae Kikuthi/MukinyeiRoot, BarkDecoctionDiabetes[96]
Aspilia pluriseta SchweinfCompositae Muti/WutiLeafDecoction
Fuerstia africana T.C.E.Fr.Lamiaceae KalakuAerial partsDecoction
Cactus spp.Cactaceae MatomokoLeafJuice
Passiflora spp.Passifloraceae MakundiLeafDecoction
Eucalyptus spp.Myrtaceae MusandukuStem BarkDecoction
Aloe spp.Aloeaceae KilumaLeaf
Croton megalocarpus Hutch.Euphorbiaceae Muthulu/KithuluLeafDecoction
Ormocarpum kirkii S. MooreFabaceae MuthiiLeafDecoction
Passiflora subpeltataPassifloraceae MakundiLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Solanum renschii VatkeSolanaceae Mukonda KonduRoot, LeafDecoctionDiabetes
Momordica spp.Cucurbitaceae IphunzuLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Euclea racemosa Murr.Ebenaceae MukinyeiLeaf, Stem bark, Root barkDecoctionDiabetes
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw.Oleaceae MutomaStem bark, Root, LeafInfusionDiabetes
Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. & Steud ex Meisn.) DammerPolygonaceae Song’eLeaf, Whole plantInfusion, MacerationDiabetes, Hypertension[96,99]
Polyscias fulvaAraliaceae SoiyetBarkDecoctionObesity[100]
Conyza subscaposaAsteraceae Chepng’ ombetLeaf, RootDecoctionObesity
Eriocephalus sp.Asteraceae Sehala-hala sa matlakaWhole plant Diabetes, HypertensionLesotho[42]
Scabiosa columbariaDipsacaceae SelomiLeaf, Root Hypertension
Napoleonaea heudelotii A. Juss.Lecythidaceae Leaf, bark, root Heart failureLiberia[101]
Geophila obvallata Didr.Rubiaceae Leaf Heart pain
Voacanga thouarsii Roem. & Schult.Apocynaceae KabokyLeaf, Latex, Roots, Bark, Seeds HypertensionMadagascar[102]
Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. SermLycopodiaceae TongotsokinaEntire plant Hypertension
Vaccinum sp.Vaccinaceae VoakaramyLeaf Diabetes
Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) SchinzAmaranthaceae TangogoLeaf Diabetes, Cardiac problems[30]
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes.Celastraceae FanazavaLeaf Hypertension
Diospyros sp.Ebenaceae Bois de roseBark Diabetes
Psorospermum ferrovestitum BakerHypericaceae AndriambolamenaLeaf Hypertension
Lycopodium sp.Lycopodiaceae KarakaratolohaLeaf
Pauridiantha paucinervis (Hiern) Bremek.Rubiaceae TamirovaLeaf Hypertension, Diabetes
Azolla sp.Salviniaceae Ramilamina Cardiac arrest
Lygodium lanceolatum Desv.Lygodiaceae FamatotrakangaLeaf Hypertension[103]
Securinega seyrigiiEuphorbiaceae BarkDecoctionHypertension[104]
Cedrelopsis greveiPtaeroxylaceae BarkDecoctionDiabetes
Mimosa pigra L.Fabaceae Cardiovascular disorders[105]
Psiadia salviifoliaAsteraceae Aerial part Hypertension[106]
Xylopia buxifoliaAnnonaceae LeafTeaObesity[107]
Gymnosporia divaricataCelastraceae VoasarikelyLeaf Diabetes[108]
Macaranga perrieriEuphorbiaceae MakaranganaLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Clidemia hirtaMelastomataceae Sopatra-MazambodyLeaf Hypertension
Passiflora foetidaPassifloraceae GaranaLeafDecoctionHypertension
Fadogia ancylantha SchweinfRubiaceae Masamba gha Muthondo TeaDiabetes, HypertensionMalawi[109]
Fadogia ancylanthaRubiaceae Masamba gha MuthondoLeafTeaDiabetes[53]
Ximenia americana L.Olacaceae Leaf, StemDecoction, PowderDiabetes, HypertensionMali[110]
Cleome viscosa Linn.CapparidaceaeWild mustard Root Cardiac stimulant, Diabetes[111]
Boscia senegalensis Lam.Capparaceae EyzenFruitsMaceration,
Powder		DiabetesMauritania[112]
Maerua crassifolia Forssk. AtilLeafPowder
Combretum glutinosum Perr.Combretaceae TykefytPowder
Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.)Fabaceae TalhBarkMashed/MaceredHypertension
Mentha spicata L.Lamiaceae NaanaLeafDecoction
Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam.Rhamnaceae Sdar-hreytekInfusion, Powder,
Maceration		Diabetes, Hypertension
Camellia sinensis L.Theaceae The vertLeafInfusionDiabetes, Hypertension, High level of cholesterolMauritius[113,114]
Celosia cristataAmaranthaceaeCoquelicot FlowerDecoctionCardiovascular diseases, Hypertension[115]
Lycium barbarumSolanaceae GojiFruitSoupDiabetes
Actinida deliciosaActinidiaceae KiwiJuiceHypertension[113]
Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp. Orientale (Sam) Sam.Alismataceae InfusionHigh level of cholesterol
Aloysia citriodora PalauVerbenaceae VerveineWhole plantInfusionCardiovascular disease
Anans comosus (L.) Merr.Bromeliaceae AnanaFruitJuice
Aphloia theiformisAphloiaceae FandamaneLeafInfusionDiabetes
Apium graveolens L.Apiaceae CeleriDecoctionDiabetes, Hypertension
Artocarpus heterophyllusMoraceae ZackFruitDiabetes
Asplenium nidus L.Aspleniaceae Langue de boeufLeafInfusionHypertension
Avena sativa L.Poaceae OatmealGrainsSoakingDiabetes, High level of cholesterol
Cardiospermum halicacabum L.Sapindaceae PocpocLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Cynara cardunculus L.Asteraceae ArtichautLeafInfusionDiabetes, High level of cholesterol
Coriandrum sativum L.Apiaceae CotomiliLeafInfusionDiabetes
Crataegus laevigata Poir. DC.Rosaceae AubepineHigh level of cholesterol
FlowerHypertension
Curcuma longa L.Zingiberaceae SafranRootCardiovascular disease
Euphorbia heterophylla L.Euphorbiaceae CacapouleFlowerHigh level of cholesterol
Cucumis sativus L.Cucurbitaceae ConcombreFruitJuiceDiabetes
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne GiromonDecoction
Eugenia uniflora L.Myrtaceae RousailleLeafDecoction
Faujasiopsis flexuosa (Lam.)Asteraceae Bois cassant
Glechoma hederacea L.Lamiaceae Lierre
Lactuca sativa L.Asteraceae LaitueLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Lagenaria sicerariaCucurbitaceae CalebasseFruit
LeafHigh level of cholesterol, Hypertension
Linum usitatissimum LinnaeusLinaceae Grain de linSeedsSoakingDiabetes, High level of cholesterol
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.Cucurbitaceae PatoleLeafJuiceHypertension, Cardiovascular disease
Malus domestica Borkh.Rosaceae PommeFruitsJuiceHigh level of cholesterol
Murraya koenigii (L.)Rutaceae CarripouletLeafInfusionHypertension
Ocimum tenuiflorum L.Lamiaceae TulsiLeafJuiceDiabetes, Hypertension, High level of cholesterol
Ophiopogon japonicas (Thunb.)Asparagaceae Infusion with the teaDiabetes
Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.Lamiaceae OrthosiphonLeafDecoction, InfusionDiabetes,
Hypertension
Phyllanthus emblica L.Phyllanthaceae AmlaFruitConsume raw fruit, JuiceDiabetes, High level of cholesterol
Piper betle L.Piperaceae BetelLeafInfusionDiabetes, High level of cholesterol
Plantago afra L.Plantaginaceae DecoctionCardiovascular disease
Plantago major L. PlantainFlowersJuiceDiabetes
Prunella vulgaris L.Lamiaceae InfusionHypertension
Psiloxylon mauritianumMyrtaceae BigaignonLeafDecoction, InfusionDiabetes
Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.Strelitziaceae RavenaleLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Rubus alceifolius Poir.Rosaceae Piquant loulouLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Sigesbeckia orientalis L.Asteraceae Herbe de flacqLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Solanum melongenaSolanaceae AnguiveFruitCookingDiabetes
Stevia rebaudianaAsteraceae SteviaLeafInfusionDiabetes
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.Compositae PissenlitRoots, LeafDecoction,
Infusion		Diabetes,
High level of cholesterol
Vitis vinifera L.Vitaceae RaisinSeedsConsume raw seedsDiabetes
Aegle marmelos L.Rutaceae BaelLeafPasteDiabetes[116]
Aloe barbadensis Mill.Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloe vera
Triticum aestivumPoaceae Duble, WheatJuiceCardiovascular diseases
Orthosiphon stamineusLamiaceae Orthosiphon Hypertension[114]
Citrus sinensis (L.) OsbeckRutaceae Orange
Metroxylon sagu Rottb.Arecaceae Sagoo
Petroselinum crispum subsp. giganteum (Pau) DobignardApiaceae Persil Lower Cholesterol
Senna Alexandria Mill.Fabaceae Senne
Cassine orientalisCelastraceae Boid d’oliveLeaf Hypertension[117]
Justicia gendarussaAcanthaceae NitchouliLeaf Hypertension[118]
Colocasia esculenta (L) SchottAraceae Brede songeLeaf Hypertension
Euphorbia thymifolia L.Euphorbiaceae RougetteWhole plant Hypertension
Bruguiera gymnorhiza Lam.Rhizophoraceae ManglierRootInfusion, decoctionDiabetes, Hypertension
Feronia Limonia (L) SwingleRutaceae Wood appleFruitDecoctionDiabetes
Morinda citrifolia L.Rubiaceae NoniFruit, LeafInfusion, JuiceDiabetes, High level of cholesterol, Hypertension[113,114]
Phoenix dactylifera L.Arecaceae TamLeafDecoctionDiabetes[113,119]
Rhizophora mucronata Lam.Rhizophoraceae ManglierRootDecoction, InfusionDiabetes,
Hypertension		[113,118]
Diplorhynchus condylocarponApocynaceae Roots DiabetesMozambique[120]
Terminalia stenostachya Engl. & DielsCombretaceae Rosette leaf Heart disorders, Hypertension, Diabetes
Helinus intergrifoliusRhamnaceae Murora StrokeNamibia[121]
Helinu spartoides Omutiwoheva
Thevetia peruvianaApocynaceae Bark Cardiac diseasesNigeria[122]
Vinca albaApocynaceae Leaf Hypertension
Acalypha godseffianaEuphorbiaceaeCopper leafUkeLeaf, seed, fruitsDecoctionHypertension[123]
Brillantaisia patulaAcanthaceaeBrillantaisiaIdi-ghokoLeaf, root
Bryophyllum pinnatumCrassulaceaeResurrection plantIzeInfusion
Chasmanthera dependensMenispermaceaeChasmanteraUkpirialoloLeaf
Combretum racemosunCombretaceaeBush willowAjeiboloseLeaf
Dichapetalum guineenseDichapetalaceae UduoifotowoRoot
Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) BrenanFabaceaeOrdeal treeAghokoSeed
Fagara zanthoxyloidesRutaceaeFagaraUkwe-egheRoot bark
Ficus asperifoliaMoraceaeSandpaperEbe-amenuwenLeaf
Hibiscus rosa-sinensisMalvaceaeChinese hibiscusIreaguFlower
Hibiscus surattensisBush sorrelOkikhanFlower, Fruits, LeafDecoction, Infusion
Phyllantus amarusEuphorbiaceaeCarry me seedIstikini iju odeLeafInfusion
Senecio biafraeCompositaeEnglish spinach Root
Sorghum caudatumPoaceaeSorghumOkanibaba
Tapinanthus bangwensisLoranthaceaeMistletoeEbe oseLeafDecoction
Tridax procumbensAsteraceaeCoat bottonsEekuleAerial plantPowder
Uraria pictaFabaceae Leaf
Crataeva adansonii Oliv.Capparaceae Eegun-orunLeaf Hypertension[124]
Soghum bicolorPoaceae Ese okaLeaf Hypertension[34]
Beaucamea recurvateRuscaceae WowoRoots
Psoropermum febrifugumClusiaceae LegunokoLeaf Stroke
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.Hyperricaceae AmujeLeaf Hypertension
Citropis articulateRutaceae Atapari obukoLeaf/roots Stroke
Lablab purpureus L.Papilionaceae LabelabeSeeds Heart attack
Microdesmis keayanaEuphorbiaceae Idi apataRoots Stroke
Chlorophora excelsaMoraceae Iroko ijuLeaf Heart attack
Thevetia neriifoliaApocynaceae Olomi ojoLeaf, Bark Stroke
Sarsevieria libericaAgavaceae Oja ikokoLeaf, Roots Stroke/Hypertension
Loranthus spectobulusLoranthaceaeMistletoe LeafInfusionHypertension[125]
Entandrophragma utileMeliaceaeAfrican cedarOpepeStem barkInfusionDiabetes[126]
Euphorbia laterifloraEuphorbiaceaeMilk cultivarsEnu opireStems
Khaya ivorensisMeliaceaeLagos MahoganyOganwoStem barkPowder
Lannea welwitchiiAnacardiaceaeFalse MarulaEkudan
Lagenaria brevifloraCucurbitaceaeWild ColocynthTagiriFruitsDecoction
Lawsonia inermis L.LythraceaeHenna treeLaaliLeaf
Sphenocentrum jollyanumMenispemaceaeLocus beanAkerejuponRoots
Tetracera alnifloraDilleniaceaeWare vineOponFruits
Loranthus micranthus Linn.LoranthaceaeEastern Nigeria mistletoe Diabetes, Hypertension[127]
Anthocleista nobilisGentianaceae Uko nkirisiBark, RootDecoctionDiabetes[93]
Commiphora kerstingii EnglBurseraceaeSand paper treeArarrabiiLeafMacerationDiabetes[128]
Terminalia macroptera Guill & PerrCombretaceaeBlack afaraBausheRootDecoctionDiabetes
Parkia filicoidea Oliv.FabaceaeAfrican locust bean treeDorawaRootDecoctionDiabetes
Odina barteri OlivAnacardiaceaeOliveFaruLeaf, BarkDecoction, MacerationDiabetes
Acacia albida DelileFabaceae GardayeRootDecoctionDiabetes
Acacia macrostachya DC.FabaceaeWinter thornGawoRootDecoctionDiabetes
Combretum altum Guill & PerrCombretaceae GezaRootDecoctionDiabetes
Borassus flabellifer L.ArecaceaeAfrican fan palmGiginyaBarkDecoctionDiabetes
