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Article

Tuning of Hula-Hoop Coordination Geometry in a Dy Dimer

by
Yan Peng
1,2,
Valeriu Mereacre
1,
Christopher E. Anson
1 and
Annie K. Powell
1,2,*
1
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
2
Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Postfach 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2016, 4(1), 2; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics4010002
Submission received: 18 September 2015 / Revised: 22 December 2015 / Accepted: 31 December 2015 / Published: 8 January 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rare Earth and Actinide Complexes)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The reaction of DyCl3 with hydrazone Schiff base ligands and sodium acetate in the presence of triethylamine (Et3N) as base affords two dysprosium dimers: [Dy2(HL1)2(OAc)2(EtOH)(MeOH)] (1) and [Dy2(L2)2(OAc)2(H2O)2]·2MeOH (2). The DyIII ions in complexes 1 and 2 are linked by alkoxo bridges, and display “hula hoop” coordination geometries. Consequently, these two compounds show distinct magnetic properties. Complex 1 behaves as a field-induced single molecule magnet (SMM), while typical SMM behavior was observed for complex 2. In addition, comparison of the structural parameters among similar Dy2 SMMs with hula hoop-like geometry reveals the significant role played by coordination geometry and magnetic interaction in modulating the relaxation dynamics of SMMs.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the design of new single molecule magnets (SMMs) involving 4f metal ions because of their significant magnetic anisotropy arising from the large unquenched orbital angular momentum [1,2]. Several reviews have already been published on SMMs which highlight strategies towards their synthesis and optimisation as well as understanding the factors determining the relaxation dynamics in such molecules [1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. However, it is still a challenge to understand the structure–property relationships. We know that the interplay between the ligand field effect, the geometry, and the strength of the magnetic interaction between the lanthanide sites will govern the SMM behavior of lanthanide-based SMMs [10]. The design of certain core motifs with different coordination environments (organic ligands, bridged ligands and co-ligands) provide an opportunity to probe the relaxation dynamics of polynuclear complexes, thus enriching the correlation between structure and magnetic properties in a family of dysprosium complexes. Furthermore, we can better understand the structure–property relationship to design DyIII-based compounds with specific magnetic properties. Therefore, dinuclear lanthanide complexes, the simplest molecular units, have become a research hot topic in the field of molecule magnetism, due to their advantages compared with Single-Ion Magnets (SIMs) and the simple structural motif which can be easily controlled.
Hydrazone-based Schiff base ligands provide one of the most successful ligand types for assembling Dy dinuclear [11,12] or dimer [13,14,15,16] systems, exhibiting excellent performance in the construction of molecules with structurally distinct anisotropic centres. Minor changes can have significant implications on the physical characteristics and observed properties of the Dy2 complexes. A suitable bridging ligand is crucial for assembling Dy2 clusters with interesting magnetic properties, due to the difficulty in promoting magnetic interactions between the lanthanide ions through overlap of bridging ligand orbitals with the contracted 4f orbitals of the Ln ions [1]. As far as we know, no alkoxo-bridged Dy2 complexes with hydrazone-containing Schiff base ligands have been reported to date. With this in mind, we designed two novel ligands, namely 3-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid (6-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-hydrazide (H3L1) and nicotinic acid (6-hydroxymethyl-pyridin-2-ylmethylene)-hydrazide (H2L2), which are obtained by in situ reaction of 6-hydroxymethyl-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde with the corresponding hydrazine (Scheme 1). These ligands provide O, N, N, O-based chelating sites forming coordination pockets which are especially favorable for accommodating lanthanide ions. Here we report two Dy2 compounds assembled from these two ligands showing so-called “hula hoop” coordination geometries. In this type of geometry, several coordinating atoms of the ligand(s) are arranged in a plane about the central lanthanide ion, which itself lies in this equatorial plane; two further ligands then occupy axial positions above and below the plane. The circle on which the equatorial ligands are situated thus defines a hula-hoop around the axis defined by the lanthanide and the two axial ligands. In contrast to previously published complexes of this type, in which the lanthanides are always bridged by phenoxo and/or hydrazone oxygens, the complexes reported here involve alkoxo-bridges. Furthermore, the relationship between structure and magnetic properties is discussed by comparison with the structural parameters of other Dy2 SMMs in the literature with mono-hydrazone Schiff base ligands and “hula hoop” coordination geometries.
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Scheme 1. Synthesis of complexes 1 and 2.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of complexes 1 and 2.
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2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of compounds 1 and 2

