Macrophages and Foam Cells: Brief Overview of Their Role, Linkage, and Targeting Potential in Atherosclerosis
Abstract
:1. Atherosclerosis
2. Inflammatory Role of Monocytes
3. Inflammatory Role of M1 and M2 Macrophages
- (1)
- M2a—M2a macrophages are induced by IL4 and IL 13 and generate increased levels of CD206 and IL-1 receptor antagonist [23];
- (2)
- M2b—M2b macrophages are extraordinary and trigger immune complexes, IL1β and PAMPs, and produce both the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 [24];
- (3)
- M2c—the most prominent anti-inflammatory subtype triggered by IL10, TGFß, and glucocorticoids and produce IL10, TGFß and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) [25];
- (4)
- M2d—are triggered by diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) signals and have angiogenic properties that play a role in both plaque growing and tumor development [26].
4. Inflammatory Role of Macrophages of Other Phenotypes
5. Macrophages in Atherosclerosis
6. Foam Cells
7. Foam Cells Are Not Always Macrophage-Derived
8. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Macrophages
9. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Foam Cells
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Poznyak, A.V.; Nikiforov, N.G.; Starodubova, A.V.; Popkova, T.V.; Orekhov, A.N. Macrophages and Foam Cells: Brief Overview of Their Role, Linkage, and Targeting Potential in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1221. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines9091221
Poznyak AV, Nikiforov NG, Starodubova AV, Popkova TV, Orekhov AN. Macrophages and Foam Cells: Brief Overview of Their Role, Linkage, and Targeting Potential in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines. 2021; 9(9):1221. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines9091221
Chicago/Turabian StylePoznyak, Anastasia V., Nikita G. Nikiforov, Antonina V. Starodubova, Tatyana V. Popkova, and Alexander N. Orekhov. 2021. "Macrophages and Foam Cells: Brief Overview of Their Role, Linkage, and Targeting Potential in Atherosclerosis" Biomedicines 9, no. 9: 1221. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomedicines9091221