Boswellia dalzielii HutchBurseraceaeFrankincense treeHanoRootDecoctionDiabetes
Cassia obovata Collad.FabaceaeNeutral hennaHiliskoLeafMacerationDiabetes
Nymphaea odorata AitonNymphaeaceaeAmerican waterlilyKainuwaLeafMacerationDiabetes
Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.)CaesalpineaceaCamel’s footKalgoBark, RootDecoctionDiabetes
Pleurotus tuber-regiumPleurotaceaeKing tuber mushroomKatalaRootDecoctionDiabetes
Heeria insignis Delile KuntzeAnacardiaceae KashesheRootDecoctionDiabetes
Crescentia cujete L.BignoniaceaeCalabashKwaryaBarkInfusionDiabetes
Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.GramineaeNigeria grassKyasuwaLeafMacerationDiabetes
Ziziphus jujube LinnRhamnaceaeJujube fruitMagaryaRootDecoctionDiabetes
Sarcocephalus russeggeri K. ex SchRubiaceaeAfrican peachTafashiyaRootDecoctionDiabetes
Detarium senegalense J.F.Gmel.FabaceaeBoireTauraBark, RootDecoctionDiabetes
Combretum sericeum G. Don.Combretaceae TaroBarkDecoctionDiabetes
Asclepias tuberosa L.AsclepiadaceaeButterfly weedYadiyaLeaf, RootInfusionDiabetes
Clerodendrum volubileLamiaceaeWhite butterflyMarugbo, Eweta, Dagba, Obenetete Diabetes[129]
Phragmanthera incanaLoranthaceae Leaf Diabetes, Hypertension[130]
Acalypha capitataEuphorbiaceae Hypertension, Hypercholesterolemia[131]
Acalypha tortaEuphorbiaceae Hypertension
Heinsia crinitaRubiaceae AtamaLeaf, RootBoiling, Crushing,
Decoction		Hypertension[132]
Indigofera hirsuta L.FabaceaeHairy indigoKai-kai mashekiyaLeafMacerationDiabetes[55,128]
Aristolochia ringens VahlAristolochiaceaePelican flowerAkoogun, AkogunStem, RootDecoctionDiabetes,
Heart attack		[34,126]
Aristolochia repensAristolochiaceaeSnake work Leaf, stem, bark, root Diabetes,
Hypertension		[123,133]
Citrullus lanatusCucurbitaceaeWater melonOwori,
Kankana		FruitMaceration[123,128]
Dioscorea bulbiferaDioscoreaceaeAerial potato
Air potato		KamumuwaTuber, RootDecoction
Enantia chloranthaAnnonaceaeAfrican yellow woodAwopaLeaf, Stem bark Hypertension, Stroke[34,123]
Gongronema latifolium Benth.ApocynaceaeAmaranth globeUtasi, MadunmaroLeaf, Stem barkBoiling, Maceration, Decoction, Infusion,
Cooking as soup		Diabetes,
Hypertension		[123,126,132,134]
Icacina trichantha Oliv.Icacinaceae Kamala, Okpokpo, EfikisonLeaf, Seed, TuberCrushing, Maceration, PowderHypertension[123,132]
Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.TalinaceaeWater leafEbe-dondo,
Gbure, Gaudi		Leaf, root, barkDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension,
Stroke		[34,123,128]
Uvaria afzeliiAnnonaceaeMonkey finger, Scott ElliotGbogboniseRootDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		[123,126]
Viscum album L.SantalaceaeEuropean mistletoeOse, AfomoLeaf, BarkDecoction, InfusionDiabetes,
Stroke		[34,123]
Hunteria umbellate (K. Schum)ApocynaceaeHusk tomato plantOsuSeed, Stem, BarkSoakingDiabetes, Hypertension[123,135]
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.PerryMyrtaceaeClove bud/CloveKanafuruSeed, FlowerDecoctionDiabetes, Hypertension[123,126]
Lantana trifolia L.Verbenaceae Umuhengeri Heart failureRwanda[136]
Microglossa vulubilis DC.Compositae Grimbo yufiiLeafInfusionHeart palpitationSierra Leone[137]
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) W.WatsonPoaceaeLemon grassLemon grass Hypertension, Diabetes[138]
Garcinia afzelii EnglClusiaceaeBitter-kolaYanny Hypertension
Mimosa pudica L.FabaceaeSensitive plantSensitive mimosa Stroke
Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) KuntzeCompositae Leaf Heart disease[139]
Agathosma apiculataRutaceae Ibuchu/BuchuRootsPowderObesitySouth Africa[140]
Asparagus africanaAsaparagaceaeClimbing asparagusUmthunziLeafCrushing and Soaking
Bulbine alooides (L.) Willd.Xanthorrhoeaceae Irooi waterRootsBoiling, Infusion
Cucumis africanusCurcubitaceaeScaret guordIthangazanaWhole plantInfusion
Curtisia dentataCornaceaeCapelance woodUmlahleniselefileBarkPowder, Boiling
Kedrostis africanaCucurbitaceaeBaboons cucumberUthuvisheBulbDecoction
Mimosops obovataSapotaceaeRed milk woodUmntunziBarkCrushing, Soaking, Infusion
Phytolacca dioca L.PhytolaccaceaePhytolaccaIdolo lenkonyaneLeafBoiling
Rubia petiolarisRubiaceaeMadderImpeduloRootsInfusion
Schotia latifoliaFabaceaeForest boer-beanUmaphipaBarkCrushing, Infusion
Vernonia mesphilifoliaAsteraceaeIron weedUhlunguhlunguWhole plantDecoction
Gethyllis namaquensisAmaryllidaceae Naka tsa tholoBulbCookingDiabetes[141]
Plumeria obtusa L.Apocynaceae Mohlare wa maswi wa sukiriLeaf
Cussinia spicataAraliaceae Root
Helichrysum caespititiumAsteraceae Bokgatha, Mabjana, MmeetseWhole plant
Callilepis laureola PhelaRoot
Lessertia microphyllaFabaceae MosapeloRoot
Hypoxis iridifoliaHypoxidaceae Monna maleduTuber
Kirkia wilmsiiKirkiaceae Legaba, ModumelaJuice
Ficus carica L.Moraceae MofeiyeRootCooking
Mimusops zeyheriSapotaceae MmupuduLeaf
Englerophytum magalismontanum MohlastwaBark
Hermannia quartinianaSterculiaceae Root
Triumffeta sp.Tilliaceae
Dodonaea angustifoliaSapindaceae YsterhouttoppeLeafDecoctionChest complaints[7]
Hypoxis camerooniana BakerHypoxidaceae IkhubaloBulbChewingHypertension
Osteospermum imbricatumAsteraceae inkhupuhlanaBulb, LeafBoilingChest complaints
Phylsalis periviana L.Scophulariaeae IgquzuLeaf, bulb
Vinca major L.Apocynaceae Diabetes[142]
Adenopodia spinataFabaceae UboboLeaf, RootMacerationHypertension[99]
Agapanthus africanusAmaryllidaceae UbaniLeaf, RootInfusion, MacerationHypertension
Agave americanaAsparagaceae LeafDecoctionHypertension
Amaranthus hybridusAmaranthaceae LeafMacerationHypertension
Asystasia gangeticaAcanthaceae IsihoboLeafMacerationHypertension
Canabis sativaCannabaceae NsanguLeafInfusion, DecoctionHypertension
Commelina benghalensisCommelinaceae IdangabaneWhole plantPoulticeHypertension
Crinum macowaniiAmaryllidaceae UmdubeBulb, Leaf, Whole plant Hypertension
Dietes iridioidesIridaceae Isishuphe somfulaLeaf, Root, RhizomesMaceration, InfusionHypertension
Dipcadi brevifoliumHyacinthaceae IkhakahkhaBulbDecoctionHypertension
Dombeya rotundifoliaMalvaceae iNhliziyonkhuluLeaf, RootMacerationHypertension
Drimia elataAsparageceae Undongana-zibomvanaBulb Hypertension
Ekebergia capensisMeliaceae EssenhoutLeaf, Bark Hypertension
Eriobotrya japonicaRosaceae LeafInfusionHypertension
Eriocephalus africanusAsteraceae KapokbosLeafInfusionHypertension
Gethyllis spp.Amaryllidaceae KoekoemakrankaSeed, PodMacerationHypertension
Justicia flavaAcanthaceae ImpelaLeafMacerationHypertension
Leucosidea sericeaRosaceae Umtshitshi Hypertension
Medicago sativaFabaceae Whole plantDecoctionHypertension
Mesembryanthemum spp.Aizoaceae Leaf, StemDecoction, MacerationHypertension
Oldenlandia affinisRubiaceae UmampeshaneRootDecoctionHypertension
Peucedanum galbanumApiaceae DroedasLeafInfusionHypertension
Physalis viscosaSolanaceae LeafMacerationHypertension
Protorhus longifoliaAnacardiaceae UzintlwaLeaf, BarkMacerationHypertension
Rauvolfia caffraApocynaceae umHlambamanziStem, Bark, Whole plant Hypertension
Rhus chirindensisAnacardiaceae UmhlabamvuduLeaf, Fruit, Bark, Twig, RootMacerationHypertension
Scolopia mundiiSalicaceae iHlambahlaleBark Hypertension
Senecio bupleuroidesAsteraceae Isiqandamatshana Hypertension
Senecio inornatusAsteraceae UhlaboRootDecoctionHypertension
Spermacoce natalensisRubiaceae UmabopheLeaf, Bark, Root Hypertension
Stangeria eriopusZamiaceae UmfigwaniLeaf, Root Hypertension
Trifolium africanumFabaceae WildeklawerWhole plantInfusionHypertension
Turraea floribundaMeliaceae UmadlozaneBark, Leaf, RootInfusionHypertension
Valeriana capensisValerianaceae WildebalderjanRhizome, Root Hypertension
Pelargonium antidysentericumGeraniaceae RooistormRoot Diabetes[143]
Pteronia divaricataAsteraceae TeaDiabetes[144]
Elaeodendron transvaalenseCelastraceae Stem barkTeaDiabetes
Warburgia salutaris
(G. Bertol.) Chiov		CanellaceaePepperbark treePeperbasboom, isibhaha Diabetes[145]
Lannea edulis Sond.AnacardiaceaeWild grapePheho, muporotsobarkDecoctionDiabetes
Kedrostis nanaCucurbitaceae Kalmoes,
Serekola		Root, TuberDecoction, InfusionDiabetes, Hypertension[146,147]
Herichrysum odoratissimumAsteraceae ImphephoWhole plantCrushing, Boiling, InfusionDiabetes[53]
Herichrysum nudifoliumAsteraceae IchocholoLeaf, RootBoilingDiabetes
Herichrysum petiolareAsteraceae ImphephoWhole plantCrushing, BoilingDiabetes
Bulbine frutescensApocynaceae IbhucuRootBoiling, InfusionDiabetes
Heteromorphica arborescensApiaceae UmbangandlalaLeaf, RootBoilingDiabetes
Chilianthus olearaceusBuddlejaceae UmgebaLeaf, TwigInfusionDiabetes
Athrixia phylicoidesAsteraceaeBush tea InfusionDiabetes, Hypertension, Heart problems[148]
Aloe microstigma Salm-DyckXanthorrhoeaceae Bitteraalwyn, aalwynLeaf Diabetes[149]
Asclepias crispaApocynaceae witvergeet, witstormRootDecocotionDiabetes
Aspalathus linearisFabaceae InfusionHypertension
Dittrichia graveolensAsteraceae kakiebosLeafInfusionDiabetes,
Hypertension
Pteronia cinereaAsteraceae boegoeLeafinfusionDiabetes
Salvia dentata AitonLamiaceae bloublomsalieLeafinfusionDiabetes
Viscum capenseViscaceae groen voëlentSteminfusionDiabetes
Acokanthera oblongifolia
(Hochst.) Codd		Apocynaceae Inhlungunyemba Diabetes[147]
Acorus calamus L.Acoraceae Kalmoes Infusion
Adenia digitata (Harv.) EnglPassifloraceae Uthangazane
Aloe greatheadii (Schonland)XanthorrhoeaceaeSpotted aloeTransvaalaalwyn, grasaalwynLeafDecoction
Aloe maculata All.XanthorrhoeaceaeSoap aloebontaalwynLeaf
Arctopus echinatus L.Apiaceae PlatdoringRoot
Asclepias crispa P.J. BergiusApocynaceae Witvergif, witvergeet
Asclepias fruticosa L.ApocynaceaeAfrican milkweedulusinga, lwesalukaziDried rootsInfusion
Brachylaena elliptica
(Thunb.) DC.		AsteraceaeBitter-leaf, bitterleafed silver oak, fire sticksUhlunguhlungu, isiduli, isagqebaLeafDecoction
Brachylaena ilicifolia
(Lam.) Phill. and
Schweick.		AsteraceaeSmall bitter-leafFynbitterblaar, igqebaLeafDecoction
Bridelia micrantha
(Hochst.) Baill		PhyllanthaceaeCoastal goldenleafmitserie, bruin stinhhoutBarkDecoction
Buddleja salviifolia (L.)
Lam.		ScrophulariaceaeSagewood, butterfly bushigwangi, iloshane,
ilothane, mupambati
Bulbine latifolia (L.f.)
Spreng.		XanthorrhoeaceaeRed carrotrooiwortelroot
Cnicus benedictus L.AsteraceaeHoly thistle Infusion
Dittrichia graveolens (L.) GreuterAsteraceae KakiebosLeaf, twigsinfusion
Dodonaea viscosa (L.)
Jacq.		SapindaceaeSand olivesandolien, ysterbosleafBoiling
Empodium plicatum
(Thunb.) Garside		HypoxidaceaeGolden star
Eriocephalus ericoides (L.f.) DruceAsteraceae Kapokbos, wilderoosmaryn
Eriocephalus punctulatus DC.AsteraceaeWild rosemarykapokbosLeafDecoction
Eriocephalus tenuifolius DC.Asteraceae Sehalahala-sa-matlaka
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.MyrtaceaeLemon-scented gum Extract
Euclea crispa (Thunb.)
Gürke		EbenaceaeGuarri bushidungamuzi, umgwaliRootPowder
Euphorbia prostrata AitonEuphorbiaceae Harige kruipmelkkruid
Galium tomentosum ThunbRubiaceae RooihoutjieRoot
Gazania krebsiana LessAsteraceae Gousblom, botterblomleafDecoction
Grewia flavescens Juss.MalvaceaeSandpaper raisinMopharantshoneRoots
Grewia villosa Willd.MalvaceaeMallow raisinMopharantshoneRoots
Gomphrena celosioides Mart.AmaranthaceaeSoft khaki weedLebolomo la nagaRoots
Haplocarpha scaposa Harv.AsteraceaeFalse gerberamelktouLeaf, rootsExtract
Helichrysum caespititium (DC.) Sond. ex Harv.Asteraceae MokgataWhole plantInfusion
Hermannia cuneifolia Jacq.Malvaceae Wilde heuning, geneesbossieLeafInfusion
Hermannia pinnata L.MalvaceaeDoll’s rosekwaasblaar, kruip poprosie
Hoodia currori (Hook.)
Decne.		ApocynaceaeHoodia cactus, bitter ghapbergghaap, bokhoringsStem
Inula graveolens (L.) Desf.Asteraceae KhakibosFoliage
Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & MeijdenAsteraceae Vaalbos
Kedrostis africana (L.)
Cogn.		Cucurbitaceae Bojaankamoo
Limeum aethiopicum Burm. f.Limeaceae Koggelmandervoet, boesmandagga Infusion
Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta.Asparagaceae SetsushaLeaf
Mimulus gracilis R.Br.Phrymaceae Decoction
Morella serrata (Lam.)