The two compounds, [Dy2(HL1)2(OAc)2(EtOH)(MeOH)] (1) and [Dy2(L2)2(OAc)2(H2O)2]·2MeOH (2), were obtained in good yield from the reaction of 6-hydroxymethyl-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde with either 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide or 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide, respectively, DyCl3·6H2O, and NaOAc·3H2O in the presence of Et3N as base in the molar ratio 3:3:3:10:10, in MeOH and EtOH or CHCl3. Decreasing the amount of the ligands or increasing the amount of metal salt gave no crystals.

2.2. Molecular Structures of Compounds 1 and 2

The reaction of DyCl3·6H2O with either H2L1 or HL2 in 2:1 MeOH and EtOH or CHCl3 (v/v) in the presence of Et3N and NaOAc·3H2O leads to the formation of pale yellow crystals of 1 or 2. Crystal data and structure refinement details for 1 and 2 are summarized in Table S1. Their molecular structures are shown in Figure 1. Both compounds 1 and 2 crystallize in the triclinic P 1 ¯ space group with Z = 1, and phase purity was confirmed by powder XRD (Figure S1). These two compounds are dimeric DyIII complexes consisting of eight-coordinated metal centers. The hydrazone Schiff base ligand provides an N2O2 donor set to each DyIII with a fifth O atom provided by the bridging alkoxide function of the ligand from the second DyIII. This circular environment forms the “hula-hoop” motif first identified in ([I-(dibenzo[18]crown-6)La(μ-OH)2La(dibenzo[18]crown-6)I]]) [17,18] for nine coordinated metal ion with six coordination sites in the plan ring and more recently extended to eight coordinated Dy ions with five coordination sites in the plane ring by Tang and co-workers [15]. The coordination sphere is completed by two O atoms from the bidentate OAc-co-ligand above the plane of the ring and an O atom from the coordination solvent (EtOH/MeOH for 1 and H2O for 2) below the plane. In the asymmetric unit of 1 the coordination solvent is a disordered superposition of MeOH and EtOH; in the complete molecule there is one of each. The ligation corresponds to a η2:η1:η1:η1:η0:μ2 coordination mode (Scheme 2), with similar Dy–O bond lengths (2.263(5) and 2.285(4) Å for 1; 2.265(3) and 2.274(3) Å for 2), similar Dy···Dy distance (3.642(4) for 1 and 3.631(5) Å for 2), as well as similar Dy–O–Dy angles (106.42(17) for 1 and 106.23(12)° for 2). Additionally, there are intra-molecular hydrogen bonds in complex 1, but no π–π interaction was found (Figure S3). Whereas for complex 2, there are intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds and short π–π (3.7972(4) Å) interactions were found (Figure S3). Furthermore, the closest intermolecular distances between DyIII ions was found to be 10.65 Å in compound 1, which is much longer than the distance found in compound 2 (7.09 Å).
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Scheme 2. The coordination modes of the H3L1 and H2L2 in compounds 1 and 2.
Scheme 2. The coordination modes of the H3L1 and H2L2 in compounds 1 and 2.
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Figure 1. The molecular structures of compounds 1 and 2, and the structures of Dy2 compounds from hydrazine Schiff-base ligands (3, 4, 5 and 6 [11,13,14,15]).
Figure 1. The molecular structures of compounds 1 and 2, and the structures of Dy2 compounds from hydrazine Schiff-base ligands (3, 4, 5 and 6 [11,13,14,15]).
Inorganics 04 00002 g001