Killick		MyricaceaeLance-Leafd strawberry, waxberryIyethi, ulethi, umakhuthulaRootDecoction
Notobubon galbanum (L.) MageeApiaceaeBerg celery, blister bushbergselderyFoliage
Nymphaea caerulea SavignyNymphaeaceaeBlue water lilyblouwaterlelieSeeds
Opuntia vulgaris Mill.CactaceaePrickly pear LeafDecocotion
Pegolettia baccharidifolia Less.Asteraceae Ghwarrieson, gwarrieson, heuningdouFoliage
Pentzia incana (Thunb.) KuntzeAsteraceae ankerkaroo, kleinskaapkaroobos
Pittosporum viridiflorum SimsPittosporaceae UmkhwenkhweBark
Portulacaria afra JacqDidiereaceae Spekbosb, spekboomblareb, Eaten
Pteronia cinerea L.f.Asteraceae Boegoe, silverboegoeLeafInfusion
Salix mucronata Thunb.Salicaceae Rivierwilger, rivierwillerFoliage
Salvia africana-lutea L.LamiaceaeRed sage Foliage
Salvia dentata AitonLamiaceaeToothed sagebergsalie, blousalie Syrup
Salvia microphylla KunthLamiaceae Rooiblomsalie, pienblomsalie
Stachys hyssopoides Burch. ex BenthLamiaceaeHyssop-Leafd hedge nettle
Thesium lineatum L.f. LEPSantalaceaeBlack stormswartstromRoot
Tinospora fragosa Verdoorn & TroupinMenispermaceaeaAaron’s rodMakgonatsohleLeaf and stemBoiling
Viscum capense L. f.SantalaceaeCape mistletoegroen voelent, taaibosStemInfusion
Viscum continuum E. Mey. ex SpragueSantalaceae Voëlent, litjiestee Infusion
Alepidea amatymbicaApiaceaeLarger tinsel flowerIgwili/Umvuthuza,
Ikhathazo		Rhizome, RootsPowderHypertension,
Obesity		[99,140]
Cissampelos capensisMenispermaceaeDavid rootUmayisake,
Idabulitye,
Fynblaarklimop,
Dawidtjiewortel		Leaf, RootsCrushing, InfusionDiabetes,
Heart problem, Hypertension,
Obesity
[7,99,140,142,147,150]
Exomis microphylla
(Thunb.) Aellen		AmaranthaceaeSugar beetUmvawenyathi,
Hondebossie		LeafDecoctionDiabetes,
Obesity		[140,147]
Leonotis ocymifoliaLamiaceae Umuncwane,
Wildedagga		Whole plantCrushing, Boiling, Infusion
Leonotis leonurusLamiaceae Umunyamunya
Umfincafincane
Wilde dagga		Bulb, Leaf, Root, Flower, Stem,
Whole plant		Crushing, Boiling, Infusion, DecoctionObesity,
Diabetes,
Hypertension,
Other Cardiovascular ailments		[2,7,99,140,143,149]
Carpobrotus edulis (L.)AizoaceaeSour fig,
Cape fig,
Hottentot’s
fig		Lepolomo la go naba, Suurvye, Hotnotsvye, Vyerank, KaapvyLeaf, Fruit, SapJuice, DecoctionDiabetes[141,143,147,149]
Opuntia ficus-indica
(L.) Mill.		CactaceaeIndian pear,
Indian fig, Sweet prickly pear		Motloro,
Umthelekisi,		Leaf, RootCooking, Crushing, DecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		[99,141,147]
Agathosma betulinaRutaceae iBuchu,
Regteboegoe		Leaf, StemInfusionHypertension[7,99]
Rhoicissus digitataVitaceae Uchithithibuna,
UmNangwazi		Bulb, TuberInfusion
Geranium incanum Burm.f.Geraniaceae Tlako,
Vrouetee		Leaf, StemBoiling, DecoctionHeart problem,
Hypertension
Gunnera perpensaGunneraceaRiver pumpkin,
Wild rhubarb		iPhuzi lomlambo,
Qobo, Igobho		Bulb, Leaf,
Root, Rhizome		Infusion, DecoctionDiabetes, High cholesterol[7,147]
Lichtensteinia lacera Cham. & Schltdl.Apiaceae iQwili, Kaalmoes,
Kalmiswortel		Leaf, bulb, StemBoiling, InfusionChest complaints, Diabetes, Hypertension[7,99,143]
Ruta graveolens L.RutaceaeRue, Common rue,
Herb-of-grace		Gwabeni or iVendrit, Wynruit, WynruikLeafInfusionDiabetes, Heart disease, Hypertension[7,99,147,149]
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br.FabaceaeCancer bushUmNwele,
Petola, Lerumo-lamadi,
Koorsbos,
Kalkoentjiebos		LeafBoiling, Infusion,
Decoction		Diabetes, Hypertension[7,149,151,152]
Tulbaghia violacea Harv.AmaryllidaceaeWild garlicItswele lomlambo, Wilde knoffelBulbs, Leaf, Root,
Rhizome		Boiling, Infusion,
Decoction		Diabetes, Hypertension, Heart problems, High cholesterol[7,99,143,147]
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forrsk.Celastraceae UmhlwaziLeafMacerationDiabetes, Hypertension[99,142]
Chironia baccifera L.GentianaceaeChristmas berryBitterbos,
Aambeibossie		Leaf, Whole plantDecoction, InfusionDiabetes[142,147,149]
Acokanthera oppositifoliaApocynaceae InhlungunyembeLeaf, Stem, RootMacerationDiabetes,
Hypertension		[99,147]
Commelina africanaCommelinaceaeYellow CommelinaIdangabane,
Geeleendagsblom		Whole plantDecoction
Helichrysum crispumAsteraceae Hotnotskooigoed,
Kooigoedbos		LeafInfusion
Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) MezPrimulaceaeCape beechiKhubalwane,
Boekenhout		Bark
Teedia lucidaScrophulariaceae Hlwenya,
Stinkbos
Urtica urensUrticaceae LeafInfusion,
Decoction
Albertisia delagoensisMenispermaceae Umgandaganda, OhumaneLeaf, Stem, Root, RhizomeDecoction, BoilingHypertension[99,153]
Carpobrotus dimidiatusMesembryanthemaceae Ikhambi lamabulawoLeaf, Stem, FruitDecoction
Citrullus lanatusCurcurbitaceae Bitterwaatlemoen, IbheceFruit, Seed, LeafDecoction. Tea
Cladostemon kirkiiCapparaceae umThekwini, UsdumboStem, Bark, RootMaceration, Decoction
Hyphaene coriaceaArecaceae iLalaRoot
Hypoxis argenteaHypoxidaceae Inongwe, LabatekaCorm, TuberDecoction
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.Verbanaceae UmsuzwaneLeafDecoction
Ozoroa engleriAnacardiaceae Isifico, IsficoLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction
Ptaeroxylon obliquumRutaceae umThathi, UmsangoRootMaceration
Sarcophyte sanguineaBalanophoraceae Umvumbuka, UmavumbukaStem, Root, Whole plantDecoction, Infusion
Sarcostemma viminaleApocynaceae Umbelebele,
Umbhelebhele		Stem, Aerial parts, TwigsInfusion
Senecio serratuloidesAsteraceae Ichazampukane, UnsukumbiliLeaf, StemDecoction
Strychnos madagascariensisStrychnaceae umkwakwaSeed, Fruit, Bark, RootPowder
Tetradenia ripariaLamiaceae IbozaneLeaf, SeedDecoction
Ballota africanaLamiaceae Kattekruide, Kattekruid,
Salie		LeafInfusionDiabetes,
Hypertension		[99,143,147]
Chrysocoma ciliataAsteraceae Kaalsiektebos, BitterbosLeaf, RootDecoction
Lessertia frutescensFabaceaeCancer bush,
Balloon pea		Umnwele, Kankerbos, Bitterbos, Kiertjies, BlaasiebosLeaf, ShootDecoction,
infusion
Cadaba aphyllaCapparaceae Bobbejaanarm, Swartstorm,
Stormwortela,
Swartstorm		Leaf, Stem, RootInfusion[99,143,147]
Convolvulus capensisConvolvulaceae Skaapklimop, BitterpatatBulbDecoctionDiabetes, Hypertension[99,143]
Crassula muscosaCrassulaceae Skoenvetebos, AkkedisbosLeaf, Stem, Root, FlowerDecoction
Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Koek.Compositae RanosterbosLeaf, Stem
Euryops abrotanifoliusAsteraceae Bergharpuisbos, HarpuisbosLeaf, Stem
Hoodia gordoniiApocynaceae Bobbejaanghaap, BitterghaapLeaf, Stem
Diosma oppositifoliaRutaceae Bitterboegoe, SkaapbosLeaf, Stem, Flower Hypertension
Salvia africana-caeruleaLamiaceae Wildesalie, Blousalie, Blou blomsalieTwig, LeafInfusion
Sceletium tortuosumAizoaceae Tandtrekbos, KougoedLeaf, Root
Conyza scabridaAsteraceae Umanzimnyama, Vleiwilger, Fonteinbos, MedisynebosLeaf, FoliageDecoction,
Infusion		Diabetes
Hypertension		[99,147,149]
Elytropappus rhinocerotisAsteraceaeRhinosaurous bushRenosterbos,
Anosterbos, Bergrenoster, Vaalrenoster		LeafDecoction, Infusion
Dicoma capensisAsteraceae Koorsbossie,
Hosabie, Baarbos, Kaarmadik, Sandsalie		Leaf, Root, TwigDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		[99,149]
Euclea undulataEbenaceae InkunzaneBark, Root, Whole plantInfusion, TeaDiabetes, Hypertension[99,144]
Warburgia salutarisCanellaceaePepperbark treeIsibhahaStem Bark, Root
Hypoxis colchicifolia BakerHypoxidaceae IIabatheka, InongweBulb, CormBoiling, CrushingDiabetes, Hypertension[53,99]
Searsia burchelliiAnacardiaceae Karookoeniebos, TaaibosLeaf, Stem, RootInfusionDiabetes, Hypertension[99,143]
Mentha longifoliaLamiaceaeWild mintUfuthanalomhlanaga, BallerjaLeaf, StemDecoction,
Infusion		Diabetes, Hypertension[99,143,147,149]
Schkuhria pinnataAsteraceaeDwarf Mexican MarigoldRuhwahwa,
Kleinkakiebos		Whole plant, Leaf, RootBoiling, Decoction, InfusionDiabetes, Hypertension[99,144,147]
Gnidia deserticolaThymelaeaceae KoorsbosLeaf, Stem, Root Diabetes[143]
Tagetes minutaAsteraceae KoebiebosLeaf
Tylecodon paniculatusCrassulaceae Bees se balLeaf, Stem
Bulbine natalensis BakerXanthorrhoeaceae Ibhucu, RooiwortelLeaf, Stem, RootBoiling,
Infusion		Diabetes[53,154]
Lupinus termis L.Papilionaceae Tormos, TumusSeeds, Fruit DiabetesSudan[155,156]
Combretum sp.Combretaceae Habeil [157]
Solenostemma argel (Del.)Asclepiadaceae HargelLeaf Diabetes
Geigeria alata Benth. & Hook.f. ex Oliv. & Hiern.Compositae Gud-gat, Gadad,
Al Gadad		Whole plant, Aerial part, RootDecoction,
Infusion		Diabetes, Hypertension[156,158,159]
Bauhinia reticulata DC.Fabaceae KhroobFruitMacerationHypertension[159]
Blepharis linanifoliaAcanthaceae BagailAerial partMaceration, infusionDiabetes, Hypertension
Boswellia papyniferaBurseraceae Tarag taragBarkMacerationDiabetes
Cymbopogan schoenanthus (L.)Poaceae MahraibAerial partMaceration, infusion
Maerua pseudopetalosaCapparaceae KurdalaRootMasticationDiabetes,
Hypertension
Sonchus cornutusCompositae MoleataLeafInfusionDiabetes
Bauhinia rufescensFabaceae KulkulLeaf Diabetes[156]
Catunaregam niloticaRubiaceae Kir KirFruit
Cicer arietinum L.Fabaceae KabkabeSeed
Cinnamomum verumLauraceae GerfaStem bark
Cyperus rotundus L.Cyperaceae SiedaRhizome
Faidherbia albidaFabaceae HarazRoot bark
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.Apiaceae ShamarFruit
Rhynchosia minimaFabaceae Irg el DamRoot
Senna obtusifoliaCaesalpiniaceae KawalLeaf
Zygophyllum coccineum L.Zygophyllaceae TartirWhole plant
Hibiscus rabdariffa L.Malvaceae KarkadeSepalsMaceration, DecoctionHypertension[160]
Aloe sinkatana ReynoldsXanthorrhoeaceae Sabar, Al-SabarLeafMucilaginous, PasteDiabetes[156,157,160]
Salvadora persica L.Salvadoraceae Arak, Al-MiswakFruits, Stem, LeafMacerationHypertension[157,160]
Tinospora bakisMenispermaceae Bun balash/irg alhagar, Irg El HaggarRoot, SeedMaceration, infusionDiabetes[156,159]
Aloe saponariaAsphodelaceae LihalaLeafDecoctionCardiac problemsSwaziland[161]
Vernonia glabraAsteraceae LinyatseloRootDecoctionDiabetes[53,161]
Ozoroa reticulate (Bak.f.)Anacardiaceae NagoRoot, Stem barkBoilingHypertensionTanzania[162]
Cissus rotundifoliaVitaceae ChaziLeafJuiceHeart troubles
Aerangis flabellifoliaOrchidaceae KinmbaRootsDecoctionHeart diseases[163]
Sterculia appendiculata K. SchumSterculiaceae MgudeStem barkDecoctionDiabetes[164]
Leaf Cardiac pains
Cymbopogon citrullusPoaceaeLemongrassMchaichaiLeaf, Stem, OilExtractDiabetes[165]
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud.) J.F.Gmel.RosaceaeAfrican redwood, East African rosewoodEnjani engasheFlower and LeafExtract
Afzelia quanzensis Pers.Caesalpiniodeae MkolaRoots, bark Stroke[166]
Albizia harveyi Fourn.Mimosoideae MupogoloRoots, Leaf Hypertension
Boscia salicifolia Oliv.Capparidaceae MugulukaRoots, bark Stroke
Dalbergia nitidula Bak.Papilionoideae Kafinulambasa Diabetes
Ekebergia benguelensis DC.Meliaceae MutuzyaRoots, Leaf, bark Hypertension
Pericopsis angolensis (Bak.)Papilionoideae Mubanga, MuvungaRoots, Leaf, bark Stroke
Vitex mombassae VatkeLamiaceae Mutalali, MusungwiRoots, Leaf Diabetes
Xylopia odoratissima Oliv.Annonaceae Mushenene
Elaeodendron schlechteranum (Loes.)Celastraceae Chihusilo, NgakamaStem bark, Root,
Decoction		BoilingCardiovascular problems, Hypertension[162,167]
Deinbollia borbonica Scheff.Sapindaceae Mpwakapwaka, Mwenda kuzimu,
Mmoyomoyo, Mkuyu, Muhunge		Fresh Leaf,
Root		SoupDiabetes,
Increased heart beat		[168,169]
Vepris glomerata (F. Hoffm.)Rutaceae MulungusigitiRoots, Leaf Diabetes,
Stroke		[63,166]
Aspilia mossambiscensis (Oliv.) WildCompositae LeafBoiling,
Decoction		Diabetes[169]
Bridelia
duvigneaudii J. Leonard		Euphorbiaceae MsalasiRootsBoiling
Cyphomandra crassifolia KuntzeSolanaceae MtomatomaSeedsPowder
Cyphostemma junceum
(Bak.) Descoings		Vitaceae Mhogo mwituRoots
Dioscorea
praehensilis Benth.		Dioscoriaceae AmasomaTuberCooking
Ficus fischeri
Mildbr. & Burr.		Moraceae MvilaStem barkBoiling
Maprounea
africana Müll.
Arg.		Euphorbiaceae MtunuRootsDecoction
Pseudolachnostylis
maprouneifolia Pax		Phyllanthaceae MwanaRootsDecoction
Sorindeia madagascariensis
DC.		Anacardiaceae MpilipiliRootsBoiling
Uvariopsis bisexualis Verdc.Annonaceae NtaaRoots, LeafDecoction
Chassalia umbraticola VatkeRubiaceae Mkangaa
Ochna confusa Burtt Davy and GreenwayOchnaceae MnungamoRoot, bark
Warburgia stuhlmannii Engl.Canellaceae SokonoiRoot and bark
Terminalia mollis M. LawsCombretaceae MkelengeStem bark
Zanthoxylum
acanthopodium DC.		Rutaceae Mjafari, oloisukiRoot and
bark
Acacia kirkii Oliv.Mimosaceae Mgunga
Acacia tortilis
(Forsk) Hayne		Mimosaceae Kikwesa,
chikwesa		Roots
Albizzia anthelmintica
Brogn.		Mimosaceae MkutaniRoots
Bridelia micrantha BertolEuphorbiaceae KitovutovuRoots
Caesalpinia
bonduc (L.) Roxb		Caesalpiniaceae Msoro,
mkomve
Cyanoglosum lanceolatum ForskBoraginaceae KifasaRoots
Cyphostemma buchananii
(Planch.)
Desc. ex Wild & R.
B.Drumm.		Vitaceae Kigugire,
kigugile
kidogo		Roots and
Leaf
Diospyros loureiroana G.DonEbenaceae Mgoto
Syn.		Roots
Lannea schimperi (A.Rich.)Anacardiaceae Mbumbu
nyika		Stem bark
Markhamia obtusifolia Bak
Spragne		Bignoniaceae Myuyu
Piliostigma
tortuosum
(Collett
& Hemsl.)
Thothathri		Fabaceae Milneedh
Raphia hookeriArecaceae Bambou HypertensionTogo[170]
Combretum molleCombretaceae Kizizikou Hypertension
Monotes kerstingiiDipterocarpaceae Sere Diabetes
Lonchocarpus cyanescensFabaceae Tchele Diabetes
Piliostigma thonningii Bakou Diabetes, Hypertension
Xeroderris stuhlmannii Tchalawari Diabetes, Hypertension
Hyptis suaveolensLamiaceae Botifadini Hypertension
Securinega virosaPhyllanthaceae Tchakatchaka Diabetes, Hypertension
Ficus sur Forssk.Moraceae KilimaouRootPowderHypertension[171]
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.)Asclepiadaceae Kponkeke, Kpankeke Diabetes[172]
Lactuca taraxacifolia (Willd.)Asteraceae AnontoRootDecoctionDiabetes, Hypertension
Alternanthera pengunsAmaranthaceae AgbaklinWhole plantDecoctionDiabetes[173]
Dracaena arboreaAgavaceae AgnantiLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Anchomanes welwitschiiAraceae HadukuRhizomeDecoctionDiabetes
Mondia whiteiAsclepiadaceae KanaboRootDecoctionDiabetes
Conyza aegyptiacaAsteraceae Dagnigbe AhlonmeWhole plantDecoctionDiabetes
Launaea taraxacifoliaAsteraceae Anonto DecoctionDiabetes
Sida linifoliaMalvaceae Odoe-OgbougboWhole plantDecoctionDiabetes
Tiliacora warneckeiMenispermaceae KatokpanRootDecoctionDiabetes
Cocoloba uviferaPolygonaceae Raisin de merLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Paulinia pinnataSapindaceae AgbatsalikaLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Solanum aethiopicumSolanaceae AgbissanLeaf + FruitDecoctionDiabetes
Tectona grandisVerbenaceae TectiLeafDecoctionDiabetes
Terminalia glaucescensCombretaceae Anagossitou, SouwadaouLeafDecoctionDiabetes[170,173]
Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) BakerFabaceae kodoliyaRootPowder,
Decoction		Diabetes,
Hypertension		[170,171]
Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.Burseraceae Muwafu, Empafu, MbafuSeed, BarkDecoction,
Pasting,
Chewing		Cardiovascular condition, Hypertension, DiabetesUganda[38,174]
Garcinia buchananii BakerClusiaceae Musali, Ensali, NsaalaBark, Leaf, RootsDecoction, PoundingCardiovacular condition, Diabetes, Hypertension
Tragia benthamii BakerEuphobiaceae KamyuRootPoundingHypertension[38]
Acacia constricta Benth.Fabaceae MuwelamanyoDecoctionDiabetes
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Muzimbandeya Hypertension, Diabetes
Ficus cyathistipula Warb.Moraceae MubembeLeafDecoctionHypertension
Morella kandtiana (Engl.)Myricaceae MukikimboRootsChewingHernia of the heart
Oxalis corniculata L.Oxalidaceae KajjampuniLeafHypertension, Diabetes
Aframomum anguistifoliumZingiberaceae MantuguluRootsPoundingObesity
Pancovia sp.Sapindaceae Stem, RootsPoundingHeart-related problems[175]
Senencio nandensisAsteraceae KisendaLeafDecoctionHypertension[31]
Hallea rubrostipulataRubiaceae MuzikuRootsDiabetes
Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.Poaceae EjubwaFresh leafChewing, DecoctionHeart disease[176]
Musa sp.Musaceae BitookeFresh fruit, Fresh leafDecoctionHypertension
Zanthoxylum gilletii (De wild.)Rutaceae MutatembwaFresh stem barkInfusion
Solanum anguiviSolanaceae Katunkuma,
Obujabara		FruitEating, Boiling, Pounding, TeaHypertension[38,176]
Morus nigraMoraceae WholeEat as fresh fruitDiabetesZambia[177]
Cucurbita pepoCucurbitaceae SeedsRoasting,
Pounding
Ziziphus abyssinicaRhamnaceae RootsMaceration
Azaza garckeanaMalvaceae Roots and fruitEating, Maceration
Solanum aculeastrumSolanaceae RootMaceration
Eleusine coracanaPoaceae Whole
Table
Table 2. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors in two or more sub-Saharan African countries.
Table 2. Medicinal plants used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors in two or more sub-Saharan African countries.
Botanical NameFamilyEnglish/
Common Name		Local NamePlants’ Parts UsedMode of Usage/
Preparation		Diseases
Treated		CountriesReferences
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) MoenchMalvaceae NefuFruit, SeedDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesGabon[88]
Okra pods, BamiaFruits DiabetesTanzania[169]
Whole plantMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Abrus precatorius L.FabaceaeRosary peaOjou ega, AzetonounkounLeafTriturationDiabetesBenin[47]
MudepuLeafDecoctionCardiovascular diseasesGabon[86]
Leaf DiabetesGhana[178]
Kyuma KyamditiLeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
Idon zakaraLeaf, SeedMacerationDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,128,178]
Acacia senegal (L.) WilldFabaceae GopealegaStem barkDecoctionHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Al-HashabFruit, StemPowderDiabetesSudan[156,160]
Acacia nilotica (L.) DelileFabaceaeGum Arabica,
Egyptian mimosa		GheredSeed, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
Fruit DiabetesEthiopia[83]
NgiruritiBark, RootDecoctionDiabetesKenya[98]
BagaruwaRootDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
GaradPod, BarkCrushingDiabetes, HypertensionSudan[156,158]
OlkirolitiBark DiabetesTanzania[166]
Acalypha wilkesianaEuphorbiaceae Leaf DiabetesMauritius[131]
AworosoLeafDecoction, Eat, Juice,Diabetes, HypertensionNigeria[124,179]
Acanthospermum hispidum DCAsteraceae Ichakoro-oro, GodokoLeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
AhlangoviWhole plantDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Achyranthes aspera L.Amaranthaceae Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
IsinamaRoot HypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Adansonia digitata L.MalvaceaeBaobabTweegaFlowerDecoctionHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
DiabetesCameroon[59]
TeydoumFruitPowderHypertensionMauritania[112]
KukaBark, RootDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum.ZingiberaceaeAlligator pepperAta, AtakounFruit, SeedMaceration, Decoction, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
OssameSeed, Leaf HypertensionNigeria[123]
Afzelia africana Pers.Fabaceae Bark, Root DiabetesGuinea[90]
Welou HypertensionTogo[170]
Ageratum conyzoides L.Asteraceae Whole plant DiabetesCameroon[180]
Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Kumba djumaLeaf, Whole plantInfusion, JuiceDiabetesGabon[88]
ApaasaRoot Heart attackNigeria[34]
GanagbeWhole plantDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Ajuga remota Benth.Lamiaceae ArmagusaLeafDecoction,
Juice		HypertensionEthiopia[77]
Wanjiru waRuriiWhole plant, LeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Mull.Arg.EuphorbiaceaeChristmas bushSadiodio, Aboe, Kip-toguiLeafDecoctionHypertensionCameroon[60]
LeafDecoctionDiabetes, hypertensionCote d’Ivoire[181]
DumbundzenLeafDecoctionDiabetesGabon[88]
AgyamaaStemDecoctionDiabetesGhana[35]
Ebahue, Mbom,
Ipa, Eesin, Osokpo,
Akowo, Uwanwe, Upia		Leaf, Stem Bark, Seed, RootDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Nigeria[123,181]
Heart diseaseSierra Leone[139]
AvovloLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Allium cepa L.AmaryllidaceaeOnionMansa, Ayoman DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
SasinsalaBulbPowderHypertensionBurkina Faso[54]
Tigneri, Ayan, Djanga, AgnosiBulbDecoctionCardiovascular disease, Diabetes, HypertensionCameroon[59,60]
Intunguru, Matungu, LintuguruBulbDecoction,
Maceration		Diabetes, HypertensionDR Congo[23,66,67]
Shiguerti-keyihBulb DiabetesEritrea[72]
HypertensionEthiopia[23]
NyondaBulb DiabetesGabon[88]
Zoiyon / OignonBulbDecoctionDiabetes, High Cholesterol levelMauritius[113,182]
Alubarha, Alubosa obeBulbJuiceHypertensionNigeria[23,34,123,125]
Green top of sprout, root, bulbJuiceDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
BasalBulb DiabetesSudan[156]
Albassa HypertensionTogo[23,170]
Allium sativum L.AmaryllidaceaeGarlicAyo Direct consumption, Decoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
LayeBulbPowderHypertensionBurkina Faso[54]
Ayang ntanganBulb, RhizomeDecoction, MacerationCholesterol problem, Diabetes, HypertensionCameroon[56,59,60]
Itunguru sumu, Lintugunru sumoBulbDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionDR Congo[23,67]
BulbTincture, MacerationDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Shiguerti-tsaedaBulbConsumed raw or added in sauceDiabetes, HypertensionEritrea[23,72]
Kulubi adiBulbPowderDiabetes, HypertensionEthiopia[23,77]
AilBulb, ClovesDecoction, MacerationCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesGabon[86,87,88]
Leaf, Bulb DiabetesGuinea[90]
Caumu, Kitunguua kineneCloves, BulbDecoction, InfusionDiabetesKenya[96,98]
HypertensionMadagascar[23]
L’ailBulbDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionMauritius[23,113,182]
Ayur, Tafarnuwa,
Etebe owoinu		BulbEat FruitDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[23,123,125,128,132]
Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, Stroke, Weight reductionSierra Leone[23,138]
Flower bud HypertensionSouth Africa[99]
ToomBulb Diabetes, HypertensionSudan[156,157]
HypertensionTanzania[23]
Ayo Diabetes, HypertensionTogo[23,170]
KatunguluccumuBarkChewingReduce heart beatUganda[38]
WholeMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Aloe arborescens Mill.XanthorrhoeaceaeKrantz aloeKransaalwyn,
Ikalane, Inkalane,
Umhlabana		LeafDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Inhlaba lencaneLeafDecoctionDiabetesSwaziland[161]
Aloe buettneri A. BergerXanthorrhoeaceae Chanmanchanman, AloesLeafTrituration, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Whole plantDecoction, Maceration, InfusionCote d’Ivoire[70]
MimiLeafInfusionDiabetesTogo[173]
Aloe ferox Mill.XanthorrhoeaceaeBitter aloe,
Cape aloe		Lekhala la QuthingLeaf, Root Diabetes, HypertensionLesotho[42]
Ikhala-lasekoloni,
Bitter alwyn		Leaf, Sap, RootsBoiling,
Decoction		Obesity, Diabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[140,143,145,147,149,152]
Aloe marlothii A. BergerXanthorrhoeaceaeMountain aloeKgopha ya go eema, inhlaba umhlaba, Inhlaba,
Bindamutshe,
Mhangani		Leaf, RootCooking, DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[99,141,147,153,183]
Inhlaba lenkhuluLeaf Cardiac problemsSwaziland[184]
Aloe striatula Haw.Xanthorrhoeaceae Mohalakane/SeholobeLeaf HypertensionLesotho[42]
HypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloe,
True aloe, Aloe vera
Burn aloe,
Indian aloe,
Barbados aloe		 DiabetesCameroon[59]
LeafMacerationHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
SubiriLeafMacerationDiabetesDR Congo[66]
Aloe veraLeafDecoctionDiabetesGhana[35]
Aloe veraLeaf Diabetes, High Cholesterol LevelMauritius[113]
Leaf HypertensionNigeria[123]
Leaf, GelDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Aloe, AloveraGel, Leaf, Rind, StemExtractDiabetesTanzania[165,169]
Fradjo, FaradjoRootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[170,171]
WholeMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Alstonia booneiApocynaceaeStool woodEmienStem barkDecoction, MacerationDiabetesGabon[87,88]
AwunRootDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[126]
GnamiduaLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Amaranthus dubiusAmaranthaceae Brede MalbarLeafCooking, EatingHypertensionMauritius[116]
LeafMacerationHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Ambrosia maritima L.Asteraceae DecoctionDiabetesEthiopia[83]
Damsisa, DamesisaLeaf Diabetes, HypertensionSudan[156,157]
Ammi visnaga (L.) LamApiaceaeKhella,
Picktoth		E’bnaLeafExtractDiabetesEritrea[72]
Bizrat al khallaFruit DiabetesSudan[156]
Anacardium occidentale L.AnacardiaceaeCashew tree, Cashew, Cashew nut, Cashew nut tree, Cashew appleEgu acajou, KajoutinBark, Root, LeafDecoction, Powder, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
Leaf Diabetes, HypertensionCameroon[57,59]
Leaf, Stem barkMaceration, Infusion, DecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Leaf, Fruit, Bark DiabetesGuinea[90]
MahabiboLeaf, FruitTeaDiabetesMadagascar[30,84,107]
KasjoeneutBarkTinctureDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Atchan, YovotsanLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,173]
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.Bromeliaceae Abrebre, AgondeFruit, RootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
ObesityCameroon[59]
Anchomanes difformis (Blume) Engl.Araceae RhizomeMacerationDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Nkwe-ndojguRhizomeMacerationDiabetesGabon[87]
Heart attackSierra Leone[139]
Annona muricata L.Annonaceae HypertensionBenin[23]
Saoussawa awaki, Saba saba, Bwembe, EbomLeafBoiling, DecoctionHeart pain, HypertensionCameroon[59,60]
LeafInfusionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire [70]
Corossolier, SoursopLeaf, Stem barkMaceration, DecoctionCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesGabon[86,87,88]
LeafTeaHeart palpitationsMadagascar[107]
CoronsolLeafInfusionHypertensionMauritius[23,113,118]
SoursopLeafJuiceDiabetesTanzania[169]
Sabissab, AgnigliLeafInfusionDiabetesTogo[170,173]
Annona senegalensis Pers.AnnonaceaeAfrican custard-appleOtrin-bobo, GnigiweLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Gwadda-dajiLeafMacerationDiabetesNigeria[128]
Tchoutchoude Diabetes, HypertensionTogo[170]
Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. & Perr. CombretaceaeAxlewood treeAgni, HihonBarkPowderDiabetesBenin[47]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
MarkeLeaf, BarkMaceration, DecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
SuhabInflorescenceMacerationDiabetesSudan[158]
HehetiLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Anthocleista djalonensis A.Chev.Gentianaceae Bheino modyoRootDecoctionDiabetesGuinea[93]
Ezenukpogan, SapoLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[34,93,123,126]
Assoubo-bissaou, GbolobaLeaf, Stem bark, RootPowder, DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[93,170,171,173]
Anthocleista vogelii Planch.Gentianaceae Gotun, GusweRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Ekoka ngowaStem bark, LeafDecoctionDiabetesCameroon[56,93]
Teng mavassa, Ayinebe, GivinduLeaf, Stem bark, RootDecoction, MacerationCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesGabon[86,88]
Sapo, Kwari, Awudifo-AketeRoot,DecoctionDiabetesGhana[93]
Benin rope, Sapo, Kwari, Awudifo-Akete, MpotoStem, Bark, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetes,
Hypertension, Obesity		Nigeria[93,123]
Arachis hypogaea L.Fabaceae Sigkaam/NaguriLeafCharredHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
GertahSeedInfusionDiabetesMauritania[112]
AmakinatiLeaf, SeedDecoction, CookingHypertensionSouth Africa[99,153]
Aristolochia albida Duch.Aristolochiaceae Waregou, FondoRootMaceration, Decoction, InfusionDiabetesBenin[47]
Agadayo [170] DiabetesTogo[170]
Artemisia absinthiumAsteraceaeWormwood, Grand wormwood, AbsintheKanyambuba kalumeLeafy stemDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
GroenamaraLeafInfusionDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[147,149]
Artemisia afraAsteraceaeAfrican wormwood,
Wild wormwood		Mhlonyane, Wilde als, Umhlonyane, Alsbos, Lengana,
Zengana		Leaf, RootBoiling,
Decoction, Infusion		Diabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[53,99,143,147,149]
Fivi, Majani mapana artemisiaLeaf, Stem, Root DiabetesTanzania[165,169]
Artocarpus altilisMoraceae WeeteyanguluiLeaf, RootBoiling, DecoctionDiabetesLiberia[185]
Fruit a painLeafDecoctionDiabetesMauritius[113]
Azadirachta indica A. JussMeliaceaeNeem, Indian lilacJediya, KininitinBark, LeafDecoction, TriturationDiabetesBenin[47]
DogoyaroSeed, Leaf, BarkDecoctionDiabetesCameroon[56]
Leaf, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
NeemLeaf, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
MwarubaineStem bark, LeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
NimoLeaf Diabetes, High cholesterolMadagascar[30]
Neem, Lila percheLeafDecoction, JuiceDiabetesMauritius[113,116]
Dogonyaro, DongoyaroLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, InfusionCardiac activities, DiabetesNigeria[126,128,186,187]
KinitiBark, RootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) DelileZygophyllaceaeDesert date,
Soapberry tree		KiagelgaStem BarkCharredHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
MekieLeaf, FruitExtractDiabetesEritrea[72]
Higleeg, Laloub, Al-LaloubFruit, Seed, LeafFruit pulp eaten, Infusion, MacerationDiabetes, HypertensionSudan[156,157,158,159,160]
AduwaLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetesNigeria[128]
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.PoaceaeBamboo, Chinabamboo LeafDecoctionHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Pampuro ahabanLeafDecoctionHypertensionGhana[89]
OpaarunLeafDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[126]
Bersama abyssinica Fresen.Melianthaceae AzamrLeaf, RootBoiling, CrushingHypertensionEthiopia[188]
MukilyuluRoot BarkDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
Stem bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesMozambique[120]
Bidens pilosa L.Compositae Tchiogwenoh, Lelete netsekeWhole plantDecoction, InfusionHypertensionCameroon[60]
Koko l limo, Koko ya limo, Kashisha, Nyassa, IgishokoroLeaf, Leafy StemDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66,67]
Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
DecoctionDiabetesKenya[95]
TsipolotraLeafSoupHypertensionMadagascar[107,108]
LavilbagLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionMauritius[113]
LeafMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Blighia sapida K. D.KoenigSapindaceaeAckeeEgui ishin, LisetinBark, Branches, LeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Seed, FruitDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Gwanja Kusa, Isin, OkpuLeaf, Stem bark, Root bark Diabetes, HypertensionNigeria[189,190]
Boerhavia diffusa L.Nyctaginaceae Whole plantMacerationDiabetesCote d’Ivoire [70]
Katson agniWhole plantDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Brachylaena discolor DC.CompositaeSilver oak,
Coastal/Natal silver
leaf		Umphahla,
Bosvaalbos,
Vaalbos		LeafBoiling, InfusionDiabetesSouth Africa[53,142,147]
MupasaLeafChewing, JuiceDiabetesZimbabwe[53]
Brassica oleracea L.Brassicaceae LeafConsumed in form of sauceDiabetesBenin[47]
ShuLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
Li chouLeafJuiceCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesMauritius[113]
Bridelia ferruginea Benth.Phyllanthaceae Ira, HonsoukokoeLeaf, BarkDecoction, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
NonroRootBoiling, DecoctionHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
Leaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
KizniBarkDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
Kolou, AkamatiLeaf + RootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[170,173]
Bulbine narcissifoliaXanthorrhoeaceae Khomo ea balisaBulb, Root DiabetesLesotho[42]
DecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.FabaceaeGray Nicker BeanEgui adji, DjikouinLeaf, RootInfusion, Decoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
OkwenLeafInfusionHypertensionNigeria[123]
AdikuLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.Fabaceae Chrochro, FleurLeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Leaf, StemDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Cajanus cajan (L.)