2.3. Magnetic Properties of Compounds 1 and 2

Direct-current (dc) magnetic susceptibilities of 1 and 2 were measured in an applied magnetic field of 1 kOe between 300 and 1.8 K. The two complexes show almost identical behavior (Figure 2) with observed χT values at 300 K of 28.47 cm3·K·mol−1 for 1 and 28.33 cm3·K·mol−1 for 2 in good agreement with what is expected for two uncoupled DyIII ions (S = 5/2, L = 5, 6H15/2, g = 4/3, 28.28 cm3·K·mol−1). The χT value gradually decreases on lowering the temperature to 50 K and then decreases rapidly to reach 4.84 cm3·K·mol−1 for 1 and 7.54 cm3·K·mol−1 for 2 at 1.8 K. The decline of χT is likely due to a combination of the progressive depopulation of DyIII excited Stark sublevels [15,19,20] and possibly antiferromagnetic interaction within complexes 1 and 2.
Magnetisation (M) data were collected in the 0–7 T field range at different temperatures. The lack of saturation of magnetisation (Figure S3) suggests the presence of a significant magnetic anisotropy and/or low-lying excited states. The magnetisation increases rapidly at low field and eventually reaches the value of 10.76 μB for 1 and 9.84 μB for 2 at 7 T without clear saturation. These values are lower than the expected saturation value of 20 μB (g = 4/3) for two non-interacting DyIII ions, most likely due to the crystal-field effect [2].
In order to verify their potential SMM behavior, alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility studies were carried out on freshly filtered samples of 1 and 2. In zero dc field, no out-of-phase signal (χ″) was observed in 1, indicating the absence of SMM behaviour. Generally, this can be attributed to very fast quantum tunneling of the magnetization (QTM), which is commonly seen in pure lanthanide complexes [21,22,23]. The QTM may be shortcut by applying a static dc field and thus ac susceptibility measurements were obtained under a static dc field (Figure S4) (0–3 kOe). The optimal field is 2 kOe, therefore ac susceptibilities were carried out under this field. From the frequency dependencies of the ac susceptibility (Figure 3 and Figure S5) we can derive the magnetization time in the form of τ plotted as a function of 1/T between 4 and 8 K (Figure 4). At lower temperatures, the dynamics of 1 become temperature independent as expected in a pure quantum regime with a τ value of 1.22 × 10−3 s. Above 5 K, the data obey an Arrhenius law τ = τ0exp(Ueff/kBT) with an energy barrier of 35.4 K and pre-exponential factors (τ0) of 3.15 × 10−7 s. For compound 2, in zero dc field, the ac susceptibilities measured reveal the presence of slow relaxation of the magnetization, typical of SMM behaviour. The relaxation time shows two distinct regimes stemming from a temperature-independent quantum tunneling regime at low temperatures and a temperature-dependent thermally activated regime at temperatures above 6 K, following an Arrhenius law. The value of energy barrier (Ueff) and pre-exponential factor (τ0) are 38.5 K and 1.04 × 10−6 s, comparable to those reported for similar Dy2 SMMs [24].
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Figure 2. Temperature dependence of the χT products at 1000 Oe for 1 (square) and 2 (circle).
Figure 2. Temperature dependence of the χT products at 1000 Oe for 1 (square) and 2 (circle).
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Figure 3. Temperature dependence (A) and frequency dependence (B) of the out-of phase ac susceptibility for 1 (A,B) under 2000 Oe dc field and Temperature dependence (C) and frequency dependence (D) of the out-of phase ac susceptibility for 2 (C,D) under zero dc field.
Figure 3. Temperature dependence (A) and frequency dependence (B) of the out-of phase ac susceptibility for 1 (A,B) under 2000 Oe dc field and Temperature dependence (C) and frequency dependence (D) of the out-of phase ac susceptibility for 2 (C,D) under zero dc field.
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Figure 4. Magnetization relaxation time (τ) vs. 1/T plots for 1 (A) under 2000 Oe dc field and 2 (B) under a zero dc field.
Figure 4. Magnetization relaxation time (τ) vs. 1/T plots for 1 (A) under 2000 Oe dc field and 2 (B) under a zero dc field.
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The Cole–Cole plots for compounds 1 and 2 from χ″ vs χ′ at different temperatures are shown in Figure 5. For 1, the shape is asymmetric. A reasonable fit to the generalized Debye model could only be obtained between 5.5 and 7.3 K with small α values (less than 0.1, Table S2), suggesting a small distribution of relaxation times in complex 1. However, for 2, a good fit was obtained according to the Debye model. The α values are below 0.33 (Table S2) which indicates a relatively narrow width of relaxation processes most likely due to a combination of QTM and thermally assisted relaxation pathways [25].
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Figure 5. Plot of Cole–Cole for 1 (A) and 2 (B) at selected temperatures; Lines for fitting.
Figure 5. Plot of Cole–Cole for 1 (A) and 2 (B) at selected temperatures; Lines for fitting.
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2.4. Structure–Property Relationship