Millsp.		FabaceaePigeon peasOlene, OtiiliLeafPowderDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,126]
Mbainisiri, Majani ya mbaaziLeaf, SeedDecoctionDiabetes, Heart diseasesTanzania[165,168,169]
Calotropis proceraAsclepiadaceaeSodom appleBambamba, AmonmanLeaf, RootTrituration, DecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
PutrupuuguRootPowderHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Ghinde’aStem bark, LatexCrushingDiabetesEritrea[72]
Cannabis sativa L.CannabaceaeMarijuana,
Indian hemp		Igbo, GuemanLeafInfusionDiabetesBenin[47]
Isangu, Um Ya, Intsangu, Dagga,
Nsanga, Insangu		LeafCrushing, Soaking, Infusion, DecoctionDiabetes, Hypertension,
Obesity, Stroke		South Africa[7,140,142,147,153]
Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew.CapparaceaeCaper berrySorobLeaf, Stem BarkInfusionDiabetesEritrea[72]
TundubStem DiabetesSudan[156]
Capsicum frutescens L.SolanaceaePepperTambo-olobre, Takin winiwiniFruitDecoction, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Kambi, KipiargaFruitDecoctionHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Fruit HypertensionCameroon[191]
EsinFruit HypertensionNigeria[123]
Carica papaya L.CaricaceaePawpawAguidi ako, KpintinLeaf, Root, FruitDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
PawpeWhole plantDecoctionCardiovasular diseases, Diabetes, HypertensionCameroon[56,59]
Ipapayi, PapayiLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
Papayo, PapayioFruit, Leaf, SeedBoiling, DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionEritrea[23,72,74]
Papaya, MuloluLeaf, Fruit, Pulp, Seed, RootDecoction, Infusion, JuiceDiabetesGabon[87,88]
AhabanLeafDecoctionHypertensionGhana[23,89]
Leaf, Root DiabetesGuinea[90]
PapayaFruitDirect Consumption, JuiceCardiovascular disease, High Cholesterol level, HypertensionMauritius[23,113,182]
Okodu, Ako-ibepe, Gwadda, Udia edi, popo, ukpodSeed, Leaf, Fruit, RootDecoction, Maceration, TeaDiabetes, Heart attack, Hypertension, ObesityNigeria[23,34,123,125,128,132,187,192]
MophophoRootCookingDiabetesSouth Africa[141,183]
RootDecoctionDiabetesZambia[177]
Carissa edulisApocynaceaeNum-numAgamStem barkExtractDiabetesEritrea[72]
MukawaLeaf, Bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesKenya[98]
Carissa spinarum L.Apocynaceae AhanzoRootDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
DecoctionDiabetesKenya[95]
Cassia abbreviata Oliv.FabaceaeLong-tail cassiaMonepenepeRootPowderDiabetesBotswana[52]
MalandesiLeaf, PodDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
MolomanamaStem barkExtractDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
MkundekundeRoot DiabetesTanzania[169]
RootMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Cassia alata L.FabaceaeRingworm bushMapalata,
Nkaya loto		LeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
Kattreping HypertensionMauritius[114]
AsuwonStem barkPowderDiabetesNigeria[126]
Cassia occidentalis L.FabaceaeViolet tree,
Coffee Senna		Nom sasSeedMacerationHypertensionCameroon[60]
DiabetesComoros[65]
Mwenga jinni, Ma nsanmzi usambi, Mushegamanjoka, Kashegema, Lukunda bajanyi, Mbaw-mbawLeaf, Root, Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66,67,69]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Itanna-akorere, Sanga-sangaSeed, Leaf, RootDecoction, InfusionDiabetes, StrokeNigeria[34,128]
Stinky Leaf Diabetes, HypertensionSierra Leone[138,139]
SoreibSeedDecoctionHypertensionSudan[158]
Cassia sieberiana DC.FabaceaeAfrica Laburnum, West African laburnumMugunga, Mununga nunsiLeaf DiabetesDR Congo[69]
SindjaLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionGuinea[90,92]
Aridantoro, MalgaLeaf, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetesNigeria[126,128]
Gat-GatiRootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Cassia tora L.FabaceaeFoetid sennaSigdreLeafCharredHypertensionBurkina Faso[54]
LeafDecoction, JuiceCardiac problems, HypertensionNigeria[50,123]
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.DonApocynaceaeMadagascar periwinkleBonjour bonsoir, FleurLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
RootDecoctionHypertensionCameroon[60]
Mauwa, VinkaLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66,67]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Leaf DiabetesGuinea[90]
SaponnaireLeafInfusionDiabetesMauritius[113]
Leaf, Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesMozambique[53,84]
HypertensionNigeria[23]
Seed, Leaf, Flower, RootDecoction, InfusionDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[23,99,142,147,153]
HypertensionTanzania[23]
Kilakou-sindazi,
Coucouvigbe		Leaf, RootDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[23,170,173]
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.MalvaceaeBoma stickBouma, Riwoun, Doum, Heum, AwouengBark, Leave, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetes, Heart palpitations, HypertensionCameroon[56,57,60]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
FromageLeaf, Stem bark, Bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Araba, ApabidaBark, Leaf HypertensionNigeria[34]
Centella asiatica (L.)Apiaceae RootCookingDiabetesSouth Africa[141]
Leaf DiabetesTanzania[169]
Chromolaena odorata L.Asteraceae AgatouRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Leaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.PreslLauraceae RavitsaraLeaf HypertensionMadagascar[30]
UroselinaGum HypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich.Menispermaceae Enyati, OnyatiHypogeous organs HypertensionAngola[44]
TingwetRootBoilingHypertensionKenya[97,175]
Leginiko/JenkoloRoot StrokeNigeria[34]
Cissampelos pareira L.Menispermaceae Leaf, Root DiabetesKenya[150]
GodogboStem, bark, roots HypertensionNigeria[34]
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.Cucurbitaceae Kaka chaimkpe, GoussiEndocarpMacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
HdajlehmarSeed of fruit DiabetesMauritania[112]
Handal, Hundal, Al-HandalSeed, Fruit, Stem, RootPoulticeDiabetesSudan[155,156,157,160]
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) SwingleRutaceaeLimeJogorotan ogodo, KletinLeaf, Fruit, Jus, RootDecoction, Powder, Maceration, JuiceDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
Leaf DiabetesChad[193]
HypertensionCongo[23]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
LomiLeaf HypertensionEthiopia[23,80]
LimonFruitJuiceDiabetes, Hypertension, Cardiovascular diseaseMauritius[23,113]
AgbopiFruit HypertensionNigeria[23,123]
Akanka HypertensionTogo[23,170]
Citrus limon (L.) OsbeckRutaceaeLemon HypertensionCameroon[59]
Leaf DiabetesChad[193]
Mti wa ndimu kali, Ndimu, Chunghwa kaliFruitJuice, ExtractionDiabetesDR Congo[66,67]
Limon HypertensionMauritius[114]
OsanganyinFruit DiabetesNigeria[126]
UlamulaPeel of Fruit, Pulp, RootDecoctionHypertensionSouth Africa[99,153]
NimawaFruitJuiceHypertensionUganda[38]
RootDecoctionDiabetesZambia[177]
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.Rutaceae PamplemousseFruit PeelDecoctionDiabetes, High Cholesterol LevelMauritius[113]
UpapamuziFruitEaten RawHypertensionSouth Africa[99,153]
Clausena anisata (Willd) Hook.f. ex Benth.RutaceaeHorsewood,
Maggot killer		 DecoctionDiabetesGhana[194]
ChesamishietLeaf, RootBoilingStrokeKenya[97]
UmnukambhibaLeaf, RootMaceration, DecoctionHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
UmnukelambibaStem barkConcoctionCardiac problemsSwaziland[184]
MjafariLeaf, Stem, RootExtractDiabetesTanzania[165,169]
EyraLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
MuvengahonyeLeaf DiabetesZimbabwe[195]
Cleistopholis patens (Benth.) Engl. & DielsAnnonaceae LeafTrituration, KneadingDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Doundzou, OvocStem barkDecoctionCardiovascular DiseasesGabon[86]
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R.Br. ex VatkeLamiaceaeUgandenseSur-betriStem bark, LeafExtractDiabetesEritrea[72]
Muvweia, MunguyaLeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
Clutia natalensis Bernh.Peraceae Mosali-mofubeluRoot DiabetesLesotho[42]
RootDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Cocos nucifera L.ArecaceaeCoconutEgui agonkin, AgonkintinLeaf, Root, Bark, Coco waterDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
Coconut, CocoFiberDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Coco,
Cocotier		Fruit, OilDecoctionDiabetesMauritius[113,118]
Iri-oibo, AgbonStem, Stem barkInfusionDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,126]
Kpakpadire HypertensionTogo[170]
Coffea mauritiana Lam.Rubiaceae LeafDecoction, InfusionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire [70]
Café marron DiabetesMauritius[117]
Cola acuminataSterculiaceae Obi abata,FruitDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
ColatierFruitMacerationCardiovascular diseasesGabon[86]
Cola nitida (Vent.)SterculiaceaeKola nutGoro, GoloFruitDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
DiabetesNigeria[196]
Goro DiabetesTogo[170]
Combretum micranthumCombretaceae KinkelibaLeafInfusionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
KankalibaLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionGuinea[90,92]
Commiphora africana (A. Rich.)BurseraceaeHairy corkwood, Namibian corkwoodHarige KanniedoodBarkDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Muntonto, EsilaleiRoots, bark DiabetesTanzania[166]
Corchorus olitorius L. Malvaceae Yoyo, NinnounwiSeedPowderDiabetesBenin[47,197]
Ewedu, AhuharaLeaf twigs, Leaf, SeedPowderDiabetes,
Heart troubles		Nigeria[124,197]
AdemeLeafPowderDiabetesTogo[173]
Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Benth.Rubiaceae Kum-wagaFruitMacerationObesityBurkina Faso[54]
Musanzambeke,
Nakasabuni		Root, Bark Diabetes,
Hypertension		Tanzania[166,169]
Croton macrostachyus Del.Euphorbiaceae Mutundu, KitunduRoot bark DiabetesKenya[96]
Mhulugu, mbiha DiabetesTanzania[169]
Croton zambesicusEuphorbiaceae AnimonegieeFruit HypertensionNigeria[123]
Um gleiglaSeed, Fruit HypertensionSudan[198]
Curculigo pilosaHypoxidaceae Ikoule-gouchou, AyoteTuberDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
EpaikunRoot HypertensionNigeria[34]
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) StapfPoaceae Ofrin, Cha/TimanLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
Djenji, Ossanga, Fiba glassRootDecoctionHypertensionCameroon[60]
Majani tshaiLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionDR Congo[23,66]
RhizomeDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Citronelle, Lemongrass, DitsotsuLeafDecoction, InfusionCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesGabon[86,87,88]
HypertensionNigeria[23]
MchaichaiLeaf, Stem DiabetesTanzania[169]
Tigbe DiabetesTogo[170]
Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr.Fabaceae Abanous,
Al-Babanous		LeafInfusionHeart painSudan[157,160]
MpingoLeafJuiceCardiac troubleTanzania[168]
Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & DalzielFabaceaeAfrican copaiba balsamIya, Zantin, Wuya, YanburuLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetes, Obesity, Heart attacks in childrenBenin[47,199]
HypertensionMali[200]
MajeeBarkDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
Daucus carota L.ApiaceaeCarrot RootConsumed in form of sauceDiabetesBenin[47]
TuberExpression, Grating, JuiceDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
CarotiTuberEaten raw or with saladDiabetesEritrea[72]
Detarium microcarpum
Guill. & Perr.		FabaceaeTallow treeAjekofole-oko, DakpaBark, RootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
AriraStem barkInfusionDiabetesNigeria[126]
Dialium guineense Willd.Fabaceae MeekoLeafDecoctionHypertensionGuinea[92]
UgeFruit HypertensionNigeria[123]
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.Fabaceae SusutriLeafJuiceHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
MkalalaRoot DiabetesTanzania[169]
Bouvoum DiabetesTogo[170]
Dicoma anomalaAsteraceaeFever bush,
Stomach bush		HloenyaLeaf, Root Diabetes, HypertensionLesotho[42]
Umuna, Hloenya, Leaf, RootDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		South Africa[99,147]
Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst.Ebenaceae GaakaFruitCharredHeart insufficiencyBurkina Faso[54]
Leaf, StemDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Tigbado HypertensionTogo[170]
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.ArecaceaePalm oilEgui ekpe, DetinBranch, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
MbourouLeafBoiling, DecoctionHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
Fruit (Palm oil) Palpitation, Heart troubleLiberia[201]
Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) SkeelsFabaceae Eland’s bean,
Aland’s wattle, Elephant’s root		MositsaneRhizome Heart conditions, HypertensionLesotho[42]
Intolwane, Igwejobmvu,
Mupangara,
Mositsane		Leaf, RhizomeDecoction,
Infusion		Diabetes,
Hypertension		South Africa[7,99,147]
Entada abyssinica A. Rich.Fabaceae Tree entandaHalkeLeaf, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
Mufutwambula,
Mfutwamvula,
Ngemwambula		Leaf, Bark, RootSoaking or boiling in waterDiabetes,
Hypertension		Tanzania[166,169]
Entada gigas (L.) Fawc. & RendleFabaceae Leaf, StemDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Coeur de merStem barkDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Erythrina abyssinica DC.Fabaceae Kinsungu, Isungwa, KatshiyitshiyiBark, RootDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[69]
MkalwanhubaRootPowderDiabetesTanzania[169]
BarkDecoctionDiabetesZambia[177]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.MyrtaceaeEucalyptusTsaeda-kelamintos, Ts-KelamitoesLeaf, BarkExtract, Crushing, BoilingDiabetesEritrea[72,74]
EucalyptusLeafInfusionDiabetesMauritius[113]
Ronde bloekomblaar InfusionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
El kafourLeaf DiabetesSudan[156]
Euclea natalensis A. DCEbenaceaeLarge-leaved guarriMukinyeiRootDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96,202]
Mohlakola, Natal guarriBark, RootBoiling,
Decoction		DiabetesSouth Africa[145,147,202]
MdalaRoot Bark DiabetesTanzania[169]
Euphorbia clavarioides Boiss.EuphorbiaceaeLions spoorSehlookoWhole plant Diabetes, HypertensionLesotho[42]
Sehlehle, SehlokoWhole plantDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Euphorbia hirta L.EuphorbiaceaeAsthma weedIgnankoun ayira, NonsinweWhole plantPowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Ewuda manyongoWhole plantDecoctionDiabetesCameroon[56]
HypertensionComoros[65]
AmbeningoLeaf, Whole plantDecoction, MacerationDiabetesGabon[88]
Leaf DiabetesGuinea[90]
Jean RobertLeafDecoctionDiabetesMauritius[113]
Asin ulokoLeafConcoctionHypertensionNigeria[123,125]
Lonzwe, Vakikulu,
Mziwaziwa		Leaf, Bark, RootDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Tanzania[166,169]
Notsigbe, Anosigbe,
Anossika		Whole plantDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Togo[172,173]
Ficus capensis Thunb.MoraceaeSycamore tree Leaf, Bark, Root DiabetesGuinea[90]
HypertensionMali[200]
OpotoLeafDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[126]
Ficus exasperata VahlMoraceaeSand paper treeLukengaLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
BoraiLeaf, bark, RootDecoction, MacerationCardiovascular dysfunctions, Diabetes, Heart diseases, HypertensionNigeria[128,203]
Ficus natalensis Hochst. Moraceae Muuomo/KiumoFruitInfusionDiabetesKenya[96]
OmutomaLeafDecoctionHeart diseaseUganda[176]
Ficus platyphylla DelileMoraceaeRed robber treeAgbede, KapiteBarkPowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
GamjiBarkDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
Flueggea virosaEuphorbiaceae Wadjedje, Chake-chakeRoot, LeafDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
RootDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
TchacatchacaStem barkDecoctionDiabetesTogo[171]
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.Compositae Mung’eiLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesKenya[98]
LeafMacerationHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Garcinia buchananii BakerClusiaceae MukangaStem barkDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
Ensali, Nsaala, MusaliLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, PoundingDiabetes, Hypertension, Cardiovascular conditionUganda[38,174]
Garcinia kola HeckelClusiaceaeBitter kolaIwo, AhoweFruitDirect Consumption, Decoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Fruit DiabetesGuinea[90]
EdunFruit HypertensionNigeria[123]
Gardenia ternifolia Schum.Rubiaceae Fruits, Bark, SeedDecoction, CrushingDiabetesAngola[43]
IheungBarkMacerationHypertensionCameroon[60]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
KilindilamugundaRoot HypertensionTanzania[166]
Kawou, FlifeLeafDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Togo[170,173]
Glycine max (L.) Merr.FabaceaeSoybeanSojaSeedPowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Mobe oloLeaf HypertensionNigeria[123]
Gmelina arboreaVerbenaceaeBeechwoodMilinaLeaf, BarkDecoctionHypertensionNigeria[123]
Ansara-tantouna HypertensionTogo[170]
Graptophyllum pictum (L.)Acanthaceae LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Lait de viergeLeafDecoctionDiabetesMauritius[113,118]
Gnetum africanum Welw.Gnetaceae FumbwaLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
NkumuLeafCookingDiabetesGabon[87,88]
AfangLeafChewing, Cooking as soupHypertensionNigeria[132]
Guiera senegalensis J.F.Gmel.CombretaceaeMoshi medicinePuglumLeafCharred, DecoctionHypertension, Heart diseasesBurkina Faso[54,204]
Root, BarkPowderHypertensionCameroon[56]
Bufunuk, KankanangoLeaf ObesityThe Gambia[205]
SabaraLeaf, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetesNigeria[128,204]
Gubeish, Gubaish, GhubeishLeaf, RootDecoction, InfusionDiabetes, HypertensionSudan[155,156,157,158,159,204]
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm.ApocynaceaeGymnema,
Australian cow plant,
Periploka of the woods		ShankukLeafExtractDiabetesEritrea[72]
DecoctionDiabetesGhana[194]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.Celastraceae Frefre-ira, JadomanRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
AychLeafInfusionDiabetesMauritania[112]
Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.)PedaliaceaeDevils clawSengaparileTuberSoakingHypertensionBotswana[52]
Devils clawTuberous rootInfusion, Decoction, Tincture, Powder, ExtractDiabetesSouth Africa[152,206]
Harrisonia abyssinicaSimaroubaceae LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
HedzaLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.Hypericaceae Aton-dogBarkDecoctionHypertensionCameroon[60]
Kadwamuko, Ndura, Ndimu, ChunghwaLeafDecoction, ExtractionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
AtsuiLeafChewingDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Soungala InfusionHypertensionGuinea[92]
HaronganaBud Leaf Heart diseaseMadagascar[102]
Heliotropium indicum L.BoraginaceaeIndian heliotropeOgbole arouko, Koklossou dinpajaLeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Atapari ObukoLeafDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[126]
Hibiscus sabdariffa L.MalvaceaeRoselleBukuluCalixDecoction, Infusion, MacerationDiabetesGabon[88]
Bissabe DecoctionHypertensionGuinea[92]
RoselleFruitJuiceDiabetesMauritius[113]
Flower HypertensionNigeria[123]
Karkadeh, KarkadyCalyxDecoction, InfusionHypertensionSudan[158,159]
Holarrhena floribundaApocynaceae Leaf, Stem BarkDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
SesewouBarkDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Hordeum vulgare L.Poaceae Gebs Fermented drinkHypertensionEthiopia[82]
Sha-yrSeedPowderDiabetesMauritania[112]
Hoslundia opposita VahlLamiaceae LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
OmunyenyeteLeafSoakingHypertensionTanzania[162]
Hymenocardia acida Tul.Phyllanthaceae Oroukpa, SotiveRootMacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
PellitoroLeafDecoctionHypertensionGuinea[92]
RootMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.ArecaceaeDoum palmGoribaFruitEatingHypertensionCameroon[56]
GoribaRootDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
Dom, NabagFruit, EpicarpInfusionDiabetesSudan[156,159]
Hypoxis hemerocallideaHypoxidaceaeAfrican potato,
Yellow star,
Star lily, Star flower		 Diabetes, HypertensionBotswana[207]
INonqwe, African potato, Ilabatheka, Inkomfe, Sterretjie, Starflowers, InongweCorm, rootCrushing, DecoctionDiabetes,
Heart weakness, Hypertension, Stroke		South Africa[7,53,99,147,152,153]
Imperata cylindrical (L.) RaeuschPoaceae RhizomeDecoctionDiabetesAngola[43]
Iguan, SeRoot,
Leaf		Decoction/MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
TenonaLeaf HypertensionMadagascar[103]
Indigofera arrectaFabaceae Kasholoza, Kavunanfuka, Abwebwe, Musholotsi, Umwikokori, UmusoroRootsChewingDiabetesDR Congo[67]
DiabetesGhana[55]
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.Convolvulaceae LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
MonguLeaf, Tubers, Whole plantJuice extract, Infusion, PowderDiabetesGabon[88]
Irvingia gabonensisIrvingiaceae Bark, fruits, Leaf, roots DiabetesCameroon[57]
Mwiba, Africa mango, ndocSeed, Fruit, Leaf, Stem bark, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetesGabon[88]
Isoberlinia doka Craib & StapfFabaceae KpakpaLeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Root Heart diseaseChad[193]
Jatropha curcas L.EuphorbiaceaeBarbados nutOkpokporou founfoun, Kpotin weweLeaf, RootDecoction, Triturating, DecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Beadounde, LenRootDecoctionHypertensionCameroon[60,208]
Asangi, Mpuluka, NdoluLeaf, Bark, Root barkDecoctionDiabetes, Cardiac palpitationDR Congo[66,209]
Leaf, StemMacerationDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
PulukaSeed, Leaf, Root, Stem Bark, Whole plantDecoction, MacerationDiabetesGabon[88]
Leaf, Stem DiabetesGuinea[90]
Cini dazuguLeaf, Fruit, Root, BarkDecoction, Maceration, Fruit burning to ashesDiabetesNigeria[128,208]
Babati, BabatiheLeaf + RootDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[172,173]
Jatropha gossypiifolia L.Euphorbiaceae Okpokporu kpikpa, Kpotin vovoLeafDecoction, TrituratingDiabetesBenin[47]
BabatidzinLeaf DiabetesTogo[173]
Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw.Crassulaceae Whole plant DiabetesCameroon[57]
AflatoganRootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A.Juss.MeliaceaeMahogany, African mahoganyEsisa, Akao, Aganwo, Kayi, GbiraLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, Maceration, Powder, DecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Benin[47,199]
KukaLeafPowderHeart disorders, ObesityBurkina Faso[54]
Okpe, MadacciStem bark, BarkDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,128,210]
MahoganyStem barkDecoction, MacerationDiabetesSudan[156,160]
FrimouRoot, Stem barkPowder, DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[39,171,210]
Kigelia africana (Lam.) BenthBignoniaceaeSausage treeGnankpo, GnanblikpotinRoot, FruitDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Mederba, ZelzaleFruitEatenDiabetesEritrea[72]
Bark, Seed, RootDecoctionDiabetesKenya[100]
PandoroSeed HypertensionNigeria[34]
SeedRoasting, Eaten, CrushingDiabetesSouth Africa[211]
Um Shutour, Um-ShitourFruitPaste, DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionSudan[156,160]
Mudungwa, Mwicha, MwegeaRoot, Bark, Fruit Diabetes,
Hypertension		Tanzania[166,169]
MussaLeaf, BarkAshesHypertensionUganda[38,211]
FruitMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Lannea acida A.Rich.Anacardiaceae Assoguidoka, ZonzonBarkDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Leaf DiabetesGuinea[90]
Lantana camara L.Verbenaceae HlaciayoRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Leaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Lantanier, FilawaLeaf, RootDecoction,
Infusion		DiabetesGabon[87,88]
PonpontiaaniLeafInfusionHypertensionGuinea[92]
RadriakaLeafInfusionHypertensionMadagascar[30,108]
UbukhwebezaneRootDecoction, InfusionHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
FonyviLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Launaea cornuta (Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern) C.JeffreyCompositae MuthungaLeafChewing, BoilingDiabetesKenya[98]
Vanshaqaar, QaraariyeLeaf, Root, Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesSomalia[212]
Leptadenia hastata VatkeApocynaceae LelongoStem BarkDecoctionDiabetesBurkina Faso[54]
RootDecoctionDiabetesCameroon[56]
YaadiyaLeafDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Ghana[35]
Leucosidea sericeaRosaceae ChecheLeaf, Stem HypertensionLesotho[42]
Umtshitshi HypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Lippia multifloraVerbenaceae InfusionHypertensionGhana[194]
Boufazaou Togo[170]
Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. ex KeayOchnaceae NgokoleLeafDecoctionHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
KparakparaRootDecoction, PowderHypertensionTogo[170]
Mangifera indica L.AnacardiaceaeMangoMango, MangatinLeaf, Bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
DiabetesCameroon[59]
Mti wa hembe, Nzete ya manga, Mwembe, Hembe, Mongo, Muitie Mamanganga, Mutshi wa mangayaRoot, Stem BarkDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66,67,68]
MangusLeaf, Stem BarkDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
Mwiba mutanganiLeaf, Seed, Stem-Bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesGabon[88]
Mango duaStem BarkDecoctionHypertension, DiabetesGhana[89]
Mango SenyLeafDecoctionHypertensionGuinea[92]
MuembeLeafInfusionDiabetesKenya[98]
Mangue,
Manguier		LeafInfusionDiabetesMauritius[113,118]
Ebe mango, Mangoro, MangwaroLeaf, Stem barkMaceration, Decoction, PowderDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,126,128,132]
MangotiLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
LeafMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
MumangoBarkExtractionDiabetesZimbabwe[53]
Manihot esculenta Crantz.Euphorbiaceae Adjagoun, FingnigninTuberMacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
Zengue, Kediann, Makwamba, Cassinga, MbonLeafPaste, MacerationHypertensionCameroon[60]
MangahazoLeafInfusionHypertensionMadagascar[108]
ManiocLeafInfusionHypertensionMauritius[113,118]
Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) ExellCelastraceae TokvugriLeafDecoctionHypertensionBurkina Faso[54]
Tchindjinya DiabetesTogo[170]
Melanthera scandensAsteraceae Ayara edemerongLeaf DiabetesNigeria[213]
Byabarwoya, EshurwaLeafDecoctionDiabetesTanzania[169]
Mentha aquatica L.Lamiaceae Leaf, Stem, SeedInfusionHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
EhohwaLeafTeaHypertensionUganda[176]
Milicia excelsa (Welw.)Moraceae Iroko, LokotinBarkPowder, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
ObigaStem barkDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Mimosa pudica L.FabaceaeSensitive plantBodjiLeafDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Ebe-abhuriorRoot HypertensionNigeria[123]
Sensitive mimosa StrokeSierra Leone[138]
Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) KuntzeRubiaceae YilgaLeafDecoctionHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Leaf, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Um GattoFruit DiabetesSudan[156]
LimpkatiLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Momordica balsamina L.CucurbitaceaeAfrican pumpkin,
African cucumber,
Bitter gourd,
Balsam pear		 Cardiovascular disorders, DiabetesBotswana[207]
GarahuniLeafMacerationDiabetesNigeria[128]
Mothwatwa, Intshungu, UmkakaLeaf, Root, Fruit, SeedCooking, Decoction, Infusion, Poultice, TeaDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[99,141,142,146,147,153]
Ira-ira,
Abu el Efain		Leaf, SeedInfusionDiabetesSudan[156,158]
InkakhaAerial partEaten as a vegetableDiabetes, HypertensionSwaziland[184]
Momordica charantia L.Cucurbitaceae Kpalari, YinsikinLeafDecoction, TriturationDiabetesBenin[47]
Fruit, Leaf, Stem, Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
LeafDecoctionCardiovascular diseasesGabon[86]
MargoseLeaf, Fruit, SeedDirect Consumption of Leaf, Juice, Soaking of seeds in waterDiabetes, High Cholesterol LevelMauritius[113]
Leaf, Fruit DiabetesNigeria[122]
MonamelalaLeaf, Whole plant, PotherbCooking, MacerationDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[99,141,146]
Bitter melonFruitJuice, CookingDiabetesTanzania[169]
Katchalayo, AgnagranWhole plantInfusionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,173]
Momordica foetida Schumach.Cucurbitaceae IphunzuLeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
IntshunguLeaf, Stem, Root, Whole plantDecoction, Juice, TeaDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[99,142,146]
Morinda lucida Benth.RubiaceaeAfrican peachOwouwo, Houinsi / WetinRoot, Leaf, BarkDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Bokakate, MulambuLeaf, Bark, RootMaceration, DecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
Leaf, Bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesCote D’Ivoire[70]
Dungatsi, AkengLeaf, BarkDecoctionDiabetesGabon[88]
SidoLeaf HypertensionNigeria[123]
Zanklan, ZaklamLeafDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Togo[170,173]
Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh.Rubiaceae Kongobololo, MesokhamaLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
RootDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Moringa oleifera Lam.MoringaceaeHorseradish tree,
Miracle tree
Drumstick tree, Behen tree		Lagalaga, KpatinmanLeaf, SeedPowder, Triturating, Sauce/Direct ConsumptionDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
Arzan tiiyaLeafPowderDiabetesBurkina Faso[54]
MoringaLeafJuiceDiabetes, HypertensionEritrea[23,72]
Bagaruwa,
Moringa		Leaf,
Stem		DecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Ghana[23,35,89]
Leaf, Root DiabetesGuinea[90]
MoringaSeedChewingDiabetesKenya[98]
Brede mourongueLeaf, Stem, RootJuice, DecoctionDiabetes, High Cholesterol level, HypertensionMauritius[23,113]
Igbale, ZogaleLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, InfusionDiabetes, Hypertension, StrokeNigeria[23,34,128,214]
Moringa Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, Hypertension, ObesitySierra Leone[23,138]
MakgonatsohleSeed, LeafCookingDiabetesSouth Africa[141]
Mlonge, MoringaFlower, Pod, Seed, Leave, RootPowderDiabetesTanzania[165,169]
Segueleguedi, YovovitiSeedPowderDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[23,170,173]
Diabetes, HypertensionUganda[215]
Leaf, Seed, RootDecoctionDiabetesZambia[177]
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.FabaceaeVelvet bean Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Werepe, AgbalaLeaf, SeedJuiceDiabetes,
Hypertension		Nigeria[123,124]
Musa acuminata CollaMusaceae BananeFruitEatingDiabetesMauritius[113]
Ihliziyo, Kabhanana ebomvuFlower bractsDecoctionHypertensionSouth Africa[99,153]
WholeCookingDiabetesZambia[177]
Musa paradisiaca L.MusaceaePlantainDoboroagbamgba, Kokwe sozouFruitPowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Cardiovascular diseaseCameroon[59]
Plantain, DigondiSkin, Fruit, Root, Leaf, StemBurning, Juice, MacerationDiabetesGabon[87,88]
AkondroLeaf, Fruit DiabetesMadagascar[102]
OghedeFruit, StemMacerationHypertensionNigeria[123]
Musanga cecropioides R.Br. ex TedlieUrticaceaeUmbrella treeDivala, Parassolier, AsengLeaf, Stem barkDecoction, MacerationCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesGabon[86,87,88]
Ebe ieharaLeaf HypertensionNigeria[123]
Nasturtium officinale R. BrBrassicaceae AnandranoLeaf HypertensionMadagascar[103]
CressonLeafJuiceDiabetesMauritius[113]
Nauclea diderrichiiRubiaceae DiabetesBenin[91]
Bark DiabetesCameroon[91]
BilingaStem barkDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87]
Nauclea latifolia Sm.RubiaceaeAfrican peach Root Diabetes, HypertensionBenin[91]
Root DiabetesCongo[91]
Stem bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70,91]
TafashiaRootDecoctionHypertensionGhana[89]
Leaf, Fruit, Bark, Stem bark, Root DiabetesGuinea[90,91]
EgbesiLeaf, Stem bark, Root HypertensionNigeria[34,91,123]
Heart diseaseSierra Leone[139]
KarmadodaFruit, LeafInfusionDiabetes, HypertensionSudan[156,159]
GnimonRootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Newbouldia laevis
(P. Beauv.) Seem.		Bignoniaceae Akoko, KpatinLeaf, BarkDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Ossome-dzoStem BarkDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Dufin, AkoRoot StrokeNigeria[34]
Nicotiana tabacum L.Solanaceae Taba, KlaLeafPowder, TrituratingDiabetesBenin[47]
Assara HypertensionTogo[170]
Nigella sativa L.RanunculaceaeBlack cuminAbosodaSeedAdded in bread, PowderDiabetesEritrea[72,73]
Al Haba AlsodaSeed DiabetesSudan[156]