To probe the structure–property relationship in mono-hydrazone Schiff-base ligand based Dy2 SMM systems, some crucial parameters of structure of 1, 2 along with those related compounds [Dy2(ovph)2Cl2(MeOH)3]·MeCN (where H2ovph = pyridine-2-carboxylic acid [(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene] hydrazide) 3 [11], [Dy2(ovph)2(NO3)2(H2O)2]·2H2O 4 [15], [Dy2(L)2(NO3)2(MeOH)2]·4MeCN (where H2L = N’-((2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)methylene) picolinohydrazide) 5 [14] and [Dy2(hmi)2(NO3)2(MeOH)2] (where H2hmi = 2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylene(isonicotino)hydrazine) 6 [13] are given in Table 1. In terms of other previously reported Dy2 systems [26,27,28], it is clear that the mono-hydrazone Schiff-base provides a rigidly ligand with different kinds of coordination modes in terms of the available coordination pockets. The tautomeric nature of the arylhydrazone groups makes this system especially favourable for the isolation of such Dy2 SMMs [15]. The “hula-hoop” geometry apparently provides a robust ligand field favouring slow magnetic relaxation of DyIII ions. In compounds 1 and 2, each DyIII ion displays an eight-coordinate N2O6 coordination environment and links to the other DyIII via alkoxide μ2-O. As seen in Figure 2, both compounds have similar static magnetic behaviour and are antiferromagnetically coupled.
The dysprosium ions in compounds 3–5 are bridged by hydrazine–O, while in compound 6 they are bridged by phenolate. They show different magnetic behaviour and coupling. Thus it is not possible to predict the nature of the coupling between Dy ions from the Dy–O–Dy angle. Probably, the dominating factors governing the Dy–Dy coupling are a combination of Dy–O length and the local ligand field. For the ac susceptibilities, compound 3 has the highest energy barrier, because of without symmetry, high axiality and strong Ising exchange interaction, which efficiently suppresses quantum tunnelling of the magnetisation. The energy barriers of compound 1 and 2 are lower, which may be due to the coordinating anions which are different from those in 3 to 6. A similar behaviour has been previously observed in a Dy dimer system [25]. Also, the axial solvent molecule contributes to this effect in terms of different energy barrier heights [29]. In order to compare the coordination geometries of the Dy ions, these were analysed using the Shape program [30,31,32]. The results are shown in Table 2, and indicate that the coordination geometries of the Dy ions in 1, 2, 4 and Dy1 in 3 are close to triangular dodecahedral (TDD) with D2d symmetry. In contrast, the geometries for Dy2 in 3 and the Dy ions in 5, are close to pentagonal bipyramidal (PBPY) with D5h symmetry, and bicapped trigonal prismatic (BPTR) with C2v symmetry, respectively. The differences of coordination geometry also contribute to the differences of the energy barrier of above compounds. Last but not least, it is noticeable that, by designing the ligands, suitable modulation of inter- or intramolecular hydrogen bonds or π–π interactions may have an unexpected effect on magnetic relaxation dynamics [11,33].
Table
Table 1. Selected parameters of structure of 1, 2 and reported Dy2 compounds based on related ligands (3–6).
Table 1. Selected parameters of structure of 1, 2 and reported Dy2 compounds based on related ligands (3–6).
Compounds123 *456
Bridging atomsAlkoxide (O)Alkoxide (O)Hydrazone (O)Hydrazone (O)Hydrazone (O)Phenoxide (O)
Geometry (Dy1)hula hoophula hooppentagonal bipyramidalhula hoophula hoophula hoop
Geometry (Dy1′/Dy2)hula hoophula hoophula hoophula hoophula hoophula hoop
Donor atoms in cyclic ringN2O3N2O3N2O3N2O3N2O3NO4
coordination anionsAc−Ac−Cl− or MeOHNO3−NO3−NO3−
Coordination solventEtOHH2OCl− or MeOHH2OMeOHMeOH
Couplingantiferroantiferroferroferroantiferroferro
daverage (Å)2.3842.3842.3702.3552.387
Dy–O–Dy (°)106.40°105.79°111.67°110.12°114.88°106.41°
Dy–Dy (Å)3.6433.6313.7693.82583.9225
Field (Oe)200000000
Ueff (K)35.3638.46198, 1506941.2956
* Compound 3 is not centrosymmetric but an unsymmetrically coordinated Dy2 dinuclear system.
Table
Table 2. Analysis of lanthanide coordination geometry using Shape.
Table 2. Analysis of lanthanide coordination geometry using Shape.
123 (Dy1)3 (Dy2)45
TDD-8 (D2d)TDD-8 (D2d)TDD-8 (D2d)PBPY-7 (D5h)TDD-8 (D2d)BTPR-8 (C2v)
2.452.752.221.172.473.80
TDD: Triangular dodecahedron, PBPY: Pentagonal bipyramid, BTPR: Bicapped trigonal prism.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