Ocimum americanum L.Lamiaceae Hizihizi, Kessou kessouRoot, LeafDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
Kozossonya HypertensionTogo[170]
Ocimum basilicum L.Lamiaceae SesegLeafCrushing, BoilingHypertensionEritrea[74]
MutaaWhole plant, LeafDecoction, InfusionDiabetesKenya[96]
LeafPoulticeHypertensionGhana[35]
LhbaqLeafDecoctionDiabetesMauritania[112]
HypertensionSenegal[216]
TimieLeaf, StemInfusionHeart problems, HypertensionSouth Africa[7,99]
Ocimum gratissimum L.LamiaceaeScent leafAribra, ChiayoLeafDecoction, Triturating, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
NunumLeafDecoctionHypertensionGhana[35,89]
EbewaduLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,125,134]
Kounozorou, EsrouLeafInfusionDiabetesTogo[170,173]
Olea europaea L.OleaceaeWild oliveMolialundiStem bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
MohloareLeaf, Stem HypertensionLesotho[42]
ZoliveLeafInfusionCardiovascular disease, Diabetes, HypertensionMauritius[23,113]
uMquma, Umnquma,
Olienhout, Olienhoutboom, Mutlhwari		Leaf, Bark, RootBoiling, DecoctionDiabetes, Heart problems, HypertensionSouth Africa[7,99,147,149]
Opilia amentacea Roxb.Opiliaceae Gnandoro, TouahantoumanLeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Domfadou Diabetes, HypertensionTogo[170]
Oxytenanthera abyssinica(A. Rich.) MunroPoaceae DaweLeaf, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) G.DonFabaceaeAfrican locust beanOugba, DumbuLeaf, Bark, Root, Fruit Diabetes,
Hypertension		Benin[17,199]
RoagaRootCharredHeart disorders, HypertensionBurkina Faso[54]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Dawadawa/DorowaLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionGhana[35,89]
Stem bark Diabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,217]
Soulou, EwatiLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,173,217]
Parquetina nigrescens Afzel.Apocynaceae IkpiarelokhaeLeafInfusionHypertensionNigeria[123]
Bovoin, Atobo, Tobo MacerationHeart painsTogo[172]
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.Poaceae MikukuStemMacerationDiabetesGabon[87,88]
OrubingoLeafRoastingHeart diseaseUganda[176]
Pentaclethra macrophyllaMimosaceae FruitMacerationCardiovascular diseaseCameroon[56]
UkanaSeedCooked as soupHypertensionNigeria[132]
Pentanisia prunelloidesRubiaceaeWild verbena,
Broad-leaved pentanisia		Setima-molloLeaf, Root Diabetes,
Heart problems, Hypertension		Lesotho[42]
IcimamliloLeaf, Rhizome, Corm, RootExtractDiabetes,
Hypertension		South Africa[99,147]
Peperomia pellucida (L.) KunthPiperaceae Pepper-elderLeafInfusionDiabetes, HypertensionGabon[87,88,218]
Leaf Diabetes, HypertensionNigeria[125,218]
Pericopsis laxiflora (Baker) MeeuwenFabaceae Ichedoun, SedonLeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Tchamani HypertensionTogo[170]
Persea americana Mill.LauraceaeAvocado pear,
Avocado		Egui avoka, AvokatinLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[23,47]
DiabetesCameroon[59]
Nzete ya savoka, Ivoka, AvocatiLeaf, fruitDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66,67]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Avocado, MuvokaLeaf, SeedMaceration, DecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Paya ahabanRootDecoctionHypertensionGhana[23,89]
PiyaLeaf, SeedDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionGuinea[23,90,92]
MukurobiLeaf, BarkDecoctionDiabetesKenya[98]
AvocatFruitJuiceHigh Cholesterol Level, HypertensionMauritius[23,113]
Olumueb, Ube, Eben mbakaraLeaf, Seed, FruitPowderHypertensionNigeria[23,34,122,123,125,132]
MoafokhatheLeaf, Pulp, Fruit, RootCooking, DecoctionDiabetes; HypertensionSouth Africa[23,99,141]
Stem barkDecoctionHypertension, PalpitationSwaziland[184]
Mparachichi, Mwembe, Mafuta,
Avocado		Leaf, Fruit, Seed, Rind, Bark,
Whole plant		 DiabetesTanzania[165,169]
Paya, PeyaLeafDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Togo[23,170,173]
Leaf, SeedDecoction, InfusionHypertensionUganda[176]
Persea gratissima Gaertn.Lauraceae Pia, FiaLeaf, BarkDecoctionHypertensionCameroon[60]
AvocatierLeafDecoctionCardiovascular diseasesGabon[86]
Petroselinum crispum (Mill). FussApiaceae Parsley, PersilLeafChewingDiabetesGabon[87,88]
PersilLeafDecoction, JuiceDiabetes, High Cholesterol level, HypertensionMauritius[113]
Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus (Burkart) BaudetFabaceae DiabetesCameroon[59]
PodDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Cishimbo, Mukenji, MaharagweGreen podDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
BeanFruitDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Haricot vertPodDecoctionDiabetesMauritius[113]
Sona, AyiCloveDecoctionDiabetesTogo[170,173]
Philenoptera cyanescens (Schum. & Thonn.) RobertyFabaceae Elou, AhoRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
TcheleStem barkDecoctionHypertensionTogo[171]
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.Phyllanthaceae Aribissohou, HlinweWhole plant, LeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
LeafDecoction, Infusion, Maceration, TinctureDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Whole plantDecoctionDiabetes,
Hyperglycaemia		Nigeria[219]
Mzalia nyumaLeaf DiabetesTanzania[169]
Seni-seniyo, AhlinviWhole plantDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,173]
Phyllanthus niruri subsp. lathyroides (Kunth) G.L.WebsterPhyllanthaceaePhyllanthus plantKeelaneliLeafDecoctionDiabetesMauritius[113]
EyinbisowoLeafDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[126]
Physalis peruvianaSolanaceae Mbuma, Mbupuru, UmuhireAerial part, Fruit, LeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67,220]
DecoctionDiabetesKenya[95]
Picralima nitidaApocynaceaePicralimaAbere, AyokpeSeedDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Ebam, DugunduLeaf, Fruit, Stem, Bark, SeedDecoction, Maceration, InfusionCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesGabon[86,87,88]
AbereRootDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Ghana[35]
AbeereSeedInfusionDiabetesNigeria[126]
Amberi, AyokpeSeedDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,173]
Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redh.Fabaceae BarkeStem barkDecoctionHypertensionGuinea[92]
Bakou, KloLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,173]
Piper guineensePiperaceae Idjaye, NinninkounSeedDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
NjiluluBarkDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
FruitDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Abo-Me-Nzang-Ndic DecoctionCardiovascular diseasesGabon[86]
HypertensionNigeria[125]
Piper umbellatum L.Piperaceae Fouboren, Abomedzana, Bepoie, MeuboueLeafPaste, MacerationHypertensionCameroon[60,221]
Abo-Me-Nzang DecoctionCardiovascular DiseasesGabon[86]
Plumbago zeylanica L.PlumbaginaceaeLeadwortAnan, DangblanLeafPowderDiabetesBenin[47]
AftoohRoot, StemDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
AmiraLeaf Heart diseaseEthiopia[76]
Portulaca oleracea L.Portulacaceae Nkekeih, Deung-DeungLeafed-stemPaste, MacerationHypertensionCameroon[60]
Stem, LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub.Fabaceae PrekeseSeed, LeafDecoctionHypertensionGhana[89]
KpalouStem bark, RootPowder, DecoctionDiabetesTogo[170,171]
Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) HarmsMeliaceaeSavanna woodland treeChahizi, Atindokpwe,
Tchaguidi, Bisisumbu		Leaf, Bark,
Root		DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionBenin[47,49,199]
Ti-toreStem BarkDecoctionHypertensionBurkina Faso[54]
TunaRootDecoctionHypertensionGhana[89]
TunaRootDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
Ditotore Diabetes, HypertensionTogo[170]
Psidium guajava L.MyrtaceaeGuavaKekoun, KinkountinLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
DiabetesComoros[65]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
ZeitunLeafDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
Goyavier, GuavaLeaf, Stem barkDecoction, MacerationCardiovascular diseases, DiabetesGabon[86,87,88]
Leaf DiabetesGuinea[90]
GoyaveLeaf, FruitInfusion, Consume Ripe Fruit, JuiceDiabetesMauritius[113]
Gova, GuofaLeaf Hypertension, StrokeNigeria[34,123,125]
Koejawel, UgwavaLeaf, RootDecoction, InfusionDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[99,142,153,222]
UmgwavaLeafInfusionHypertension, PalpitationSwaziland[184]
Goyaba DiabetesTogo[170]
Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. & DielsCombretaceae Okroukrou, Klui-KluiLeaf, BarkDecoction, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Sissinon, SisinonStem barkPowderDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,171]
Pterocarpus erinaceus PoirFabaceae NonoignaLeafCharredHypertensionBurkina Faso[54]
IgiaraBark HypertensionNigeria[34]
Tem DiabetesTogo[170]
Punica granatum L.Lythraceae GrenadeFruitJuiceCardiovascular disease, High Cholesterol levelMauritius[113]
Mokgarenate,
Granaat		RootCooking,
Infusion		DiabetesSouth Africa[141,147]
Pyrenacantha kaurabassana Baill.Icacinaceae Njovu yayenda, Chikhazika, Mambo, VindindiUnderground partPowderHeart palpitations, HypertensionMalawi[223]
InsemaBulb, TuberDecoctionHypertensionSouth Africa[99,153]
Rauvolfia caffraApocynaceae MutalalaLeaf, Stem DiabetesDR Congo[69]
umHlambamanziStem, Bark, Whole plant HypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel.ApocynaceaeSwizzle stickLeweRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
AbudeLeafDecoctionHeart acheCameroon[56]
IsumbubululuRoot barkDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
LeafInfusionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
MupituguLeaf, Root, BarkDecoction, MacerationDiabetesGabon[88]
Akata, AsofeyejeRoot, Bark, Stem, LeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,125,126]
Rhamnus prinoides L. HerRhamnaceaeAfrican dogwood, Camdeboo stinkwood, Glossy-leafMukarakingaRoots, BarkDecoctionDiabetesKenya[98]
Mofifi DiabetesLesotho[42]
Blinkblaar, MofifiBranchesDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Ricinus communis L.Euphorbiaceae Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
LaaraSeed HypertensionNigeria[34]
Umhlakuva, ImponoLeafDecoctionHypertensionSouth Africa[99,153]
Mbarika, MkaleLeaf, Root StrokeTanzania[166]
Dedele HypertensionTogo[170]
Rosmarinus officinalis L.LamiaceaeRosemaryAzmarinoLeaf, StemAdded to foodDiabetesEritrea[72]
RomarinLeafDecoctionCardiovascular diseaseMauritius[113]
RoosmarynLeafDecoction,
Infusion		Diabetes,
Obesity		South Africa[140,147]
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.Polygonaceae Meqmoqo,
Mekmeko		Root Diabetes,
Hypertension		Ethiopia[76,82,224]
Diabetes,
Hypertension		Cameroon[224]
Rumex lanceolatusPolygonaceaeSmall dock,
Smooth dock, Common dock		KhamaneLeaf, Root DiabetesLesotho[42]
GladdetongblaarLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Saccharum officinarum L.Poaceae Okpa-soucre, LekeRoot, LeafDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
HypertensionCameroon[59]
Sugar caneWine, LeafFermentationDiabetesGabon[88]
Outer partMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Salvia officinalis L.Lamiaceae LeafInfusionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
MaaramyaLeaf DiabetesSudan[156]
Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.)Rubiaceae Igbessin, KoRootDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Um dimyRoot, FruitInfusionDiabetesSudan[159]
Kidjitchilou Diabetes, HypertensionTogo[170]
Schwenckia americana L.Solanaceae DandanaLeaf, Bark, RootDecoction, MacerationDiabetesNigeria[128]
Kotoka HypertensionTogo[170]
Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) HochstAnacardiaceae EdiLeafDecoctionDiabetesCameroon[56]
LeafPowderDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
DiabetesNigeria[192]
MaroelaBark, Leaf, Stem, Stem-BarkDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionSouth Africa[99,142]
HommaidBark, Stem BarkMacerationDiabetesSudan[156,158]
MupfuraRootSteamingDiabetesZimbabwe[53]
Scoparia dulcis L.Plantaginaceae JomboaLeaf, BranchletMacerationStrokeCameroon[56]
Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
DiabetesGuinea[90]
NoumayiLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Searsia lanceaAnacardiaceaeKareeTs’ilabeleLeaf, Fruit Diabetes, Heart problems, HypertensionLesotho[42]
Karee, RooikareeLeaf, FruitDecoction, InfusionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.PolygalaceaeCoffee sennaKpatale, KpataRootDecoction, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Whole plantDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
RootPoulticeStrokeGhana[35]
Omudhiku StrokeNamibia[121]
SanyaLeafMacerationDiabetesNigeria[128]
MbazoRootInfusionHeart pains (palpitations)Tanzania[168]
Fozi, TritouRoot, Leaf + RootPowder, DecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,171,173]
Sesamum indicum L.PedaliaceaeSesameGingeli, Sesame HypertensionMauritius[115,118]
SimsimSeed DiabetesSudan[156]
Senna alata (L.) Roxb.Fabaceae GitsamunaLeaf, Seed, RootDecoctionDiabetesGabon[88]
OsempeLeafDecoctionDiabetesGhana[35]
Quatre epinglesLeaf HypertensionMadagascar[102]
Quatre epinglesLeafDecoctionHypertensionMauritius[113]
LeafMacerationDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[225,226]
Senna occidentalis (L.) LinkFabaceae MuwiwisiLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesGabon[88]
TsotsorinangatraStem HypertensionMadagascar[30]
CassepianteSeedGrilling, SoakingHypertensionMauritius[113]
HypertensionNigeria[125]
Bun Balash/SoreibSeedDecoction, InfusionDiabetesSudan[159,227]
BessisanSeedDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Senna siamea Lam.Caesalpiniaceae Cassia, KenounRoot/BarkDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
ZangaratiRootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Senna singueana (Del.) LockCaesalpiniaceae Leaf, Stem bark DiabetesBurkina Faso[226]
MukengekaLeaf, Stem BarkDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96,226]
Leaf, Stem bark DiabetesTanzania[226]
Solanum americanumSolanaceae MulundaLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
ShwigaLeaf DiabetesTanzania[169]
Solanum melongena L.Solanaceae Anguive CookingDiabetesMauritius[113]
NyaFruitCooking as soupDiabetesNigeria[132]
Solanum nigrum L.Solanaceae MakekeFruitDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
ManaguLeafInfusionDiabetesKenya[98]
MunafoqowWhole plantBoilingCardiac complaintsSomalia[212]
Spondias mombin L.AnacardiaceaeHog plumEgui iwewe, AkikontinLeaf, Bark, Root, FruitPowder, Maceration, Decoction, InfusionDiabetesBenin[47]
Stem bark, Root HypertensionNigeria[123]
AkliconLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Sida acutaMalvaceaeBroom weed,
Horn bean		MudunduBarkDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
Aihenmmwin,
Iseketu		Leaf, StemDecoction, InfusionDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[123,126]
Sida rhombifolia L.Malvaceae Zimben, NdjicjeLeafPaste, MacerationHypertensionCameroon[60,228]
LeafMacerationHypertensionDR Congo[228]
Solanum incanum L.SolanaceaePoison berryTangalangaLeafDecoctionDiabetes, Heart acheCameroon[56,59]
UenguleFruitBoilingDiabetesEritrea[72]
Mukondu, MutunguLeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
Solanum lycopersicum L.SolanaceaeTomatoTomatoLeafMaceration, FiltrationHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
FruitDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Pomme d’amourFruitJuiceCardiovascular diseaseMauritius[113]
Tumatur Eat fruitDiabetesNigeria[128]
Timati HypertensionTogo[170]
Solanum tuberosum L.Solanaceae DiabetesCameroon[59]
Pomme de terreTuberJuiceDiabetesMauritius[113]
Sonchus oleraceus L.Compositae MuthungaLeafChewing, BoilingDiabetesKenya[98]
EpinardLeafJuiceHigh Cholesterol levelMauritius[113]
Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.Bignoniaceae Cifulula, Langalanga, MbalimbaliBarkDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
Tulipier du GabonLeaf, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesGabon[88]
Stachytarpheta angustifoliaVerbenaceae Iru alangbaLeaf, Whole plant HypertensionNigeria[34]
Tchoumboulouzou HypertensionTogo[170]
Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst.ApiaceaeCarrot treeMewets denaglLeaf, SeedDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
MuvuavuiLeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
OmuwanulaLeafDecoctionDiabetesUganda[31]