All chemicals and solvents used for synthesis were obtained from commercial sources and used as received without further purification. All reactions were carried out under aerobic conditions. The elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were carried out using an Elementar Vario EL analyzer (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany). Fourier transform IR spectra (4000 to 400 cm−1) were measured on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum GX spectrometer (PerkinElmer LAS GmbH, Rodgau-Jügesheim, Germany) with samples prepared as KBr discs. Powder X-ray diffraction was carried out on a STOE STADI-P diffractometer (STOE & Cie. GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany), using Cu-Kα radiation with λ = 1.5406 Å.

3.2. The Preparation of [Dy2(HL1)2(OAc)2(EtOH)2] (1) and [Dy2(L2)2(OAc)2(H2O)2]·2MeOH (2)

The ligands were prepared in situ from a solution of 6-hydroxymethyl-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde (21 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide (26.50 mg, 0.15 mmol) or 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide (20 mg, 0.15 mmol) in 5 mL MeOH/EtOH and 10 mL CHCl3 which was stirred for 30 min at room temperature. Then DyCl3·6H2O (56.50 mg, 0.15 mmol) was added under stirring. The resulting mixture was stirred for a further 30 min after NaOAc·3H2O (68 mg, 0.50 mmol) and EtN3 (0.5 mmol) was added. The solution was filtered and the yellow filtrate was left undisturbed to allow for the slow evaporation of the solvent. Yellow needle single crystals, suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis, were formed after one week in 55% yield (109.6 mg, based on Dy) for 1 [Dy2(HL1)2(OAc)2(EtOH)2] and 65% yield (111.6 mg, based on Dy) for 2 [Dy2(L2)2(OAc)2(H2O)2]·2MeOH. Anal. Calcd. (Found) % for C42H40Dy2N6O12 1: C, 44.03 (44.01); H, 3.52 (3.69); N, 7.33 (7.25). Selected IR data (KBr, cm−1) for 1: 3380 (w), 3053 (w), 1601 (s), 1562 (m), 1537 (s), 1508 (m), 1477 (s), 1455 (s), 1441 (m), 1425 (m), 1384 (m), 1341 (s), 1192 (m), 1150 (m), 1095 (w), 1052 (w), 1011 (w), 927(w), 802 (w), 751 (m), 652 (w), 574 (w), 481(w). Anal. Calcd. (Found) % for C30H30Dy2N8O10 (minus two solvent molecules) 2: C, 36.48 (36.33); H, 3.06 (3.15); N, 11.35 (11.49). Selected IR data (KBr, cm−1) for 2: 3402 (w), 3070 (w), 1637 (m), 1569 (m), 1537 (s), 1505 (m), 1477 (s), 1455 (s), 1441 (m), 1425 (m), 1372 (m), 1341 (s), 1194 (m), 1160 (s), 1095 (m), 1052 (w), 1011 (w), 927 (w), 802 (w), 769 (s), 652 (w), 576 (w), 481 (w).

3.3. X-Ray Crystal Structures

The crystal structures were determined at 150 K on a Stoe IPDS II diffractometer with graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα radiation. The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares using the SHELXTL [34] program suite.
Crystallographic data (excluding structure factors) for the structures in this paper have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as supplementary publication Nos. CCDC 1442826-1442827. Copies of the data can be obtained, free of charge, on application to CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK: https://summary.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structure-summary-form.

3.4. Magnetic Measurements

The magnetic susceptibility measurements were obtained using a Quantum Design SQUID magnetometer MPMS-XL (LOT–Quantum Design, Darmstadt, Germany) in the temperature range 1.8–300 K. Measurements were performed on polycrystalline samples constrained in grease. Magnetization isotherms were collected at 2, 3, 5 K between 0 and 7 T. Alternating current (ac) susceptibility measurements were performed with an oscillating field of 3 Oe and ac frequencies ranging from 1 to 1500 Hz. The magnetic data were corrected for the sample holder and the diamagnetic contribution.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have utilized 6-hydroxymethyl-pyridine-2-carbaldehyde based mono-hydrazone Schiff-base ligand to assemble two Dy2 compounds bridged by alkoxide O with an eight-coordinate N2O6 hula-hoop like coordination environment. The dc magnetic measurements show that two complexes are antiferromagnetically coupled. Remarkably distinct dynamic magnetization was observed. Compound 1 show slow magnetic relaxation with anisotropic barriers of 35.36 K under 2 kOe dc field, while compound 2 shows slow magnetic relaxation with energy barriers of 38.46 K under zero dc field. These results provide important evidence that the dynamic behaviour of complexes can be modulated by careful tuning of the structural environments.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/4/1/2/s1.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for funding via the SFB TR88 “3MET” project.

Author Contributions

The preparation of the manuscript was made by all authors. Yan Peng: Syntheses, IR and Powder X-ray diffraction studies; Valeriu Mereacre: Magnetization studies; Christopher E. Anson: Single crystal X-ray diffraction study; Annie K. Powell: Careful follow-up and improvement of the manuscript, general idea and plan for the publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Peng, Y.; Mereacre, V.; Anson, C.E.; Powell, A.K. Tuning of Hula-Hoop Coordination Geometry in a Dy Dimer. Inorganics 2016, 4, 2. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics4010002

AMA Style

Peng Y, Mereacre V, Anson CE, Powell AK. Tuning of Hula-Hoop Coordination Geometry in a Dy Dimer. Inorganics. 2016; 4(1):2. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics4010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng, Yan, Valeriu Mereacre, Christopher E. Anson, and Annie K. Powell. 2016. "Tuning of Hula-Hoop Coordination Geometry in a Dy Dimer" Inorganics 4, no. 1: 2. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics4010002

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