Sterculia setigera DelileMalvaceae Akporo, AzilokoueBarkDecoction, MacerationDiabetesBenin[47]
PumpuggaStem barkDecoctionHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Pulp, Gum Heart troubleTogo[229]
Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.Bignoniaceae HounsadiiBark DiabetesBenin[47]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth.Orobanchaceae Ki-waogoWhole plantJuiceHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Boda, Al-budaAerial part, Whole plantMacerationDiabetesSudan[156,159]
Strophanthus hispidus DC.Apocynaceae Chaaro, AdikounRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Getsele, NdegleRoot Heart conditionsGuinea-Bissau[94]
Strychnos henninggsii Gilg.LoganiaceaeRed bitter berry, Coffee hard pear, Coffee- bean Strychnos, Hard pearMutetaLeafDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
Umanana, Bosolienhout, Muramba-kolodzaBarkPowderDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Strychnos pungens Soler.Loganiaceae MukomeLeaf, Fruit, Root Heart painsTanzania[166]
RootDecoctionDiabetesZambia[177]
Strychnos spinosa Lam.Loganiaceae KatinpoagaLeafPowderHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Sansa, KisongoleBark, Root DiabetesDR Congo[69]
Umm BekhesaFruitEatenHypertensionSudan[159,227]
Kpengbele DiabetesTogo[170]
Swartzia madagascariensis Desv.Fabaceae RootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
RootDecoctionDiabetesZambia[177]
Syzygium cumini (L.) SkeelsMyrtaceae TeleziaFruitDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
JamblonLeaf, Fruit, SeedDecoction, Consume ripe Fruits, JuiceDiabetesMauritius[113]
Mudisi, Mzambarau, Black plum, MzambarauSeed, Bark, Stem DiabetesTanzania[166,169]
Syzygium guineenseMyrtaceae Ko kissaBarkDecoctionHypertensionMali[230]
Leaf DiabetesNigeria[230]
Muvengi DiabetesTanzania[169]
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) KuntzeTaccaceae Ossangni, ZinwohoueheBulb, TuberPowder, DecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Nanitiwou DiabetesTogo[170]
Tamarindus indica L.FabaceaeTamarind tree,
Tamarind		Egui ariran, JeviviBarkDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
PusgaStem barkCharredHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Leaf, Root, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
HumerFruitExtractDiabetesEritrea[72]
DyabbheLeaf, Stem barkDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionGuinea[90,92]
KithumulaFruit, Bark, RootDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
TamarinFruitJuiceHypertensionMauritius[113]
TsamiyaBark, RootDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
Mkwedu, MkwajuLeaf, RootJuice, DecoctionHeart painsTanzania[231]
Enkoge, OmuhuwaFruit pulpJuiceHypertensionUganda[174]
Tapinanthus globiferus (A.Rich.) Tiegh.Loranthaceae Lisua-la-koteLeaf, FlowerDecoctionDiabetesCameroon[56]
Afomo, KauchiLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionNigeria[124]
Tarchonanthus camphoratus L.Asteraceae GalqaddoLeafSoaking, CrushingDiabetesDjibouti[71]
RootCookingDiabetesSouth Africa[141]
Tephrosia capensisFabaceae Pelo-li-marobaRoot Heart palpitations/problemsLesotho[42]
RootDecoctionHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Terminalia catappa L.Combretaceae Madame, Kalanga ya WazunguLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
BadamierLeafDecoctionDiabetesMauritius[113]
YovositiBarkDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Terminalia brownii Fresen.CombretaceaeTerminaliaWeibaStem bark, LeafDecoctionDiabetesEritrea[72]
Muuuku/KiuukuStem barkDecoctionDiabetesKenya[96]
OlbukoiBark HypertensionTanzania[166]
Terminalia sericeaCombretaceaeSilver terminalia, Silver cluster leafMogononoStem barkPowderDiabetesBotswana[53]
Vaalboom, Geelhout, MususuBark DiabetesSouth Africa[147]
MhungweluwalaStem bark, RootPowderDiabetesTanzania[169,231]
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub.FabaceaeRing worm bushAidan, LindjaFruit, CloveDecoction, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Ndjapa, Nkwon, Sasas, Akpwa, EsesseBarkMaceration, DecoctionHypertensionCameroon[60]
GyagaSeed, Leaf, Stem Bark, RootDecoction, InfusionDiabetesGabon[88]
PrekeseFruitDecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Ghana[35]
Uhiokiriho, AsuwonFruitDecoctionCardiovascular activities, DiabetesNigeria[126,187]
Theobroma cacao L.Malvaceae Cocoa ahabanLeafDecoctionHypertensionGhana[35,89]
Coco Diabetes, HypertensionTogo[170]
Tithonia diversifoliaAsteraceae CilulaLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
DaisyFlower, LeafChewing, DecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
TetegbeWhole plantDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Tribulus terrestris L.Zygophyllaceae Qumutu GalaAll partsConcoctionHeart diseaseEthiopia[79]
DiraisaRootMacerationDiabetesSudan[159]
Trichilia emetica var. laevicarpa Pellegr.Meliaceae Ichin igbe, ChiviRootDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Kkirs-taangaRootDecoctionObesityBurkina Faso[54]
Umathuzini, UmkhuhluLeaf, Fruit, Bark, Stem, RootDecoction, PoulticeHypertensionSouth Africa[99,153]
Adjendjegbizou,
Adjindjinkpizou		RootPowder, DecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Togo[170,171]
AkwirakwirRoot Heart problemUganda[175]
Trifolium burchellianumFabaceae MorokoRoot Heart problemsLesotho[42]
UsithathiLeaf, Stem, RootInfusionHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.FabaceaeFenugreekAbe’akeSeedPowderDiabetesEritrea[72]
MethiSeedDecoction, SoakingLowering blood sugar level,
Diabetes, High Cholesterol level		Mauritius[113,115]
HilbaSeedDecoction, DessertDiabetesSudan[156,157,160]
Tulbaghia acutilobaAlliaceae Konofolo/Sefotha-fothaWhole plant HypertensionLesotho[42]
Ishaladi LezinyokaBulb, Flower, Whole plantDecoction, InfusionHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Urtica dioicaUrticaceaeCommon nettle, Stinging nettleChachingiLeafTincture, InfusionDiabetesDR Congo[67]
DecoctionDiabetesKenya[95]
Leaf, RootInfusionDiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Uvaria chamae P.Beauv.Annonaceae Yaha, AyadahaRootDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
BoyleLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionGuinea[90,92]
AgbanaRootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Vangueria apiculata K.Rubiaceae Kirongomani, MtigundaStem bark, LeafDecoctionDiabetesTanzania[169]
MatugundaRootsDecoctionHypertensionUganda[38]
Vangueria infaustaRubiaceae Um Tulwa, UmviloLeaf, BarkInfusion, MacerationHypertensionSouth Africa[99]
Amabungo,
Mabungo		Stem bark, Leaf, Fruit, SeedDecoctionDiabetesTanzania[169]
Vangueria madagascariensis J.F.Gmel.Rubiaceae VavangueLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionMauritius[113]
Kir kir, Soum EyowmFruit, RootMacerationDiabetes, HypertensionSudan[156,159]
Vernonia amygdalina DelileCompositaeBitter leafAroman, AmanviveBulb, Bark, Root, LeafDecoction, Powder, Maceration, TriturationDiabetesBenin[47]
LeafDecoctionDiabetes, HyperglycaemiaCameroon[45,56,59]
Kilulukunju, MubiriziLeafDecoctionDiabetesDR Congo[66,67]
GrawaLeaf, Stem BarkExtractDiabetesEritrea[72]
NdoleLeafChewing, DecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Oriwo, Ewuro, EtidodLeaf, Stem, RootInfusion,
Cooked as soup		Diabetes, HypertensionNigeria[34,45,122,123,125,132,134,192]
Bitter Leaf Hypertension, ObesitySierra Leone[138]
Umhlungu-hlunguLeafPulverizationDiabetesSouth Africa[53]
Souwaka, AlomaLeafDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,173]
Vernonia colorataAsteraceae Leaf, Root Heart failureDR Congo[45]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Leaf, Root DiabetesSouth Africa[45]
Leaf, Root Heart failureTanzania[45]
AhalizomaLeafDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Vernonia oligocephalaAsteraceaeSilver leaved vernoniaUmhlungu-hlunguLeaf, Twig, RootDecoction, InfusionDiabetesSouth Africa[45,53,147]
DiabetesSwaziland[45]
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.Fabaceae BengaFlowerMacerationKid obesity, Heart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Ekoki, Konn, Wonda m’bale, GuinLeafPaste, MacerationHypertensionCameroon[60]
DecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Vitex doniana SweetLamiaceaeBlack plum Stem HypertensionMali[200]
DunyaBarkDecoctionDiabetesNigeria[128]
FonyiLeaf, RootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Voacanga africana Stapf ex Scott-ElliotApocynaceae BinseRootDecoctionHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
Ondou, OntuelesRootMacerationDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Igi dodoStem HypertensionNigeria[34]
MberebereRootDecoctionSpasms of the heartTanzania[231]
Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn.Sapotaceae Emi, LimoutinBarkDecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
TaangaStem barkCreamHeart disordersBurkina Faso[54]
Nkuto dua,
Nkudua/mankade		Stem bark,
Root		DecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Ghana[35,89]
SomouStem barkDecoction, PowderDiabetes, HypertensionTogo[170,171]
Waltheria indica L.MalvaceaeSleepy morningYankufaLeafMacerationDiabetesNigeria[128]
AdouetiRootDecoctionDiabetesTogo[173]
Withania somnifera (L.)SolanaceaeWinter cherryAgolRoot, LeafRoot Immersion, Leaf’ juiceDiabetesEritrea[72]
MwianzoRootInfusionDiabetesKenya[96]
MkubyaRootBoilingDiabetesTanzania[169]
Ximenia caffraXimeniaceae Whole plant ObesitySwaziland[232]
Root HypertensionTanzania[232]
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.AnnonaceaeAfrican pepper,
Ethiopian pepper		Oroun, KpejelekounFruitDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
MuganaFruit, LeafDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
GuileLeaf, FruitDecoction,
Infusion		Diabetes, HypertensionGuinea[90,92,233]
Unea, Eru AlomoLeaf, Root, Fruit, SeedDecoctionDiabetes; HypertensionNigeria[34,123,233]
FruitDecoctionDiabetesSenegal[233]
SouziFruitDecoctionDiabetesTogo[170,233]
Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) W.T.AitonApocynaceaeMilk bush,
Milkwort,
Wild cotton,
Wave-leaved xysmalobium		Poho-ts’ehlaRoot DiabetesLesotho[42]
Bitterhout,
Bitterwortel,
iShinga		RootInfusion,
Decoction		DiabetesSouth Africa[147]
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl.Rutaceae MukeneaStem barkDecoction, InfusionDiabetesKenya[96]
Mulungulungu, Munungu, OluisukiLeaf, Bark, Root Heart painsTanzania[166]
RootMacerationDiabetesZambia[177]
Zea mays L.PoaceaeMaizeGbado, Gbade DecoctionDiabetesBenin[47]
Bazeuh, Go’o, Fonn, Mbassi, GeufeutFemale flower, ‘Corn beard’DecoctionDiabetes,
Hypertension		Cameroon[59,60]
Ndjo, NkodjiFlowersBoiling, FiltrationHypertensionCentral African Republic[64]
Muhindi, CigonjiFilaments of StamensDecoctionDiabetes, HypertensionDR Congo[67]
Maize, PutuFiber, Corn silk, Leaf stigmaDecoctionDiabetesGabon[87,88]
Seed HypertensionNigeria[123]
Zingiber officinale RoscoeZingiberaceaeGingerAtale, DoteRootDecoction, Maceration, PowderDiabetesBenin[47]
Jenjebel, ZingibleSeed, RootTea, PowderDiabetesEritrea[72,74]
Nungutsi mabalaRhizome, RootMacerationDiabetesGabon[88]
GingembreRootInfusionHigh Cholesterol LevelMauritius[113]
UnienRhizome HypertensionNigeria[123,192]
Ziziphus mistol Griseb.Rhamnaceae MugulgaRootDecoctionDiabetesBurkina Faso[54]
LeafDecoctionDiabetesCote d’Ivoire[70]
Sdar-lahbylLeafPowder, Maceration, InfusionDiabetes, HypertensionMauritania[112]
Ziziphus mucronata WilldRhamnaceaeBuffalo-thornKiimes-muglaRootDecoctionObesityBurkina Faso[54]
Motalo, Nceseni,
Mokgaloaloe		Leaf, RootTeaDiabetesSouth Africa[145,147]
MugugunuRoot, Bark HypertensionTanzania[166]
Table
Table 3. Details of five most preferred medicinal plants in sub-Saharan African countries for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors.
Table 3. Details of five most preferred medicinal plants in sub-Saharan African countries for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and their associated risk factors.
Medicinal PlantsEnglish NameFamiliesSSA Countries with Reported UseNumber of SSA CountriesRank
Allium sativum L.GarlicAmaryllidaceaeBenin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, DR Congo
Cote d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan
Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia		201st
Persea americana Mill.AvocadoLauraceaeBenin, Cameroon,
DR Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda		152nd
Moringa oleifera Lam.Drumstick treeMoringaceaeBenin, Burkina Faso, Eritrea
Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria,
Sierra Leone, South Africa,
Tanzania, Togo, Uganda,
Zambia		143rd
Mangifera indica L.MangoAnacardiaceaeBenin, Cameroon,
DR Congo, Eritrea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe		134th
Allium cepa L.OnionAmaryllidaceaeBenin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, DR Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Mauritius, Nigeria,
South Africa, Sudan, Togo		125th
Table
Table 4. Major bioactive compounds in the five most preferred medicinal plants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.
Table 4. Major bioactive compounds in the five most preferred medicinal plants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.
RankMedicinal PlantsMajor Bioactive CompoundsChemical StructureMechanism of Action of
Cardioprotective Potential		References
1stAllium sativum L.Organosulfur compounds such as diallylthiosulfonate (allicin), diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, E/Z-ajoene,
S-allyl-cysteine, and S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin).		 Plants 11 01387 i001
Allicin (C6H10OS2)
[S-(2-propenyl-2-propene-1-sulfinothioate]*The most biologically active
sulfur-containing compound		Inhibit platelet aggregation.
Reduce blood pressure.
Reduce total cholesterol.
Reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Improve vasodilatation.		[248,249,250]
2ndPersea americana Mill.Polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols, and sterols. Plants 11 01387 i002
Lutein (C40H56O2)
*The predominant carotenoid		Reduce blood pressure.
Reduce triglycerides level.
Reduce total cholesterol.
Reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Reduce plasma glucose level.		[251,252]
3rdMoringa oleifera Lam.Leaf (phenolic compounds), seeds
(glucosinolates), stems and flowers (alkaloids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates).		 Plants 11 01387 i003
Glucomoringin (C21H31NO14S2)
4-[(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl]-glucosinolate
*The most predominant glucosinolate in the leaves, stem, flowers, pods, and seeds		Reduce blood pressure.
Reduce triglycerides level.
Reduce total cholesterol.
Reduce low-density lipoproteincholesterol.
Increase high-density lipoproteincholesterol.
Reduce blood glucose level.		[253,254,255,256,257,258]
4thMangifera indica L.Gallotannins, gallic acid and its derivatives, mangiferin, flavonoids, catechin and phenolic acids. Plants 11 01387 i004
Mangiferin (C19H18O11)
(2-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydroxyxanthone)
*Major component in mango stem bark extract		Reduce serum total cholesterol level and glucose absorption.[4,219,259,260,261,262]
5thAllium cepa L.Flavonoids (particularly flavonols),frutooligosaccharides and sulfur compounds. Characterised for its flavonol, quercetin, and quercetin derivatives. Plants 11 01387 i005
Quercetin (C15H10O7)		Inhibit platelet aggregation.
Reduce serum triglycerides and cholesterol levels.
Alleviate hyperglycemia.		[4,263,264,265,266,267]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Odukoya, J.O.; Odukoya, J.O.; Mmutlane, E.M.; Ndinteh, D.T. Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Associated Risk Factors in sub-Saharan Africa. Plants 2022, 11, 1387. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants11101387

AMA Style

Odukoya JO, Odukoya JO, Mmutlane EM, Ndinteh DT. Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Associated Risk Factors in sub-Saharan Africa. Plants. 2022; 11(10):1387. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants11101387

Chicago/Turabian Style

Odukoya, Johnson Oluwaseun, Julianah Olayemi Odukoya, Edwin Mpho Mmutlane, and Derek Tantoh Ndinteh. 2022. "Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Associated Risk Factors in sub-Saharan Africa" Plants 11, no. 10: 1387. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/plants11101387

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop